فهرست مطالب

علوم باغبانی - سال سی و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، پاییز 1400)

نشریه علوم باغبانی
سال سی و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، پاییز 1400)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/07/18
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • محمد جانعلی نژاد، حسین افشاری *، بهداد علیزاده، امید قاسمی صفحات 313-330

    به‌منظور بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف سولفات پتاسیم، ورمی کمپوست و تنش آبی بر خواص کمی و کیفی میوه شلیل رقم ’ردگلد‘ پژوهشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی به صورت کرت های دوبار خرد شده در 3 تکرار و 18 تیمار، جمعا بر روی 54 درخت در سال 1395 در شهر ساری اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای مورد آزمایش شامل سطوح آبیاری در دو سطح 50 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به عنوان عامل اصلی و ورمی کمپوست در سطوح صفر، 5 و 10 کیلوگرم برای هر درخت به عنوان عامل فرعی، سطوح سولفات پتاسیم به میزان صفر، 200 و 400 گرم برای هر درخت به عنوان عامل فرعی فرعی بود. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار پتاسیم موثرترین تیمار اعمال شده بر روی گیاه بوده و در مقایسه با دو تیمار اعمال شده دیگر بیشترین اثرگذاری را در بهبود عملکرد، وزن میوه، طول میوه، مواد جامد محلول میوه، میزان کلروفیل برگ و پتاسیم برگ داشته و از نظری آماری اختلاف نتایج آن معنی دار شد (P< 0.01). تیمار ورمی کمپوست تنها بر میزان عملکرد میوه و پتاسیم برگ معنی‌دار بود. اثرات تنش آبی تنها تیماری بود که فقط بر وزن هسته میوه در سطح 5 درصد معنی‌دار بوده و بر روی فاکتورهای کیفی مورد بررسی اثر معنی‌داری نداشته و در تقابل با سایر تیمارها اثرات خود را نشان داد. در مجموع نتایج حاکی از آن بود که کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست به همراه سولفات پتاسیم نقش مفید و موثری در بهبود صفات مورفولوژی و فیزیولوژی شلیل رقم ’رد گلد‘ داشته و مصرف تلفیقی ورمی کمپوست و سولفات پتاسیم اثر مثبتی بر روی کمیت و کیفیت میوه شلیل داشت.

    کلیدواژگان: تنش خشکی، پتاسیم برگ، کود آلی، عملکرد
  • ژاله زندوی فرد *، مجید عزیزی صفحات 331-339

    گل راعی به دلیل خواص ضدافسردگی بارز، یکی از مهم‌ترین گیاهان دارویی است. کمیت و کیفیت نور اثر به سزایی بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی، رشد و نمو کلی گیاه و تولید متابولیت‌های ثانویه دارد. به‌طوری‌که با تغییرات کمی و کیفی نور می‌توان رشد گیاه را در جهت دلخواه دستکاری نمود. در این پژوهش اثر طیف‌های مختلف نور با شدت 1000 لوکس شامل نور سفید، قرمز، سبز و آبی که با فیلتر‌های رنگی ایجاد شده بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و میزان هیپریسین در گیاهچه‌های گل راعی (Hypericum perforatum L.) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. این آزمایش بصورت طرح کاملا تصادفی با 10 تکرار در جعبه‌هایی به ابعاد 20×30 و با نشاهایی به ارتفاع 25 سانتی‌متر انجام شد. آزمایش در اطاقک رشد به‌ترتیب با دمای روز و شب 25 و 21 درجه سانتی گراد، رطوبت نسبی 45 درصد، 16 ساعت روشنایی و 8 ساعت تاریکی ادامه یافت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین میانگین تعداد برگ، وزن تر و خشک پیکر رویشی و ریشه به گیاهان تیمار شده با نور سفید اختصاص دارد. در صفات ارتفاع گیاه، طول میانگره و تعداد گرهک‌های سیاه برگ بیشترین میانگین‌ها به ترتیب (98/22 سانتی متر، 23/1 سانتی متر و 77/17 عدد) مربوط به نور قرمز و کمترین میانگین‌ها به ترتیب (37/16 سانتی‌متر، 72/0 سانتی‌متر و 88/13 عدد) مربوط نور سفید بود. بیشترین تا کمترین مقدار هیپریسین (0.08، 0.07، 0.05و 0.03 درصد) به ترتیب در گیاهچه‌های تحت تیمار با فیلترهای نوری قرمز، سفید، آبی و سبز مشاهده شد. بدین ترتیب جهت رشد بهینه گیاهچه‌های گل راعی به طول موج‌های مختلف نوری در طی دوره رشدی گیاه، نیاز است.

    کلیدواژگان: صفات مورفولوژیکی، کیفیت نور، گیاهان دارویی، متابولیت ثانویه
  • غلامحسین داوری نژاد *، ساجده کریم پور صفحات 341-354

    به منظور تولید درختان خودریشه گلابی رقم ʼنطنزʽ (Pyrus communis cv. Natanz) در شرایط درون شیشه‌ای سه آزمایش جداگانه برای بهبود پرآوری شاخه (تاثیرات BAP و Fe-NaEDDHA)، استقرار مریستم (تاثیرات BAP و GA3) و ریشه‌دهی ریزشاخه‌ها (تاثیرات IBA و NAA) در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی به اجرا در آمد. شاخه‌ها در محیط کشت PMI (MS ×1.5 CaCl2. 2H2O, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. 7H2O) حاوی 5/1 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر BAP و صفر میلی‌گرم بر لیتر Fe-NaEDDHA پرآوری شدند (50/5 شاخه/ریزنمونه) و رشد طولی خوبی داشتند در صورتی‌که غلظت‌های پایین BAP و Fe-NaEDDHA برگ‌های بالغ بیشتری را تولید کرد. محیط کشت PMI غنی شده با 1 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر BAP بعلاوه 150 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر Fe-NaEDDHA برای پرآوری شاخه نطنز بدلیل بالاترین میزان در رشد رویشی و بالاترین کیفیت شاخه‌های پرآوری شده پیشنهاد می‌شود. محیط کشت MS حاوی 5/0 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر BAP و 5/0 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر GA3 و یا 1 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر BAP (81 درصد) و 1/0 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر GA3 (63 درصد) به ترتیب بالاترین درصد استقرار مریستم را داشتند. ریزشاخه‌های درون شیشه‌ای نطنز از طریق فروبری سریع در محلول IBA+NAA (1000+1000 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) و سپس قرار دادن در محیط کشت PMI ریشه‌دار شدند.

