مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 37، مهر و آبان 1400)

Children with cleft lip and palate have a wide range of emotional and social problems and low self-esteem from birth these problems affect the childchr('39')s mental function.

The aim of this study was to assessment the psychological and social status of children with cleft lip and palate referred to orthodontic research center in Shiraz.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 60 children with cleft lip and palate referred to Shiraz Orthodontic Research Center in 2018. Samples were selected easily and non-randomly from those referred to the Orthodontic Research Center. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Which evaluates childrenchr('39')s problems and abilities; Completed by parents. Finally, data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 21. Descriptive indices (central and dispersion) and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

The mean total score of problems (Hyperactivity and behavioral problems, emotional symptoms, altruistic behavior) of children with cleft lip and palate was 7.61± 1.50; Which was average in mental health. All indicators of ability and problems are significant difference between the groups of cleft palate, cleft lip and cleft palate (P<0.001).

Early evaluations and timely intervention in cleft lip and palate children increase families awareness of the rehabilitation process.

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders. An important subset of these children faces motor problems, including motor skills and motor coordination.

The present study was performed in order to investigate the effectiveness of computerized training of visual- motor skills on visual- motor skills of children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder.

The present study was experimental research with a pretest- posttest design and with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all male students with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder who were studying in the elementary school of Mashhad during the academic year 2019-2020. 30 students were randomly replaced (15 students in experimental group and 15 students in control group) by Connorchr('39')s Teacher Rating Scales (CTRS). Instruments included a researcher computer game made by Rayapouya based on Cog Pack software, Connerchr('39')s Teacher Rating Scale (1969), and Test of Visual-Motor Skills - third edition (TVMS-3). Data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance in the SPSS-23 software environment.

The research findings indicated that computerized training of visual- motor skills has been effective in improving visual-motor skills (P<0.01) of children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder and 35.4% of the differences in post-test scores of visual- motor skills are related to computerized training of visual- motor skills (P<0.01).

According to the research findings, it seems that computerized training of visual-motor skills is an effective treatment that improves the performance of visual- motor skills.

Various tools are utilized for determining auditory comprehension levels, one of which is the auditory comprehension token test. Since there’s no Persian equivalent for this widely used screening test, in this paper we have adapted it to create a Persian auditory comprehension test.

The purpose of this research was creating an adapted Persian auditory comprehension test and determining its psychometric properties.

In the initial phase which was conducted in 2017, a preliminary Persian test was created and its content validity evaluated. To determine the internal stability of results; 188 adults (59 males and 129 females) from Tehran, aged 18-80 were selected. This sampling was conducted using cluster based random selection and each individual was assessed with Persian auditory comprehension tests, mini mental state examination and Wechsler numerical memory subtest. In order to determine the test’s stability, 10 people were reevaluated after a one-week interval. A poisson regression with 0 accumulation was used to investigate the effects of age and education on an individualchr('39')s performance in the Persian auditory comprehension test.

The Persian auditory comprehension test was created with 36 questions and a total score of 36. Content validity based on Lawshe and test-retest reliability of the test were respectively calculated as 1 and 0.96 (with P<0.05). The tests grades have 34.8 mean and 1.52 variance. The mean of age, education and mini-mental status tests score of participants were respectively 32.97, 13.95 and 29.22. At last, the distribution of the tests total score had left skewness and accumulation in the score of 36.

Based on the results, the Persian auditory comprehension test’s validity and stability are reasonable and it can be considered an accurate and appropriate tool for evaluating auditory comprehension in adults and performance of people with central nervous system disabilities.

Divorce, as a phenomenon that challenges the cohesion of the family, is one of the most important causes of tension and pressure.

The current study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of couple therapy based on emotional intelligence components on reducing marital conflict and increasing adjustment of divorce applicant couples in Khorramabad.

The current study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group among the divorce applicant couples in Khorramabad in 2018. 18 couples (36 people) were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. The experimental group underwent ten sessions of couple therapy based on emotional intelligence components; nonetheless, the control group did not receive any interventions. Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), Baratti and Sanai Marital conflict inventory, and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) were used in this study. The data analysis was conducted via covariance analysis method through SPSS software.

The results showed the effectiveness of couple therapy based on emotional intelligence components on reducing marital conflicts (f=72.124, Eta=0.976, P=0.0001), increasing adjustment (f=35.741, P=0.001, Eta=0.816) of divorce applicant couples. In other words, the marital compatibility of couples who received couple therapy based on emotional intelligence components to the control group who did not receive any treatment and their marital conflicts also decreased significantly.

