فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 42 (صیف 2021)

Realism as a literary school was formed in the nineteenth century, is not a decal of reality, because it shows the reality through the artist's consciousness, so the difference between realism and romanticism is revealed, romanticism expresses the mentality of the artist, while consciousness is different from subjectivism, and according to Lucien Goldman's theory, is the embodiment of a perspective in accordance with the perspective of some people. Elements of realism include objectivism, representation of contemporary life, typology, and the illusion of reality. The novel "Saif ma al-Adu", which has been studied analytically, is a realistic novel; That depicts the contemporary life in al-Raqqa over three generations, depicted in three women, a grandmother, a mother and a daughter. Lamis, the main character, a forty-year-old woman, took refuge in Germany after the war, now narrates the events of the past, therefore, the image she paints is real and the result of lived experience. Although all elements play a role in the realism of the text, characters, themes, and descriptions of places and objects play a greater role. Finally, the author has been able to make the story believable to the reader, creating an object-oriented picture of the lives of community-derived characters.

The concept of social and human commitment in the modern sense has been introduced into contemporary Persian poetry through constitutional literature and the same concept is considered as one of the ways of distinguishing Nima Yooshij's poetry from classical Persian literature. In a sense, Nima is literally a humanist and socialist poet and thinker. Because his poetry is seriously and comprehensively departing from the individuality and enters into social and human realm. There are several fundamental questions regarding this topic that form the basis of this article. 1. Is Nima a humanist and socialist poet? 2. What is the difference between Nima's poetry and classical poetry in content? 3. What are the components of humanism in Nima's poetry? In the present study, which will be done through descriptive-analytical method and content analysis of existing data, we will try to explain the components of humanism and its social role in Nima's poetry. Belief in humanism, rejection of authoritarianism, human agency in social destiny, humanistic view of nature and humanism in social and human symbolism are some of the components of humanism in Nima Yushige's poetry.

Novel, as a literary type, has had a close relation to the life and its events from the beginning. The nature of novel provides an opportunity for writer to image process of life and its problems by their own art. The present study has investigated the most important violence displays in “the train of Sa’id” by “Yusuf Al-ghaeed” by descriptive-analytic method. The reason for selecting this subject was the deep relation of violence in this region to cultural and mental evolutions of Egypt in this decade particularly In the region of Sa’id, insofar as the region is known with this property (violence) and the subject is clearly shown in “the train of Sa’id”. The most crucial results illustrated that violence has displayed in three forms: massacre, vengeance, and tribal contention. From the point of view of the writer, the reasons are interaction method of central government and religious extremism spread in this period.

Writing in relation to the history of literature, like all kinds of writing, has been evolved with the development of culture. Type of writing books, including the history of literature has also changed with the extention of knowledge branches and specialization of studies and the necessity of publishing new research findings. The old history of literature which has been collected by biographies of poets and authors and also has been expressed their advantages and disadvantages based on her words, but the new books with new techniques are written along with analyzing and measuring political and social condition. This paper analyses the methodological analysis of”Arabic literature through history” book written by Dr Huda Al-Tamimi and methodological shortcomings history of literature in the Arabic literature books. In this research, first the current methodologies are analysed with analysis of history of literature books, then will be compared the Dr Huda Al-Tamimi methodology and current methodologies meaning of problems in the literature history. The method of this analysis is based on the descriptive – analytic method with adaptation and comparison and is reviewed from the views of the authorities of literature history. The aim of the author from the compilation of the book was provide the brief information a bout historical periods of Arabic literature which has grown in social, cultural and political base. It can also said that the method of writing the book was based on the method of contemporary Arab historians and it was historical aspect based on political division.

The issue of emancipation in contemporary times became more important with the rise of the intellectual movement and scientific advancement. The French philosopher and postmodernist, Jean-François Lyotard, considers redemption as the most important narrative, and is of the view that this narrativeembraces three parts, namely, the Marxist historical narrative,the Christian religious narrative, and the intellectual evolution narrative. In this era,committed literature, which is concerned with social and individual needs, was booming due to the effects of political issues. This type of literature is widely available in Persian and Arabic literature as well-known writers, includingMikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlouhave produced a large number of writings with regard to human redemption in terms ofanthropological, philosophical, political and social issues. The present study attempts to bring to the fore and examine the above-mentioned narratives in the writings of these two literary scholars. This study examines howthe three narrativesare reflected in Persian and Arabic literature and analyzes the freedom thought in the works of Mikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlou from a Lyotardianperspective. The overall results suggest that three redemption narratives have been constructed in the contemporary era and they are widely present in Na'ima and Shamlou’s works.

All of us are born in an identity context which impacts all aspects of our lives. Through history, religion, language and other elements forming our identity, our cultural identity are enforced. Religion plays a paramount role in forming Syrian cultural identity. The study of cultural identity in modern stories lays the groundwork for recognizing cultural differences and similarities among nations and establishing cultural, economic, political, scientific etc. relations with other nations. This article makes an effort to show the place of religion in the cultural identity of the Syrian society through the novel ‘Alwaba’ by the Syrian writer Hani al-Raheb as this novel conveyed a realistic picture of that society at a certain period of time and also shows what place religion holds in their lives in the past and now. . And with a descriptive and analytical approach. The results of the research show that religion is an essential factor in the formation of individuals' identities. Also, people's religious beliefs are affected by various factors over time, We also find in this research that the Syrian people in the novel are less adherent to religion than they were in the past.