    کلیدواژگان: ریزازدیادی، ریشه دهی، کشت مریستم، Fe-NaEDDHA
  • محمود اثنی عشری *، اسفندیار حسنی مقدم صفحات 355-365

    به منظور بررسی پاسخ شش رقم انار تجاری ایران به تنش خشکی آزمایشی بر اساس میزان برخی از عناصر غذایی برگ انجام شد. این مطالعه بصورت یک آزمایش فاکتوریل با دو فاکتور: 1- رقم انار درشش سطح (’رباب نی ریز‘، نادری بادرود، شیشه کپ فردوس، اردستانی مه ولات، ملس یزدی و شیرین شهوار) و 2- تنش خشکی در سه سطح شامل بدون تنش خشکی (80 درصد رطوبت ظرفیت زراعی، شاهد)، خشکی متوسط، (60 درصد رطوبت ظرفیت زراعی) و خشکی شدید (40 درصد رطوبت ظرفیت زراعی) در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی و در سه تکرار در گلخانه اجرا گردید. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد میزان عناصر غذایی در تمامی ارقام مورد مطالعه تحت تاثیر تنش خشکی قرار گرفت، اما پاسخ آن به تنش متفاوت بود. میزان عناصر غذایی آهن، روی، مس، منگنز، سدیم و فسفر بر مبنای وزن خشک در شرایط تنش خشکی کاهش یافت در حالی‌که غلظت عنصر پتاسیم تحت تنش خشکی روند افزایشی داشت. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده از این پژوهش به ترتیب ارقام رباب نی‏ریز و ملس یزد از نظر جذب عناصر غذایی در مقایسه با سایر ارقام مورد مطالعه دارای تحمل بیشتری در برابر تنش خشکی بودند. بالاترین میزان آهن (9/126 میلی‏گرم بر گرم)، روی (9/39 میلی‏گرم بر گرم)، مس (13 میلی‏گرم بر گرم)، منگنز (8/51 میلی‏گرم بر گرم) و پتاسیم (11/2 درصد) در رقم رباب نی‏ریز حاصل شد. بنابراین استفاده از این رقم در شرایط تنش خشکی مشابه پیشنهاد می گردد. در بین ارقام مورد بررسی ارقام نادری بادرود و اردستانی مه ولات بیشترین حساسیت را به تنش خشکی داشتند و ارقام شیرین شهوار یزد و شیشه‌کپ فردوس از این نظر مقاومت متوسطی نشان دادند.

    کلیدواژگان: آهن، روی و پتاسیم، ظرفیت زراعی، وزن خشک
  • سعید خسروی *، مریم حقیقی صفحات 367-381

    هورمون های گیاهی نقش موثری بر رشد و توسعه گیاهان و افزایش مقاومت به تنش ها دارند، براسینواستروییدها از هورمون های گیاهی می باشند که به صورت موثری مقاومت به تنش خشکی را در محصولات زراعی و باغی افزایش می دهند. بنابراین در پژوهشی، تاثیر براسینواسترویید (BR) بر غلظت پرولین، آمینواسید، پروتئین، محتوای آبسیزیک اسید در گیاه فلفل دلمه ای تحت تنش خشکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی بر روی گیاه فلفل دلمه ای (Capsicum annuum L.) رقم Castello چهار تیمار خشکی با استفاده از محلول پلی اتیلن گلیکول 6000 در چهار سطح صفر، 6-، 7-و 8- بار اعمال شد. براسینواسترویید در دو سطح شاهد و 1 میکرومولار به حالت محلول پاشی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش شدت تنش خشکی وزن تر (41 درصد) و خشک ساقه (66 درصد) کاهش یافت و شدت  اثر مخرب تنش در ساقه با کاربرد براسینواسترویید، در تنش ملایم بیشتر بود اما در ریشه در همه سطوح تنش با روند یکسانی کاهش اثرات مخرب را نشان داد. کاربرد براسینواسترویید باعث کاهش شاخص های تنش ازجمله پرولین (7 درصد) و اسیدآبسزیک (50 درصد) شد و این کاهش در میزان پرولین بخصوص در سطوح بالاتر تنش بیشتر بود. میزان اسیدآمینه و پروتئین با تنش خشکی کاهش یافت و کاربرد براسینواسترویید نتوانست به طور موثری از این کاهش خصوصا در مورد ترکیبات و میزان آمینواسید موثر باشد. به طور کلی به نظر می رسد کاربرد براسینواسترویید در غلظت 1 میکرومولار بر موجب کاهش اثرات منفی تنش و حفظ خصوصیات رویشی گیاهچه های فلفل دلمه ای تحت تنش خشکی می گردد.

    کلیدواژگان: اسیدآبسیزیک، آمینواسید، تنظیم کننده های رشد، فلورسانس کلروفیل
  • جواد فتاحی مقدم *، سیده الهام سیدقاسمی، طاهره رییسی صفحات 383-398

    در ایران که مصرف سرانه مرکبات به صورت تازه‌خوری بالا است (متوسط 45 کیلوگرم) نیاز به ایجاد و معرفی ارقام جدید با ویژگی‌های کیفی مطلوب به صورت مستمر است. در این پژوهش ویژگی‌های فیزیکو‌شیمیایی و ارگانولپتیک میوه‌‌ی نارنگی جهانگیر حاصل تلاقی نارنگی کلمانتین (والد ماده) و پرتقال سالوستیانا (والد نر) (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tanaka × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) در مقایسه با نارنگی کلمانتین (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tanaka) به عنوان شاهد روی پایه نارنج طی دو سال آخر منتج به معرفی رقم در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی مطالعه شد. ویژگی‌های فیزیکو‌شیمیایی و ارگانولپتیک میوه‌‌ها در زمان برداشت و به فواصل زمانی 20 و 40 روز از سردخانه (دمای 5 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت 85 درصد) ارزیابی شدند. نتایج نشان داد اندازه میوه (طول و دو قطر)، وزن، ‏میانگین قطرهای ‏حسابی، هندسی، معادل و هم‌ساز، مساحت رویه، حجم واقعی، ‏ضریب کرویت و سطح جانبی نارنگی جهانگیر به طور معنی‌داری بیش‌تر از کلمانتین بود. نارنگی جهانگیر مقادیر بالاتری L*، a*، b*، hue و C نسبت به شاهد کلمانتین داشت لیکن شاخص‌های a* و CCI جهانگیر کم‌تر بود. نارنگی جهانگیر پوست‌گیری آسان‌تر و تعداد بذر مشابه کلمانتین داشت. کاهش وزن میوه جهانگیر طی نگهداری کم‌تر از کلمانتین بود. میزان مواد جامد محلول (TSS) میوه جهانگیر در زمان برداشت و طی نگهداری بالاتر از کلمانتین بود. بعلاوه میزان اسیدیته کل (TA) (34/0 درصد) میوه جهانگیر نیز کم‌تر از میوه کلمانتین (45/0 درصد) بود. نسبت TSS به TA در نارنگی جهانگیر خیلی بالاتر (25/44) از کلمانتین (16/26) مشاهده شد. درصد عصاره میوه جهانگیر با 87/44 درصد بالاتر از کلمانتین با 12/40 و شاخص تکنولوژی نیز به ترتیب 45/6 و 67/4 بود. ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی گوشت میوه طی نگهداری کاهش یافت. میزان آسکوربیک‌اسید در جهانگیرکم‌تر از شاهد ولی میزان فنل گوشت بالاتر (43/0 میلی‌گرم در گرم) از کلمانتین (4/0 میلی‌گرم در گرم) بود. آنالیز مولفه اصلی نشان داد عمده نمونه‌های جهانگیر در قسمت چپ نمودار بودند که ویژگی‌هایی چون طعم، شیرینی، ظاهر خوب پوست و گوشت و پذیرش کلی میوه در این ناحیه غالب بود و مورد پذیرش بیش‌تری از سوی ارزیابان حسی واقع شد.