The findings of the present study indicated that couple therapy based on emotional intelligence components in the workplace with divorce applicants can be effective in promoting emotional intelligence components as well as increasing awareness and mutual understanding and ultimately lower risk of divorce And marital conflicts.

Decisional procrastination refers to a maladaptive pattern of postponing a decision when faced with conflicts and choices.

This study aims to investigate the role of fear of failure, self-compassion and intolerance of uncertainty in predicting decisional procrastination among the students.

This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population included the students educating at the Master’s level in Tehran, in 2019-2020. In total, 440 students were selected using convenience sampling method and the informed consent form was obtained from them. The participants completed the questionnaire of Decisional Procrastination, Fear of Failure, Self-compassion and Intolerance of Uncertainty. The statistical data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24.0) as well as the canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and multiple regression methods.

CCA results indicated there was a significant correlation between the decisional procrastination and variables of fear of failure, self-compassion and intolerance of uncertainty among the students (P<0.001). Also, results of regression analysis revealed that 32% of the variance of the decisional procrastination variable could be predicted by predictor variables of fear of failure, self-compassion and intolerance of uncertainty.

Considering the role of decisional procrastination in wasting time, poor performance and increased stress and the impact of fear of failure, self-compassion and intolerance of uncertainty on decisional procrastination, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue.

Nowadays, the Internet and cyberspace play an important role in obtaining medical information. Many people on the Internet are looking for various information about diseases and their side effects.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of Cyberchondria among medical students in Kermanshah.

The present study was conducted using the descriptive-cross-sectional method. The population was all students of the University of Medical Sciences in Kermanshah in 2020. The sample of the current study included 372 students (206 males and 166 females) who were selected by convenience sampling method. The instrument used was a short form of Cyberchondria severity. Furthermore, SPSS statistical software version 25 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive indices of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Fisherchr('39')s exact test, Chi-square, inferential indices of independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance test, and Scheffe test were utilized in this research.

The results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference in the total score of Cyberchondria (P=0.019) between men and women and, women reported higher rates of Cyberchondria. In terms of prevalence, most students were in the moderate range of Cyberchondria (74.46%), and the prevalence of severe Cyberchondria status of the participants was estimated at 13.97%.

Since medical students in hospitals face various clients and different symptoms, they use the Internet a lot to obtain information in the field of medicine. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that Cyberchondria has a relatively high prevalence among medical students.

The increasing demand for computer technology and the widespread influence of the internet has left many people, particularly students, with mental disorders and problems in social connections caused by computer addition.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-empowerment in the relationship between sensation seeking and adolescent internet addiction.

This descriptive study has used structural modeling. The studychr('39')s statistical population included all high school students in Karaj in 2018-2019, from whom 310 students were selected by purposive sampling and completed the Arndt Inventory of Sensation Seeking (AISS), Young Internet Addiction Test, and Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strength (PIES). The collected data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and Sobel test using SPSS23 and AMOS23.

According to the results, the direct effect of sensation seeking and self-empowerment on the students internet addiction was significant at a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The results also indicated an indirect relationship between sensation seeking and the students internet addiction mediated by their self-empowerment at a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). In general, the results of the models showed a good fit for all research scales.

In conclusion, paying attention to the enhancement of individuals belief in their ego strength can reduce the likelihood of high-risk behaviors and consequently prevent the adverse effects of adolescent internet addiction through psychological well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role of sensation seeking and self-empowerment to prevent internet addiction.

Learning disabilities are among the most common problems of children that can seriously damage the present and future life of a child if they are not diagnosed and treated timely.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of neurotherapy on the rate of learning disabilities in students who suffer from this disorder.

A quasi-experimental research method with a one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of all children with learning disabilities who referred to Imam Hossein (AS) clinic of Yazd (as a clinic affiliated to the Education Organization) in 2017, out of which 23 students were selected using a convenience sampling method. Patients underwent neurotherapy for ten sessions. The tools used in the study included the Colorado Learning Disability Questionnaire (Wilcott et al., 2011) and Quantitative Electroencephalography. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test) by SPSS Version 20.

The results showed that neurotherapy led to a decrease in the mean total score of learning disorders. As the significance level of paired t-test (p≤0.05) was less than 0.05, it could be said that reading disorders, social cognition problems, social anxiety, spatial and mathematical difficulties in students have significant differences in the pre-test and post-test.

According to the results, neurotherapy can be used as a method for the treatment of reading disorders, social cognition problems, social anxiety, and spatial and mathematical difficulties, and it can improve learning disabilities.

