نشریه زبان کاوی کاربردی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Oleanna, takes place in the office of a male professor who receives visits from a student, Carol who seeks help to understand John’s book which is part of the curriculum. By applying the theories of Derrida such as undecidability, indeterminacy, binary opposition, supplement, différance to this drama, it is demonstrated that Mamet's text is an indeterminate one in which nothing stable comes out of it. The characters, the words, power structure, all are engaged in an undecidable différance in which no sign reaches its signified and it continues to the point that even the ending of the play is undecidable

Semantics is one of the new approaches in the field of linguistics dealing with the explanation of words; This science, as one of the purposeful sciences, has a significant application in the field of Quranic studies and holy texts. In other words, with the help of semantics, the exact meaning of a word and the speaker's intention are clarified. The semantic method of Izutsu (Japanese author) explains and analyzes words at different levels of meaning, semantic relations and concept. Accordingly, the revision and determination of the position of each element and content in the holy texts depends on the study of that word with its companion and reciprocal words in a systematic system and other words of the same order. The two words "poor" and "rich" are among the conceptual and key words of Nahj al-Balaghah being crystallized in various forms in this holy book. The present study, which has analyzed and researched the meaning of the words "poor" and "rich" in a descriptive-analytical method from a lexical point of view and then relying on Izutsu semantics in a vocabulary and confrontation axis, shows that these two words, with their nominal and current functions in the text of Nahj al-Balaghah, are expressed in positive and negative meanings. Most obviously, the opposition of these two words in an axis of companionship, conveys an important message. Accordingly, these two words, in addition to the general meaning that most lexicographers and commentators have provided, have found semantic development in the prolific words of Imam (AS); In other words, in addition to the meaning of material need and needlessness, they have also taken on a spiritual aspect. Another is that these two words have become a criterion for measuring a person's human dignity.

The precious text of the Holy Quran is full of wise subtleties and artistic images or beautiful ideas that increase the aesthetics and effect of its verses; Its vivid and dynamic plot is such that spiritual and intangible phenomena, in visual and audio art images, become visible and tangible in the form of beautiful and expressive paintings. This method has continued using novel arrays such as similes and elements such as visualization, imagination, movement. In this article, in line with the linguistics of the Holy Quran and by looking at the definition of "artistic idea or image" in Arabic literature, some verses of the Quran that use this art to explain the values and anti-moral values have been analyzed; In the language of the Qur'an, the artistic images of the Qur'an are an example of its rational subtleties, in a way that embodies spiritual subjects and abstract concepts and makes them visible and tangible in the form of visual paintings. Technical illustrations or ideas of the Qur'an are not limited to moral values or norms such as modesty, chastity, humility, but are also used to explain anti-values such as infidelity, cruelty and miserliness and make such spiritual matters tangible. In Quranic ideas, the element of embodiment and embodied ideas are much more frequent than imaginary images and most images are visual. The artistic images of the Qur'an target the innate feelings and emotions of man in order to lead the audience to reflect on their behavior.

The words of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghah have always been distinguished from other texts due to two basic characteristics: One is eloquence and rhetoric, and the other is its multidimensionality, that is the words of Imam Ali have appeared in different and possibly contradictory semantic fields, and at the same time it has maintained its eloquence and rhetoric. An example of the intersection of these two characteristics can be seen in the use of the ironic rhetoric industry, which some have equated with dark and social humor. What is most noticeable in this array is the juxtaposition of two contrasting semantic-verbal elements to surprise the audience and at the same time convey a dark message with humorous literature. In this article, by identifying examples of the manifestation of the Irony rhetorical industry in the sermons of Nahj al-Balaghah and their conceptual analysis, another manifestation of the verbal and semantic miracle of Imam Ali (as) as Amir of words is considered and another literary industry used in Nahj al-Balaghah to be read and studied. The findings of the study show that irony is used more in secret, combining contradictory and unexpected topics, exaggerating in preferring worthless topics and vice versa and with striking sentences and divination in the words of Imam Ali (AS) so that many important concepts are conveyed to the audience through humorous literature in this way.