    کلیدواژگان: آزادسازی رقم، ارزش غذایی، انبارمانی، کیفیت میوه
  • بهزاد کاویانی * صفحات 399-411

    در سال های اخیر، استفاده از اسید هیومیک برای ارتقای ویژگی های رویشی و زایشی گیاهان زراعی و باغی عمومی شده است. یک آزمایش گلدانی برای بررسی اثر کاربرد برگی اسید هیومیک و بسترهای کشت مختلف روی جذب و انباشت مواد مغذی در برگ و میوه ی توت فرنگی رقم ’سلوا‘ (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. cv. ‘Selva’) انجام شد. غلظت های مختلف اسید هیومیک (صفر، 300، 600 و 1000 میلی گرم بر لیتر) به صورت اسپری برگی در دو زمان (اواخر فروردین و اواخر اردیبهشت) روی توت فرنگی کاشته شده در بسترهای مختلف (خاک معمولی حاوی خاک باغچه، کود گاوی خشک شده و ماسه بادی به نسبت مساوی و مخلوط خاک معمولی همراه با سبوس برنج، پرلیت و ضایعات چای) به کار گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار پتاسیم (518 میلی گرم بر لیتر) و فسفر (84/4 میلی گرم بر لیتر) میوه در گیاهان تیمارشده با 1000 میلی گرم بر لیتر اسید هیومیک کاشته شده در بستر مخلوط خاک معمولی همراه با سبوس برنج به دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار پتاسیم برگ (50/48 میلی گرم بر لیتر) در گیاهان تیمارشده با 600 میلی گرم بر لیتر اسید هیومیک کاشته شده در بستر مخلوط خاک معمولی و بیشترین مقدار فسفر برگ (32/6 میلی گرم بر لیتر) در بستر مخلوط خاک معمولی همراه با سبوس برنج به دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار ازت (35/5 درصد) میوه در گیاهان کاشته شده در بستر مخلوط خاک معمولی همراه با ضایعات چای بدون کاربرد برگی اسید هیومیک به دست آمد. گیاهان رشدیافته در این بستر کشت همراه با تیمار 1000 میلی گرم بر لیتر اسید هیومیک بیشترین مقدار ازت برگ (47/5 درصد) را داشتند. از آنجایی که مهم ترین عناصر برای افزایش کیفیت میوه ی توت فرنگی به ترتیب پتاسیم، فسفر و ازت است، استفاده از 1000 میلی گرم بر لیتر اسید هیومیک کاشته شده در بستر مخلوط خاک معمولی همراه با سبوس برنج توصیه می شود.

    کلیدواژگان: توت فرنگی، جذب مواد مغذی، کیفیت میوه، محصولات گلخانه ای
  • مهدی رستگار، حسن مومیوند*، علیرضا شایگان فر، عبدالحسین رضایی نژاد صفحات 413-425

    در دهه‌های گذشته فعالیت‌های انسانی موجب اثرات نامطلوبی بر اتمسفر و لایه ازن استراتوسفری و در نتیجه افزایش میزان پرتو فرابنفش خورشید در سطح کره زمین به‌‌ویژه در ارتفاعات شده است. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور ارزیابی تاثیر پرتو فرابنفش بر رشد، خصوصیات مورفولوژی و فنولوژی سه رقم گل گندم در شرایط گلخانه در سال 1397 انجام گرفت. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه‌ کاملا تصادفی اجرا شد. پرتو فرابنفش در چهار سطح به‌عنوان عامل اول (شامل: شاهد، پرتو فرابنفش A، پرتو فرابنفش B و پرتو فرابنفش A+B) و سه رقم گل گندم (ارقام صورتی C. cyanus var. Kornblume pink، قرمز C. cyanus var. Kornblume rot و آبی C. cyanus var. Kornblume blau) به‌عنوان فاکتور دوم در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار پرتو فرابنفش B و کاربرد همزمان فرابنفش A و B منجر به کاهش اغلب صفات مورفولوژی و صفات وابسته به رشد و عملکرد گیاه گردید. تیمار پرتو فرابنفش A باعث کاهش طول ساقه گل‌دهنده و وزن‌تر و خشک بوته در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد گردید. بررسی نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان می‌دهد که کاربرد پرتو فرابنفش A منجر به کاهش تعداد روز تا ظهور اولین غنچه گل و تعداد روز تا باز شدن اولین گل در ارقام گل گندم نسبت به تیمار شاهد گردید. تیمار پرتو فرابفش B باعث گلدهی زودتر گل گندم در مقایسه با فرابنفش A گردید. با این‌حال سریع‌ترین ورود به فاز زایشی و گلدهی ارقام گل گندم با کاربرد همزمان فرابنفش A و B مشاهده شد. با وجود این‌که رقم Kornblume rot از رشد رویشی بیشتری برخوردار بود، رقم Kornblume pink با داشتن تعداد گل‌های بیشتر، بالاترین عملکرد گل و گلدهی سریع‎تر نسبت به سایر ارقام مورد مطالعه برای کشت مناسب‌تر است.

    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات اقلیمی، فرابنفش A، فرابنفش B، گیاهان دارویی
  • نحله تقوایی فرد، عسکر غنی*، مهدی حسینی فرهی صفحات 427-446

    به منظور بررسی تاثیر مرحله بلوغ میوه بر ویژگی های بیوشیمیایی بخش های مختلف میوه اترج صغیر، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور و چهار تکرار اجرا گردید. فاکتور اول، دارای چهار سطح شامل مراحل مختلف بلوغ میوه (سبزرسیده، تغییررنگ پوست، زردرسیده و بسیاررسیده) بود. فاکتور دوم دارای چهار سطح شامل بخش‌های مختلف میوه اترج صغیر (فلاودو، آلبیدو، تفاله و آب‌میوه) بود. مهمترین صفات اندازه گیری شده شامل میزان فلاون و فلاونول، فلاونویید کل، ترکیبات فنلی کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی بود. تغییرات فیزیکی بخش های مختلف میوه و همچنین ویژگی های مربوط به آب میوه (اسیدیته، مواد جامد محلول، اسیدیته قابل تیتر و ویتامین ث) در طی بلوغ میوه اندازه گیری شد. مهمترین ترکیبات فیتوشیمیایی بخش فلاودو شامل درصد و عملکرد اسانس، محتوی کلروفیل و پلی فنل ها (روتین، ترانس-فرولیک اسید، هسپریدین، هسپرتین و کویرستین) در طی رسیدن میوه بررسی شد. نتایج نشان دهنده تاثیر معنی دار مرحله بلوغ میوه بر بیشتر صفات مورد بررسی بود. بیشترین میزان فلاون و فلاونول (377/0 میلی گرم برگرم) و فلاونویید کل (38/16 میلی گرم برگرم) مربوط به فلاودو در مرحله بسیار رسیده بود. بالاترین میزان اسانس فلاودو (37/2 درصد حجمی-وزنی) در مرحله تغییر رنگ اندازه گیری شد و با پیشرف بلوغ محتوی کلروفیل دستخوش تغییرات نزولی گردید. پیشرفت بلوغ باعث کاهش بیشتر اجزای پلی فنل های اندازه گیری شده شامل هسپریدین (86/1 به 68/0 میلی گرم برگرم)، کویرستین (62/1 به 89/0 میلی گرم برگرم) و روتین (42/0 به 17/0 میلی گرم برگرم) گردید. به طور کلی بخش فلاودو به عنوان مهم ترین بخش دارویی میوه اترج و مراحل ابتدایی بلوغ زمان مناسب تری برای برداشت تعیین گردید.