Family experts always consider paying attention to the factors that affecting marriage as the most important choice in onechr('39')s life.

The aim of present study was to predict marriage tendency based on interpersonal problems mediated by love attitude in students.

The research was fundamental in terms of purpose and in terms of methods was a structural equation modeling. Population included all female students of Sanandaj Universities in the academic year of 2018-2019. 360 female students chosen by quota non-random sampling method. Instruments were Marriage Desire Questionnaire (MDQ), Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire (IIP-32) and Love Attitude Scale (LAS). Data analyzed by mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling using SPSS-25 and AMOS-24 software.

Result showed that The direct path of interpersonal problems (-0.16), romantic love (0.30) and selfless love (0.19) to marriage tendency were significant. Also direct path of interpersonal problems (0.40 and 0.30) to romantic and friendly love, Indirect paths of interpersonal problems were significant (p<0.05). Marriage tendency mediating of romantic (-0.10) and friendly love (-0.02). The path of friendly love to marriage tendency (0.01) and the direct path of interpersonal problems (-0.04) to sacrificial love and indirect path of interpersonal problems to marriage tendency with mediating sacrificial love (-0.002) were not significant (p>0.05).

In whole according to finding Romantic and friendly love able to moderate the damage caused by interpersonal problems and motivates the person to marriage.

The epidemiology of adolescent self-harming behaviors is important. One of the common concerns today is the prevalence and persistence of self-injurious behaviors among adolescents.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and functions of self-harming behaviors in adolescents.

The present study was a descriptive study. The statistical population of the study was all adolescents aged 15-18 in Sanandaj in the years 2018-2019. Sampling method was Cluster. Using the Klonsky and Glenn Self-Injurious Behaviors and Functions Scale, 1334 subjects (686 girls and 648 boys) were selected. Using Chi-square and Independent T-test statistical method, using SPSS software version 25.

The results showed that the prevalence rate of self-injurious behaviors among girls and boys was 9.6% and 7.1%. Girls self-injurious behaviors were more invisible (Χ2=6.37, P<0.009) and irregular (Χ2=14.36, P<0.001) than boys. The highest frequency of self-injurious behaviors included: self-inflicted cutting, hitting and annoying self-talk. Also, the function of girls and boys self-injurious behaviors was intrapersonal and interpersonal (T=2.18, P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that the adolescent girls had more self-injurious behaviors than boys. And the prevalence of self-injurious behaviors in adolescents is increasing, which should be taken into account.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder and is known as one of the most common eating disorders.

The present study was with the aims to effect of reality therapy on emotion regulation and happiness in girls with bulimia nervosa.

The present study was a quasi experimental with pre-test and post-test and control groups. The statistical population of the study included all 14 to 16 year old girls with bulimia nervosa in the year 2019 in Tehran city that 24 people were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of 12 people. To collect the information Emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ-10) and Stanford Happiness Scale were administered. After performing the pre-test, the experimental group was offered an 8 sessions training course based on reality therapy, but the second group did not receive such training. Finally were used for data analysis the multivariate analysis of Covariance and univar ate analysis to analyze the data by software SPSS-23.

The results showed that reality therapy has a significant effect on increasing emotion regulation and happiness (P<0.001). There was also a significant difference between the groups (experimental and control) and the value of F=23.08 (P<0.001).

It seems that by using training based reality therapy can be strong step to increase emotion regulation and happiness in girls with bulimia nervosa. So, it is recommended that therapists pay special attention to this important issue.

 Quality of life includes important characteristics, one of which is the quality of marital life.

The present research aimed to predict quality of marital life based on couples commitment, and empathy.

 This is a descriptive- correlation study. The statistical population consisted of all married students of Islamic Azad University of Qom Branch in the academic year 2019-2020. In the form of a correlation research project, 160 students were selected as the research sample using multistage cluster sampling method. They completed Marital Quality Scale of Basbi et al (1995), Adams & Jones Marital Commitment Scale (1997) and Empathy Scale of Ghorbani et al (2010). Obtained data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis in SPSS-23 software.

 The results demonstrated that the quality of marital life is predictable based on the commitment of the couple (t=2.870, B=0.218, P<0.005) and there is a positive and significant correlation between these two variables. The quality of marital life is predictable based on the empathy of couples (t=3.849, B=0.292, P<0.001) and there is a positive and significant correlation between these two variables

The general conclusion was that the quality of marital life can be predicted based on the commitment and empathy of them. Therefore it is suggested that Couple- therapists should consider these variables and design appropriate programs, based on them, to improve the quality of life of couples.