Concerning the scandal about the sexuality of the people, a young man and a dark lady, addressed in the Sonnets of William Shakespeare and their true identities, the present study aims at highlighting the fact that too much concern for such matters has been paid for by ignoring the discrimination that the poet had brought against the lady. This oppressive measure is tangibly present in both the language of degradation that he uses for describing the dark lady versus the language of glorification for the young man, and also the uneven number of the sonnets devoted to each of them. To this end, the reason for this defect in the sonnets is critically detected through general and particular discussions of them in the light of New Historicism and French Feminism as theoretical frameworks.

Contemporary Arabic poetry is adorned with the use of different types of intertextuality, including historical and religious. This phenomenon can be seen in the poetry of contemporary poets. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Muttalib is one of the poets that the phenomenon of Qur'anic contradiction is crystallized in his poetry. In this article, some cases of Abd al-Muttalib 's influences on the Qur'an have been studied analytically. He has used the noble verses both in terms of content and meaning in his poetry and has used these verses well and appropriately. The reason for this proportion in the poems and the use of Quranic verses are two things: One is that the poet has memorized the Qur'an at the age of ten, and the second is that the poet continued his studies in the seminaries and was familiar with the Holy Qur'an until the end of his life. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Muttalib has used the intertextuality in both political and religious poetry. In political poems, he has used intertextuality to fight the West and restore Egypt's independence and drive out the arrogant, and he has used it in religious poems to show the virtues of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and Imam Ali (AS). Abd al-Muttalib used all three types of partial negation or reciprocal negation, parallel negation or concession, and general negation or conjugation, and he benefited more from parallel negation or concession than other types of reciprocity.

Learning analysis is performed using meta-discourse markers. Learning markers are, in fact, linguistic forms that are considered as important rhetorical tools and ensure interaction in texts. Different models for learning analysis are presented. the Highland pattern is one of the most common and popular. For the first time, Highland has defined and categorized all aspects of the interaction between the author of the text and the wisdom of the text, as well as the author of the text and the reader of the text, using the term learning, and claims that the researcher can go beyond text and discourse and also analyze the text as a social action. Learning is used as a concept in discourse analysis and is used in the interaction between authors and their text between writer and reader. Overall, learning, as an important tool in facilitating communication, helps the writer to communicate with drivers and express his personal findings, as propositions place their relevant sentences or phrases in creating a coherent discourse in the field of text structure. The present article examines the epistemological indicators in socio-political talk shows on the Islamic Republic of Iran TV channels from the perspective of critical discourse based on the views of Highland (2005) and Fairclough (2001). In this research, 20 programs of socio-political talk show of channels 1, 2, 3 and 4 were selected, studied and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in a numerical manner using purposive sampling. The variables studied in this study include the gender of the experts, whether the programs are live or recorded, the number of experts in the program, whether they are academics or non-academics to determine the results showed that the distribution of epistemological elements, certainty, skepticism and attitude In socio-political roundtable programs on the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, it varies according to the gender of the experts, whether the program is live or recorded, whether the experts are academic or non-academic, or the presence of one or more experts in the program. The type of application of epistemological tools in the discourse of experts can be justified.

Fictional elements are components that are cast in a certain format to move in an orderly and harmonious manner and to achieve an intellectual goal. Plot is one of the most important of these elements. The plot in real stories of the Holy Quran - with differences in quantity, quality and method of application - can be identified, analyzed and evaluated. Therefore, in the present study, the story of Prophets Adam (PBUH), Ibrahim (PBUH), Davoud (PBUH), Hood (PBUH), and Mary (PBUH) has been studied relying on the plot pattern of "Larry Way" and using descriptive-analytical method so that some of the artistic effects of these stories is reveald. The findings of this article indicate that the plot of all the mentioned stories is based on a causal relationship and in such a way that the story has a clear beginning, middle and end in any way it is told. All stories have a desirable structure and special processing in adhering to the aspects and elements of narration and storytelling, from the introduction to denouement, crisis-making, conplication and ending; In such a way that a unique type of storytelling has been created by using an artistic texture and a strong and pleasant structure along with paying attention to vivid and dynamic illustration, honest staging and relying on reasonable causal relations. All stories have a proper and natural plot. Another point about the plot and actions of the stories is the appropriate selection of the most important events and the avoidance of longevity. As sometimes a very complex situation is expressed in the shortest possible sentences.