    کلیدواژگان: اترج صغیر، اسانس، فلاودو، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی، هسپریدین
  • صلاح الدین مصلحتی فرد *، حمید حسن پور صفحات 447-458

    بررسی تنوع مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی در میوه، امکان انتخاب ژنوتیپ های برتر را جهت توسعه کشت و کار برای کشاورزان و اصلاح‌گران فراهم می کند. این پژوهش، تنوع و تعیین برخی خصوصیات کمی و کیفی میوه بنه 11 ژنوتیپ مختلف را در مرحله میوه سبز و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. از هر کدام از ژنوتیپ ها، تعدادی خوشه بنه برداشت شد و جهت انجام اندازه گیری های مختلف به آزمایشگاه گروه علوم باغبانی دانشگاه ارومیه انتقال داده شد. سپس برخی از صفات کمی میوه و خوشه و همچنین میزان فنل کل، فلاونویید کل و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان کل مورد آنالیز قرار گرفتند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که بین ژنوتیپ ها از نظر همه پارامتر های اندازه گیری شده به غیر از طول خوشه، اختلاف معنی داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد و پنج درصد وجود داشت. نتایج آشکار کرد که تنوع بالایی در اکثریت صفات اندازه گیری شده وجود دارد. بیشترین میزان طول، عرض و وزن خوشه و همچنین عرض و وزن میوه در ژنوتیپ P10 و کمترین آن در ژنوتیپ هایP5  و P6 مشاهده شد. از نظر خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی بالاترین میزان فنل کل (5/1034 میلی گرم بر صدگرم وزن تر اسیدگالیک)، فلاونویید کل (82/143 میلی گرم بر صدگرم وزن تر کویرستین) و ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدان (93 درصد) را ژنوتیپ  P3به خود اختصاص داد و همچنین کمترین میزان فنل کل (08/370 میلی گرم بر صدگرم وزن تر اسیدگالیک)، فلاونویید کل (25/62 میلی گرم بر صدگرم وزن تر کویرستین) در ژنوتیپ P7 مشاهده شد. بر اساس این پژوهش، ژنوتیپ های P3 و P10 از لحاظ صفات مورد بررسی در وضعیت مطلوب تری نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ ها قرار داشتند و می توانند جهت مصارف دارویی، خوراکی، صنعتی و همچنین اهداف اصلاحی پیشنهاد گردند.

    کلیدواژگان: فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی، فلاونوئید، فنل کل، وزن میوه
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  • M. Janali nejad, H. Afshari *, B. Alizadeh, O. Ghasemi Pages 313-330
    Introduction

    Environmental stresses are the most important factors that reduce agricultural yield all over the world. The water stress especially in flowering damages yield and yield quality, however, some studies showed that sometimes it does not have any harmful effect on yield. For instance, some studies approved that deficit irrigation improves sugar content and then fruit quality. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effects of potassium sulfate, vermicompost and water stress on yield and quality of four years old nectarine (CV Red gold), an experimental study was carried out on a garden which covers 5000 m2 in Eslamdeh (Sari) during 2015 to 2016.

    Materials and Methods

    A split-split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design (RCBD) with 18 treatments in three replications (totally 54 treatments (trees)) was used in this study. Some complex soil samples were gathered individually from 0-30 and 30-60 cm to determine macro and micro fertilizer demand and were analyzed to determine physicochemical characteristics. Two levels of tree water requirement (50% and 100%) as the main plot, vermicompost in three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg per tree) as subplot, and three levels of potassium sulfate, (0, 200 and 400 g per tree) as sub-sub plothad been applied. The rest fertilizer demand was recommended based on soil analysis. vermicompost, potassium sulfate and other essential fertilizers were applied in late winter and then aeration or digging was carried out. The fruit was picked after ripening and was weighed. Diameter, height and mass weight were measured. Soluble solids, the total sugar content of fruit was measured based on pH-meter, refractometer and Arnon methods. Potassium and chlorophyll were measured by flame photometer and chlorophyll meter.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the effects of different levels of applied treatments were not significant on fruit pH. In addition, effects of different levels of potassium sulfate on TSS, leaf chlorophyll, potassium sulfate levels of leaf, fruit weight and yield, fruit height, and flesh weight, single fruit weight were all significant at 1 % level. The results also showed that levels of vermicompost on K level of leaf and fruit yield was significant at 1% level, and on fruit weight at 5% level. Effects of other treatments were not significant on other studied traits. Results of mean comparison showed that fruit crop was increased with an increase in vermicompost application. The minimum yield (41.44 kg/fruit) obtained from control and application of 10 and 20 kg/h vermicompost resulted in 58.33 and 60.61 kg/h, respectively. Application of potassium sulfate also showed to be effective on fruit yield. The minimum yield obtained from control, applying 200, 400 g of potassium sulfate, resulted in 54.89 and 61.33 kg/tree. Furthermore, potassium sulfate levels resulted in TSS enhancement. The minimum obtained from control plot (8.083) and maximum obtained from 8.864 and 9.612 with applying 200, 400 g of potassium sulfate, respectively. Potassium application also resulted in fruit level volume. The minimum level observed at control plot (116.2), applying 200, 400 g of potassium sulfate, resulted in 131.5 and 141.3 kg/tree. The interaction effects of different levels of potassium sulfate, vermicompost and irrigation showed that maximum fruit yield obtained from 400 g/K, 10 kg of vermicompost and applying 100% tree water requirement with yield of 70.66 g which was not statistically different with triple interaction of 400 g/K, 10 kg of vermicompost and applying 50% of tree water requirement.

    Conclusion

    In the current research, the effects of the use of potassium sulfate and vermicompost on maintaining plant balance and fruit quality and also decreasing water use in stress conditions were studied. Results showed that the use of potassium sulfate along with vermicomposts had a significant effect of improving morphological and physiological characteristics of nectarine. Furthermore, they increased nutrition availability for the crop and then increased yield and fruit quality. The following conclusion to be drawn is that fruit was increased with an increase in vermicompost application. Application of potassium sulfate also showed to be effective on fruit yield and TSS enhancement. The interaction effects of different levels of potassium sulfate, vermicompost and irrigation showed that maximum fruit yield obtained from 400 g/K, 10 kg of organic matter and applying 100% tree water requirement with yield of 70.66 g which was not statistically different with triple interaction of 400 g/K, 10 kg of vermicompost and applying 50 % tree water requirement.

    Keywords: Drought stress, Function, Organic fertilizer, Potassium
  • Zh. Zandavifard *, M. Azizi Pages 331-339
    Introduction

    St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a medicinal plant which used mainly in treatment of mild depression, neurological disorders and has been recently shown to have anticancer potential. The principle medicinal components of St. John’s wort are hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin. Light is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth, survival, reproduction and distribution. The light quality, light intensity, duration and photoperiod directly affect plant growth. Light quality refers to the color or wavelength reaching the plant's surface. A prism (or raindrops) can divide sunlight into respective colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Red and blue have the greatest impact on plant growth. Green light is least effective (the reflection of green light gives the green color to plants). Blue light is primarily responsible for vegetative leaf growth. The principle objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different spectral quality including red, blue, green and white on the growth factors and production of hypericin.

