فصلنامه پژوهش های تجربی حسابداری
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 41، پاییز 1400)

This study’s aim is to study the effect of some corporate governance mechanisms (board structure) on corporate sustainability performance (CSP), and also impact of CSP on Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) and moderation effect of corporate governance on the relationship between CSP and CFP. In this study, 93 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) is investigated during 2008-2018. Five dimensions of economic, social, governance, environmental and ethics of KLD Index has been used to measure the sustainability performance. Testing the research hypotheses is done by ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and robust OLS regression. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the level of corporate governance calculated with the above indicators has a significant positive relationship with CSP. Results also showed that a higher corporate governance level could increase the impact of CSP on ROA and the Tobin’s Q ratio. Generally, higher corporate governance levels increase CSP, which exacerbates the positive effect of CSP on CFP. This causes a firm lead effectively to ethics and social responsibility and environmental requirements and it can be sustainable in creating long-term financial performance.

The level of testosterone and the managers' behavioral characteristics such as the manager's lack of sincerity, the interest in deception and misuse of the others, and the lack of presentation of facts in financial reporting, are some of the major issues in financial studies. As these behaviors can lead to an increase in the difference between the utility function of managers and the other stockholders in a firm. Therefore, based on this argument, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a CEO's facial head-to-face ratio as one of the testosterone test criteria on the fraudulent financial reporting of the firm. The sample consists of 86 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over the years 2013-2017. Data are tested using the logistic regression model. The results of this study show that the CEO's high level of testosterone increases the fraudulent financial reporting of the company.

The present paper is principally dealing with the impacts of political connections on the value-based management and performance efficiency indicators. For this purpose, the indicators of public companies and the percentage of institutional ownership of quasi-public companies were investigated to measure the political connections of companies, while factors “human resource productivity” and “investment” were included to assess operating efficiency.  Data over the companies active in Tehran Stock Exchange were collected for 113 companies for 10 years from 2008 to 2017, and then analyzed adopting regression models “ordinary least squares (OLS)” and “generalized method of moment (GMM)” provided in Eviews 9.5.  As with results, there is a positive relationship between public companies and value-based management (VBM) rating, while a negative significant relationship is observed between VBM rating and public institutional-owned companies. Besides this, there is a positive significant relationship between public companies and operating efficiency in terms of human resource productivity, while such a relationship is negative and significant in terms of investment efficiency. further, there is a negative significant relationship between quasi-public companies and both indicators of operating efficiency. Considering the relationship between quasi-public companies, operating efficiency, and value creation, we can state that the existence of a political relationship does not amend managers' supervisory behavior but yet enhances agency costs. The correct enforcement of Article 44 of the Constitution and supporting and triggering the real private sector to invest in these domains seems, therefore, as a mechanism that is capable of diminishing the impacts of quasi-public companies in the economic settings and creating a competitive environment.

Having a mutual relationship and considering the stakeholder’s interests, require recognizing, measuring, and reporting of the entity’s social responsibility performance. Companies in the capital market of Iran have understood the importance of this issue in the last decade and they report some topics in their reports in a scattered manner without a structured framework based on the information needs of stakeholders about social responsibility performance. In this paper, the most important themes about different social stakeholders in social responsibility reports of Tehran Stock Exchange using qualitative content analysis were extracted. 1490 pages of reports, related to documents of 58 companies as sample research, in periods between 2013 to 2018 in a single file for per company after removing duplicate and irrelevant disclosures, were analyzed with content analysis method using MAXQDA 2018 software. Finally, 1967 codes included 18 categories and 62 subcategories were extracted about social stakeholders included employees, society, customers, and product/ service based on most codes respectively. Examining the difference between the codes of two groups included big and small companies, which were grouped by three indicators showed that, the type of disclosure differs significantly between the groups. This difference was also significant in the different industries. Furthermore, it was determined between the documents of two groups by similarity analysis that reporting structure of big companies with an emphasis on themes about social stakeholders is very similar. Similarity analysis in sample industries showed that cement and automobile industry are most similar to each other compared to other industries.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the need for the adoption of specific financial reporting standards for small and medium-sized enterprises to achieve a favorable picture of the financial situation, financial performance and financial flexibility of small and medium business units in Iran. This research was conducted through interviewing experts, preparing hypothetical financial statements and conducting surveys using a questionnaire, and compilers of accounting and auditing standards, seeking to examine whether small and medium enterprises in Iran Do you need specific standards? Will adoption of international financial reporting standards for small and medium enterprises in Iran be necessary? This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data gathering method. The results show that small and medium sized business units need financially for accounting and financial reporting, and the adoption of international financial reporting standards for small and medium enterprises in Iran is necessary. The results also indicate a significant and positive relationship between the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards for small and medium enterprises in Iran and the improvement of the qualitative characteristics of accounting information (presentation and disclosure, reliability, recognition and measurement, comparability), which indicates the necessity of accepting or not accepting international standards for small and medium sized entities.