This essay examines the process of canonizing Shahnameh as an emergent discursive and material site of cultural memory in early twentieth century in Iran. Of particular significance in this regard is the first Ferdowsi millenary celebrations and the concomitant Ferdowsi millennial conference held in 1934 as a turning point in modern discourses revolving around Shahnameh. There is a power-fraught dialectic of domestication and foreignization in appropriating Shahnameh as a mnemonic sign in this period. The authors closely read the signs of this emerging semiosphere in order to bring to the fore the problematic of monologizing cultural memory by means of ideological entextualization.

Semantic components are of the important topics derived from the Prague school in linguistics. Markedness has begun from phonology; However, in linguistic studies, on the one hand, it expands to other areas such as word construction, syntax and semantics, and on the other hand, it has different definitions in different general theoretical frameworks, such as the approach of principles and criteria and the general generative grammar. According to Palmer, whenever the semantic components of a word express a general concept associated with the attribute of "generality," that word will be semantically a "unmarked" word; But if a word has special, more detailed and unique units and components, so that it can be considered as a subset of the word "unmarked", here, the attribute "Marking" can be applied for Such a word was considered. Types of marking are semantic, formal and categorical. The semantic components constitute the characteristics of the meaning of words and determine their commonalities and differences. A study of Nahj al-Balaghah, in which a multitude of various words has been used in various fields, can reveal many aspects of the intentions of the owner of this valuable work. The concept of place and especially nature is one of the most widely used words in Nahj al-Balaghah; The abundance of various words in the field of nature in the book Nahj al-Balaghah shows the importance of place in the belief of Imam Ali (AS). In this study, which was written with the aim of discovering and explaining the symptomatic aspects of the studied words and is based on a descriptive-analytical method, it was found that in the words of Imam Ali (AS) The field of nature has been used equally in the axes of succession and companionship, and each has a unique role in expressing the semantic purpose.

The study of the relationship between the brain and language learning has always been of interest to researchers in various sciences. This may be due to the multidimensional nature of language that influences other human activities. One of the issues that has been raised for a long time is how the brain can learn a language and what is the effect of language learning on the brain. In this study, we first refer to the classical view of the brain based on the concept of the immutability of the brain after passing through the sensitive and/or critical stage, and then the opposite view, Donald Hebb's view, which emphasizes the constant plasticity of the brain. In addition, by citing research using brain imaging technology in the field of second language learning, the idea that the brain does not change much after the sensitive period is challenged and the plasticity of the brain is emphasized. In this regard, the question is whether the brain does not change after passing through the sensitive period or whether the brain plasticity will continue throughout life and what is the role of language in this? The results indicate that the flexibility of the brain in language and non-linguistic learning does not depend on age, and the brain at any age has the ability to regenerate itself to some extent. As a result, the assumption of the classical view of the brain that there is a defining period in the flexibility of the brain is questioned.

The present study tries to show some of the efforts of the Moroccan historian and writer, Dr. Abdel Haq Al-Marini, in Moroccan literature by reading one of his works. The book "Jihad Poetry in Moroccan Literature from the Time of Prince Youssef bin Tashfin al-Murabi to the time of Sultan Mawlawi Abdul Rahman bin Hisham Al-Alawi" is the title of a doctoral dissertation on Moroccan literature from Sidi Mohammed bin Abdullah University in Fez, written in 1989 under the supervision of Dr. Abbas Al-Jarari. Finally, it was published in 1996 by the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs. In this book, he presents his views on the process of creativity in the poetry of Jihad and how to transfer it intellectually to a poetic goal, and this shows the spirit of patriotism and the history of the struggles of a nation. The distinguishing feature of this type of literature from other literary categories lies in its message and content. This means that the works in the field of resistance literature are often a mirror of the pain and oppression of the people who have fallen victim to authoritarian regimes. These works, while inducing hope in the future and promising the promised victory, call for struggle and resistance against oppression, praise of freedom and liberty, respect for the homeland and the martyrs of the homeland in their hearts.