    Materials and Methods

    This experiment was conducted on the basis of Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and 10 replications in the growth chamber in the Department of Horticulture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran. In this study, seeds were obtained from the research greenhouse of FUM. Seeds after soaking in running water for 24 hours were planted in small pots (250g). After the seedlings have reached to height of 25cm, each 10 pots were put inside the boxes (20×30cm) made of colored filters. Experiment continued in a growth chamber with day and night temperature 25 and 21°C, respectively, relative humidity 45%, 16 hours of light with the intensity of 1000 lux and 8 hours of darkness for 50 days. Then morphological parameters including plant height, number of stems, number of leaves, number and length of internodes, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were measured. To count the number of black nodules, the upper, middle and lower parts of seedling were evaluated individually. Hypericin content of the H. perforatum plantlets were measured according to the previous work of Azizi & Omidbaigi, 2002. Data were analyzed statistically by using SAS and Excel software. The significant differences between means were assessed by Tukeyʼs test at P < 0.05.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that morphological parameters including plant height, leaf number, internode length, root fresh weight, dry weight of stem and root were affected significantly by light treatments. Minimum and maximum of plant height was related to white and red lights, respectively. Increasing plant height under the influence of red light was due to the variation in levels of growth regulators. Red and blue light by changing of the GA hormone level in the plant and affected elongation of plant stem. Minimum and maximum of leaf number was related to blue and white light respectively. Also, other morphological traits including internode length, fresh and dry weights of stem and root showed significant differences. Internode length for white light was less than red, green and blue light. Maximum of the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of seedlings was observed under white light. Results suggest that photosynthetic compounds move in plant under the influence of light quality. Also the number of black nodules in three different parts of plant and hypericin content were compared in plantlets under the effect of light quality. Results analysis also confirmed that different lights had the significant impact on the number of black nodules in upper and middle leaves of H. Perforatum seedlings. Seedlings treated with the red light had the highest number of black nodules in the middle section of H. perforatum. In the top third of St. John’s wort seedlings, red, blue and green light was inducted the highest number of black nodules formation than white light. The highest level of hypericin was related to red, white, blue and green lights, respectively. The number of black nodules in the plant and the hypericin content have positive correlation. It seems that in the seedlings treated with the red light, carbohydrates made from photosynthesis most used in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites than plant growth. In fact, carbon allelochemical compounds such as terpenes and phenolics have such metabolism direction to explain the increasing in secondary metabolites.

    Conclusion

    Different light spectra affects plant hormones levels and with alteration in the primary and secondary metabolites lead to a change in the morphological and biochemical traits of plant. In general, it can commented that the quantity and quality of light is able to affect the growth and the active metabolites of medicinal plants and using red and white mixture of light during seedling growth period have an effective role on generation of more strong seedlings with higher potential production of active ingredients.

    Keywords: Light quality, Medicinal plants, Morphological traits, Secondary metabolites
  • Gh. Davarynejad *, S. Karimpour Pages 341-354
    Introduction

    Pyrus communis L. cv. Natanz is a popular pear cultivar in Iran because of its customer-friendly attribute due to its excellent characteristics. Pear own-rooted plants has better traits such as high vigorous in growth, low levels on tree losses and damaging by insects rather than grafted plants. Meristem culture widely used for micropropagation, in vitro germplasm preservation, and virus eradication purposes in pear. As pear is belonged to difficult-to-root fruit tree cultivars perhaps the rooting stage is the most important stage in propagation process, yet most difficult phase during the in vitro propagation procedure. In vitro rooting of micro-cuts was varied by genotypes (cultivars), type and concentration of auxin, the method of root induction and formation, different additional materials such as PVP, polyamines, and so on. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of BAP and Fe-EDDHA on shoot proliferation, BAP and GA3 on meristem establishment, and IBA and NAA on micro-cut rooting of pear cv. Natanz in in vitro condition.

    Materials and Methods

    Vegetative buds were taken from current growth shoots of Pyrus communis cv. Natanz from Pear collection orchard (25.36 E, 58.54 N, and ASL altitude 1380 m) of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre of Semnan Province (Shahrood city). In the first experiment, new shoots of active buds after 4 weeks grown in PMI medium (MS ×1.5 CaCl2. 2H2O, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. 7H2O) + 1 mg.l-1 BAP were transferred to PMI medium containing different levels of BAP (0.5, 1, 1.5 mg.l-1) and Fe-EDDHA (0, 100, 150 and 200 mg.l-1). In the second experiment, meristems (containing two newest leaf primordia) was excited from in vitro shoots and incubation on MS media containing BAP (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg.l-1) and GA3 (0.1 and 0.5 mg.l-1) + 0.1 mg.l-1 IBA. Meristems were kept in dark for 4 days then were transferred to growth chamber with photoperiod 16/8 hrs. light/dark. Different concentrations and combinations of two auxins were used for root induction of micro-cuts in third experiment. 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg.l-1 of IBA or NAA and two combination solutions of them (1000 IBA+1000 NAA, and 2000 IBA+2000 NAA, mg.l-1). Shoots were immersing dip in solutions for 5 seconds then transfer to PGRs-free PMI medium and kept them to growth chamber. Data of all experiments were analyzed according by completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. BAP (3 levels) and Fe-EDDHA (4 levels) for experiment 1; BAP (3 levels) and GA3 (2 levels) for experiment 2 were considered as factorial. SAS (v. 9.1) was used for analysis and means were compared with LSD test at 5% of probability level.

    Results and Discussion

    Proliferated shoot number was affected by BAP (p≤0.01) and Fe-EDDHA (p≤0.05) concentrations and also interaction of them (p≤0.05), while BAP (p≤0.01) was caused elongation of proliferated shoots and Fe-EDDHA had no effect. BAP (p≤0.05), Fe-EDDHA (p≤0.01) concentrations and BAP×Fe-EDDHA (p≤0.01) interaction had significant effect on leaf production. Shoot tip necrosis was shown in shoots grown in all media based on BAP concentration with different intensities (p≤0.05). Vegetative growth was counted as a power index of medium that in our experiment was under influence of BAP concentrations (p≤0.01), Fe-EDDHA (p≤0.05) and BAP×Fe-EDDHA interaction (p≤0.05). Shoots were proliferated (5.50 shoot.explant-1) and elongated in PMI medium containing 1.5 mg.l-1 BAP with no Fe-NaEDDHA while the lower concentrations of both BAP and Fe-NaEDDHA caused the higher mature leaf production. PMI media containing 1 mg.l-1 BAP + 150 mg.l-1 Fe-NaEDDHA is recommended for Natanz shoot proliferation because of the highest vegetative growth and highest quality in proliferated shoots. MS medium with 0.5 mg.l-1 BAP+ 0.5 mg.l-1 GA3 (81%) and 1 mg.l-1 BAP + 0.1 mg.l-1 GA3 (63%) had the highest meristem establishment, respectively. The established meristems naturally grown in medium supplement with 0.5 mg.l-1 BAP + 0.5 mg.l-1 GA3+0.1 mg.l-1 IBA. Different types of auxin and their concentrations had significantly effect on Natanz pear cultivar micro-cut rooting (p≤0.05). NAA induced rooting in lower concentrations while IBA had positive effect on rooting with concentration increasing. Micro-cuts were rooted via quick dip in 1000+1000 mg.l-1 (IBA+NAA) solution followed by incubation in PMI medium. The rooted shoots well adapted to environmental condition.