One of the most important concerns of universities is the training of qualified accountants to meet the needs of organizations. In recent years, the issue of the quality of education and teaching has been seen as an important topic in educational systems, and one of the most important components of the quality of universities is the teaching methods. Therefore, based on this argument, the present study uses the structural equation modeling approach to examine the relationships between the factors affecting teaching methods to improve the quality of accounting training. For this purpose, after conducting exploratory studies, the theoretical model of improving the quality of accounting education was developed by examining the factors affecting the teaching methods and hypotheses of the present study based on this model. A researcher-made questionnaire with 86 items was used to collect data. The questionnaire was sent to accounting professors and students at different levels and experts in the accounting profession. Finally, due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, 384 people answered the questionnaires and were included in the statistical analysis. After ensuring the acceptable fit of the measurement and structural models of the research, the research findings indicate that There is a positive and significant relationship between the factors affecting teaching methods in order to improve the quality of accounting education, and the most relevant relationship, respectively, is related to the effect of strategies on the consequences (/98), the effect of causal conditions. It focuses on the pivotal phenomenon (/63), the effect of the pivotal phenomenon on strategies (/40), the effect of contextual conditions on strategies (/36) and the intervening conditions on strategies (/25).

Internal audit as an important dimension of these controls, as an important mechanism for ensuring that internal controls are effective, can play an important role in creating the right environment for the prevention of fraud and financial abuse. To make such a mechanism effective, understanding the underlying causes of improving quality functions can help develop the level of financial transparency based on audit standards. The Purpose of this research is Content analysis of the underlying causes of improving the quality of internal audit function Based on the analysis of a total interpretive and structural model. The methodology of this research in terms of data type is a combination based on inductive-deductive approach. In order to collect data in the qualitative part of the research, in order to Meta-synthesis and Delphi analyzes to compile score checklists, 16 accounting and financial management experts at the university level were selected based on targeted sampling. Then, in the quantitative research section, in order to analyze the total interpretive and structural model were use 20 internal auditors of capital market companies with the necessary experience. In this research, in the first step of the analysis, based on transcendental analysis, similar researches were screened so that based on the critical evaluation analysis, among the selected researches, the main components and research propositions were selected in the form of 7-point score checklists. Then, in order to achieve theoretical adequacy, Delphi analysis was used and it was determined that out of 21 selected propositions, 4 propositions should be deleted and a total of 17 propositions of the underlying causes of improving the internal functions of internal audit should enter the analysis phase of the comprehensive interpretive and structural model. The results in this section also showed that the propositions were formulated in 12 levels from the most effective to the least effective reasons for improving the quality of internal audit functions in the form of interpretive / structural model and it was determined that the proposal to approve the program, budget and internal audit reward (E4) Improving Internal Audit Quality Functions and Learning to Strengthen Learning Levels in Internal Audit Functions through Free Information Circulation (E17) The least effective proposal for improving internal audit quality functions in Tehran Stock Exchange companies.

Tax is one of the main legal costs that individuals and firms incur due to their income-generating activities.  According to agency theory, one of the motivations for profit management is to reduce tax liabilities and payments by minimizing the effective tax rate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tax evasion methods on the earning quality. The sample consists of 190 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2009 to 2018. Tax evasion methods in this study include tax avoidance, tax evasion and tax profit sustainability. To measure the earning quality, the income-smoothing criterion is used. Hypotheses are tested using the panel data and fixed effects statistical methods through linear regression of ordinary least squares and applying Eviews10 software. The results show that tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax profit sustainability have a significant negative effect on earnings quality and the moderating variable of governmental ownership mitigates this effect.

The purpose of the present research is to examine the impact of the nature and type of the inquiry question as well as the rapport between the auditor and client on the reporting of fraud to the auditor. A 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects experimental design is used in this research. The statistical sample consisted of 235 managers and staff members of accounting of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2019 who are selected by random sampling. To investigate hypotheses, logistic regression and multiple linear regression models are used. Results indicate that avoiding the word fraud during the inquiry would increase the likelihood of fraud reporting. Also, participant reports more key details relating to fraud when the auditor avoids the word fraud during the inquiry. Results indicate that rapport building between the auditor and client leads to increase the likelihood of fraud reporting and leads to report more key details relating to fraud. Furthermore, results indicate that using open-ended inquiry questions lead to report more key details relating to fraud.

This paper aimed to examine the role of management errors and accounting errors in the factors causing bankruptcy in Iranian firms. Using random sampling method, fifteen experts were recruited to collect the qualitative data. A questionnaire was prepared and finalized using the Delphi method. As for quantitative data, 191 experts accountants, auditors, judges, and lawyers participated in data collection. Research questions examined the relationships between five confounding variables with each other and the items of measurement of each confounding variable with the related variable by employing structural equation modeling method with partial least squares approach and LISREL software. The sample included 191 experts in bankruptcy. Regression was used to test the research questions, the results showed that five factors of managerial errors, criminal conducts, environmental crises, accounting errors, and unpredicted events were major causes of bankruptcy in Iranian firms, with managerial errors being the most important one. Therefore, using modern management techniques at different levels of firms will be useful in preventing managerial errors in decision making and rescuing firms from bankruptcy