    Conclusion

    Important steps of in vitro propagation of pear is optimized in this experiment. MS medium containing 0.5 mg.l-1 BAP+0.5 mg.l-1 GA3+0.1 mg.l-1 IBA had suitable for meristem establishment. To produce in vitro healthy proliferated shoots of pear cv. Natanz using PMI medium supplement with 1 mg.l-1 BAP+150 mg.l-1 Fe-NaEDDHA is recommended. Micro-cuts were rooted easily by quick immersion of the end of micro-cuts in 1000+1000 mg.l-1 (IBA+NAA) solution for 5 seconds then incubation in PGRs-free medium.

    Keywords: In vitro rooting, In vitro propagation, Meristem culture, Pear
  • M. Esna-Ashari *, E. Hassani Moghadam Pages 355-365
    Introduction

    Iran has the most diverse and richest gene pool of pomegranate cultivars in the world. Drought is the most common environmental stress and the most important limiting factor of agricultural production in the world and limits production in almost 25% of the world's agricultural lands. One of the most harmful effects of dehydration stress is disruption of the process of absorption and accumulation of nutrients. Among nutrients, potassium is one of the most important cations required by plants, which has been reported to accumulate during osmotic stress. The role of this cation in osmotic regulation and stomatal control has been described. Due to the fact that drought stress is one of the limiting factors for agricultural production, therefore, research on the mechanism of plant resistance to water scarcity is important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the response of six Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars to drought stress based on the amount of some leaf nutrients.

    Materials and Methods

    The executive operations of this research were carried out in the research greenhouse of Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center with a temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of 70%. The experiments were performed due to similar climatic conditions of Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces. The plant materials used in this study were annual rooted seedlings of six pomegranate cultivars. This study is a factorial experiment with two factors: 1- Pomegranate cultivar in six levels (RababNeyriz, NaderyBadrood, ShishehcapFerdous, ArdestanyMahvelat, Malase Yazd and ShirinShavar Yazd) and 2- Drought stress in three levels including non-stress drought (80% of field moisture, control), moderate drought (60% of field moisture) and severe drought (40% of field moisture) were screened in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. All data obtained from the experiments of this study were statistically analyzed by SAS-9.1 software and the comparison of the mean of the simple effect of the treatments was performed using Duncan's multiple range test. The comparison of the mean interaction of the treatments was performed by SAS and MSTAT-C software using Duncan's multiple range test. Graphs were drawn using Excel software.

    Results and Discussion

    The results of this study showed that the amount of nutrients in all studied cultivars was affected by drought stress, but the response to stress was different. The amount of nutrients of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, sodium and phosphorus based on dry weight decreased under drought stress conditions while the concentration of potassium under drought stress increased. Based on the results of this study, Rabab Neyriz and Malase Yazd cultivars had more tolerance to drought stress in terms of nutrient uptake compared to other cultivars, respectively. Highest levels of iron (126.9 mg.g-1), zinc (39.9 mg.g-1), copper (13 mg.g-1), manganese (51.8 mg.g-1) and potassium (2.11% was obtained from Rabab Neyriz cultivar. Therefore, the use of this cultivar in drought stress conditions is recommended. Among the studied cultivars, Naderi Badroud and Ardestani Mehvalat had the highest sensitivity to drought stress and Shirin Shahvar Yazd and Shishecap Ferdows cultivars showed moderate resistance in this regard.

    Conclusion

    Based on the results of this study, it showed that Rabab Neyriz and Malase Yazd cultivars have high tolerance to drought stress and are also able to show a better response to nutrient uptake under drought stress conditions. Between these two cultivars, Rabab Neyriz cultivar had higher absorption of iron, zinc, copper, manganese and potassium and was considered the superior cultivar in this regard.

    Keywords: Dry weight, Field capacity, Iron, Zinc, Potassium
  • S. Khosravi*, M. Haghighi Pages 367-381
    Introduction

    Brassinosteroids promote plant growth by enhancing some metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, nucleic acid biosynthesis, proteins and carbohydrates. Mechanisms of resistance and tolerance in plants have been developed to tolerate water deficit stress. One way to deal with drought is to use plant growth regulators. Brassinosteroids were first extracted from the pollen of turnip (Brassica napus) and were considered as the sixth group of plant growth regulators. These compounds stimulate growth and cell division and affect electrical properties, membrane permeability, stability and activity of membrane enzymes. Nowadays, brassinosteroids have been extracted from various plants and their structure and function have been identified.

    Materials and Methods

    This experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design on Capsicum annuum L. Castello cultivar under the average daily temperature of 25 °C and 18 °C at 75% relative humidity in greenhouses. Research conducted by the College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, with four drought treatments using polyethylene glycol 6000 solutions at four levels of 0, -6, -7, and -8 bar. Brassinosteroids were sprayed in two 1 μM control levels. Pepper seeds planted in transplanting trays containing 1 to 2 volumes perlite and vermiculite substrate. When the actual leaf of seedlings appeared, the root thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and then were transferred to black plastic containers with a diameter of 16 and height 13cm and 1L volume containing Johnson's nutrient solution including four dry treatments using 6000 polyethylene glycol solution and aerated in control for 15 minutes every 5 minutes. At the end of the experiment, vegetative factors such as fresh and dry weight of different parts of the plant, plant length, and volume, and physiological factors such as proline and abscisic acid content and chlorophyll fluorescence changes were measured.

    Results

    The results of the analysis of variance table showed that brassinosteroid had no significant effect on most vegetative traits except root volume and weight and all physiological traits except chlorophyll fluorescence and the mentioned traits increased with the application of 1 mM brassinosteroid. However, the main effects of drought except for amino acid and the interaction of drought and brassinosteroids were significant on all traits. The results of the main drought effects showed that the root fresh weight at -8 bar and dry weight at -7 bar significantly decreased, whereas fresh and dry weight of the shoots at lower than -6 bar. The onset of decline showed that the root length and volume appeared to decrease with the onset of stress by -6 bar and the plant length also reduced with the first stress level. Drought stress at -6 bar level decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index and Abscisic acid while at -7 bar decreased protein and increased proline. The results also showed that the amount of sulfuric, essential and unnecessary amino acids were significantly reduced by drought stress and brassinosteroid had no effect. Total amino acid content decreased with drought stress but there was no significant difference with control. With increasing drought stress, the fresh and dry weights of shoots decreased and the intensity of shoots decreased. The intensity of shoot growth decreased with the use of brassinosteroids at moderate stress but the mentioned trait showed the same adverse effects at all levels of stress. Brasinosteroid application decreased stress indices such as proline (7%) and abscisic acid (50%) and this decrease was more pronounced in proline, especially in more severe treatments. Amino acid and protein levels decreased with drought stress, and the use of brassinosteroids could not be effectively affected by this reduction, especially for the compounds and the amount of amino acids. The results of biplot analysis showed that the vegetative and protein traits had better mean in stress condition in the presence and absence of stress and in higher stress severity and application of brassinosteroid affected root fresh weight and abscisic acid content more than the other traits. While in mild stress it seemed to be more effectively on the steroid and most of the vegetative and physiological traits than the control.

    Conclusion

    It seems that the application of brassinosteroids on pepper seedling in drought stress at a concentration of 1 μM is effective in maintaining vegetative properties and reducing negative effects of stress and reducing stress indices.

    Keywords: Abscisic acid, Amino acid, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Growth regulators
  • J. Fattahi Moghadam *, S.E. Seyedghasemi, T. Raiesi Pages 383-398
    Introduction

    The foreign and domestic markets are demanding for high quality citrus varieties. The physical and chemical properties of the newly released cultivars are also important for fresh market or processing. The fruit quality is a complex combination of size, firmness, taste, texture, pleasant aromas caused by a chemical compounds (soluble solid content, sugars, organic acids, aromas) and bioactive properties. Therefore, it is important to consider these indices for the introduction of a new cultivar. In this regard, the Citrus and Subtropical fruits Research Center has focused on improving its appearance, internal and organoleptic quality in releasing the new Jahangir cultivar compared to the Clementine as control.

    Materials and Methods

    In this study, Jahangir fruits a hybrid between Clementine mandarin (female parent) and Salustiana orange (male parent) (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tanaka × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) was used for comparison with Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex) Tanaka) as control during the last two years lead to the cultivar introduction. Fruits were randomly selected from different locatiosn on the tree (15 fruits from three trees) and evaluated at harvesting time (zero storage point). Then 30 fruits per box selected and placed in cold storage (5 °C, 85% RH). Different physico-biochemical and sensory characteristics of fruits were evaluated at 0, 20 and 40 days intervals during storage. Characteristics evaluation were including fruit lenght, width, thickness, arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic means, fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, peel and pulp firmness, peel thickness, weight, juice percentage, seed number, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total phenol, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity during experiment.

    Results and Discussion

    Results showed that fruit size (length and two diameters), weight, means of arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic diameters, surface area and true volume of Jahangir mandarin were significantly higher than Clementine. The different mean diameters of each cultivar was the same as that equivalent diameter that is the most real mean fruit diameter. The higher spherical coefficient (>1) also indicated that Jahangir fruit was longer than the control. Additionally, aspect ratio of Jahangir was also higher than Clementine, which means that Jahangir fruit was a few flat than control. Jahangir had higher levels of L*, b*, C and hue than the control of clementine. In contrast, Jahangir's a* and CCI indices were lower than those of clementine. Therefore, except for L* which is slightly lower than citrus standard (65-70), other indices in both cultivars were conformity within the citrus standard range. Seeds of Jahangir were more than control but both were in the mid seed group (9-15 seeds) of citrus. Jahangir peel was also less easily peeled than control. The weight loss of Jahangir fruit was significantly (almost half) lower than that of clementine at each sampling but increased during storage. It seems Jahangir has a peel with higher density and adhesion than to clementine, which partly prevents the fruit from dehydration. The amount of TSS of fruit juice was higher than that of clementine at harvest and storage but increased in both cultivars during storage. In addition, TA (0.34%) was lower in Jahangir fruit than Clementine (0.45%). Therefore, the ratio of TSS to TA was much higher in Jahangir mandarin (44.25) than clementine (26.16). Juice percentage of Jahangir fruit (44.87%) was significantly higher than Clementine (40.12%). The high percentage of Jahangir fruit juice is a positive trait for this cultivar. Technology index changed depending on cultivar and also during storage. This index was higher in Jahangir fruit than in Clementine with 6.45 and 4.67, respectively. The antioxidant capacity only affected significantly by storage time which showed a decreasing trend during storage. Ascorbic acid content was only affected by cultivar and was higher in control than Jahangir. Lower levels of ascorbic acid in the Jahangir may be due to increased respiration that results in the elimination of ascorbic acid. The phenolic content of Jahangir fruit was higher (0.43 mg/g) than clementine (0.4 mg/g). PCA analysis showed that most of the Jahangir samples placed in the left part of the PCA graph which were dominated by the traits such as taste, sweetness, good peel and pulp appearance and overall acceptance and were more accepted by the sensory evaluators.

    Conclusion

    In this study, different qualitative characteristics of Jahangir fruit compared to Clementine which are important for the producers. Accordingly, the Jahangir fruit was larger in size but slightly flatter than the Clementine fruit. Jahangir fruit peel color indices were within the standard range of citrus fruits. Jahangir fruit is favored among commercial available mandarins due to ease of peeling, high juice percentage, technology index, vitamin C, phenol and antioxidant capacity. It also had better storability than Clementine because of less water loss and decline of organoleptic properties.

    Keywords: Cultivar release, Fruit quality, Nutrition value, Storability
  • B. Kaviani* Pages 399-411
    Introduction

    The use of biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers has an effective role in increasing the health of plants, animals and humans and reducing environmental pollution. Biofertilizers are gradually being replaced by chemical fertilizers. Strawberry is a fruit with high nutritional value. Choosing the right nutritional conditions such as fertilizers and suitable cultivation beds to achieve high quantitative and qualitative yield in this plant is inevitable. In recent years, the use of humic acid has been common in enhancing the vegetative and generative characteristics of crops. Humic acid is a rich source of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. The method of application of humic acid has an effective role in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants. The leaf application of humic acid was effective in increasing the amount of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. The amount of potassium and phosphorus in strawberry fruit is more than other elements. Combining some cultivation beds (perlite and composts) and fertilizers such as agricultural waste (rice bran and tea wastes) into soil cultivation beds have an effective role in improving the quantity and quality of plants.

    Materials and Methods

    A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of humic acid and different cultivation beds on nutrition uptake of strawberry. Different concentrations of humic acid (0, 300, 600, and 1000 mg.l−1) were applied as foliar application in two steps (late March and late April) on strawberry cultivated in different beds (usual soil, usual soil + rice bran, perlite, or tea wastes). This study was carried out as two factorial experiment in completely randomized design. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, soil pH and electrical conductivity and leaf and fruit nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content were measured. Measurement of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was carried out by Kjehldal, spectrophotometry and flame photometry, respectively.

    Results and Discussion

    The interaction effect of humic acid ×cultivation beds on nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and fruits was significant at 1% of probability level and on fruit potassium at 5% of probability level. The interaction of these two factors on leaf potassium was non-significant. The results of comparing the mean comparison of humic acid and cultivation beds on soil elements showed that the highest amount of nitrogen was obtained in the treatment of 600 mg.l−1 humic acid and in the cultivation bed of usual soil+rice bran. The highest amount of phosphorus was obtained in the treatment of 1000 mg.l−1 humic acid and the cultivation bed of usual soil + tea wastes. The highest amount of potassium was obtained in the treatment of 600 mg.l−1 humic acid and in the cultivation bed of usual soil + tea wastes and the lowest one was obtained in the same bed without humic acid. Results showed that the highest potassium content (518 mg.l−1), and phosphorus (4.84 mg.l−1) of fruit were obtained in plants treated with 1000 mg.l−1 humic acid cultivated in usual soil + rice bran. The highest nitrogen content of fruit was obtained in plants cultivated in usual soil +tea wastes. The plants grown in this cultivation bed with humic acid application at 1000 mg.l−1 had maximum content of leaf nitrogen (5.47%). The highest content of leaf potassium (4.50 mg.l−1) and phosphorus (6.32 mg.l−1) were obtained in plants treated with 600 mg.l−1 humic acid in the cultivation beds of usual soil and usual soil + rice bran, respectively. The application of humic acid at 1000 mg.l−1 and using usual soil+rice bran as bed is recommended for strawberries production as potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen are the most important elements for increasing the quality of strawberry fruits , respectively. A positive association has been reported between the use of humic acid and the increase in growth, yield and product quality in strawberries and other plants. Humic acid can improve quantitative and qualitative production of crops by providing more available essential elements and increasing plant resistance to various biological and non-biological stresses.

    Conclusion

    Strawberries are widely cultivated worldwide due to their high nutritional value. Chemical fertilizers have been used as a way to increase crop yields, but have led to problems such as nitrate accumulation, short pot life, and poor quality and environmental pollution. Therefore, organic fertilizers have been recommended. A stimulating effect of humic acid on biomass production and plant growth is to increase the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Proper cultivation bed plays an important role in the optimal growth and development of plants. According the result of this study, the use of beds containing agricultural waste and foliar application of humic acid increased the growth, yield and quality of strawberry fruit.

    Keywords: Fragaria, ananassa, Fruit quality, Greenhouse products, Nutrition uptake
  • M. Rastegar, H. Mumivand *, A. Shayganfar, A.H. Rezaei Nejad Pages 413-425
    Introduction

    In the last decades, human activities have had adverse effects on the atmosphere and the stratospheric ozone layer, resulting in an increase in the ultraviolet radiation on the ground, especially in highlands. Among living organisms, plants are the most exposed to ultraviolet rays due to their high and unavoidable need to light for photosynthesis, and are therefore more vulnerable to them. Plants show different responses to ambient UV radiation. The response of plants to ultraviolet light is manifested in two general ways, including tolerating the destructive effects of this radiation or/and avoiding it. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet light on growth, morphological and phenological characteristics of three cornflower cultivars under greenhouse conditions in 2018.

    Materials and Methods

    The experiment was performed as a split plot in a completely randomized design. Ultraviolet light was considered as the first factor in four levels (including: control, ultraviolet –A radiation, ultraviolet -B radiation and ultraviolet A + B radiations) and three cornflower cultivars (including: ‘Kornblume pink’, ‘Kornblume rot’ and ‘Kornblume blau’) as the second factor. The UV treatment was applied by lamps made by Q-Lab Co, USA. It should be noted that the 40-watt lamps used in this study were broadband and had the highest compliance with ultraviolet B (in the case of UV-B lamps) and ultraviolet A (in the case of UV-A lamps) received from the sun on the ground. So they provided the best possible simulation. During the growth period of plants, phenological traits were recorded and morphological traits and biomass traits were measured at the end of the experiment.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that UV-B radiation and simultaneous application of UV-A and UV-B radiations resulted in the reduction of the most morphological traits and yield traits including plant height, internode length, leaf width, leaf area, flowering stem length, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight and number of flowers. However, flower yield was not affected by ultraviolet radiations. UV-A treatment reduced the flowering stem length and fresh and dry weight of plant in compared to the control treatment, but it had no significant effect on plant height, leaf width, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight and number of flowers. Plants response to ultraviolet radiation is very different. In many species, it has been observed that UV-A does not have a negative effect on plant growth, while, UV-B reduced the growth and yield of plants. It seems that the main reason for the reduction of plant growth and production is prevention of cell division caused by ultraviolet radiation. Degradation of plant pigments (chlorophyll) is also one of the main reason of photosynthesis decrease led to plant growth and yield reduction. The results of the present study showed that the application of UV-A reduced the number of days until the emersion of the first flower bud and the number of days until the opening of the first flower in cornflower cultivars compared to the control. UV-B treatment forced cornflowers to earlier flowering than UV-A. However, the fastest entry into the reproductive and flowering phase of cornflower cultivars was observed with the simultaneous application of UV-A and B radiations. Plants mechanisms against environmental stresses mainly depend on their origin and genetic factors. These mechanisms include three main strategies including “avoidance”, “tolerance” and “escaping”. One of the most important ways to reduce the life cycle is early flowering. It seems that the process of early flowering and completing the growth in cornflower species is a kind of stress escaping under ultraviolet radiation stress.

    Conclusion

    In this study, ultraviolet radiation reduced the growth and development of all three species of cornflowers. However, UV-A treatment showed the least negative effect on flower yield of plants. On the contrary, UV-B radiation and simultaneous application of UV-A and UV-B radiations reduced the growth and development of cornflowers, but did not have any significant negative effect on the flower yield (as the main useable organ of plant). Therefore, it seems that the ultraviolet radiation can be considered as a positive factor due to its positive effects on the production of secondary metabolites and early flowering and lack of significant negative effects on plant flower yield. Finally, ‘Kornblume pink’ cultivar, with higher flower yield and earlier flowering, is more suitable for cultivation than other cultivars.

    Keywords: Environmental Change, Medicinal plants, Ultraviolet A, Ultraviolet B
  • N. Taghvaeefard, A. Ghani *, M. Hosseini Farahi Pages 427-446
    Introduction

    The harvest time and type of plant part have important roles in obtaining maximum amounts of active substances from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants vary in terms of phenological stages and maturity and each medicinal plant can be evaluated separately in research. Determining the exact time of harvest and selecting a plant organ for maximum yield of secondary metabolites can be very important and economically effective. Othroj-Saghir (Citrus medica var. medica Proper) or Othroje-Kabir (Citrus medica var. macrocarpa) is one of the most important citrus species. The southern provinces of Iran, especially the southern cities of Fars province, are the largest areas in which this species is cultivated. In addition to fruit juice, other parts of the fruit especially the flavedo, can be used for medicinal purposes and in food industries. In this study, for the first time, some physical and biochemical changes of different parts of Citrus medica var medica fruits were evaluated during fruit ripening. Also, some active substances (i.e. essential oil content, flavonoid components, etc.) of the flavedo were measured as the most important medicinal parts of the fruit through different stages of ripening.

    Materials and Methods

    In this study, the effects of fruit ripening on the biochemical properties of different parts of Citron fruit were evaluated. A factorial experiment was set up according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor included four levels: different stages of fruit maturity (green mature, intermediate, yellow ripe and over ripe stage). The second factor had four levels: the different parts of the Citron fruit (i.e. outer skin or flavedo, inner skin or albedo, pulp and juice). The most important measured traits were flavon and flavonols, total flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Physical changes in different parts of the fruit (fresh and dry weight of flavedo and albedo, fresh weight of fruit, fruit diameter and height of fruit, etc.) were measured. Assessments also carried out to identify several features of fruit juice such as acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and vitamin C during fruit ripening. Chemical measurements were aimed at determining the most important phytochemical compounds of the flavedo section during fruit ripening. These features included the essential oil percentage and yield, chlorophyll content and polyphenols constituents (rutin, trans-ferulic acid, hesperidin, hesperetin and quercetin by HPLC).

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the fruit maturity stage significantly affected most of the studied traits. The highest amounts of flavon and flavonols (0.377 mg quercetin/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (16.38 mg quercetin/g dry weight) were measured in the flavedo at the over ripe stage. The antioxidant activity initially increased during fruit ripening, but it decreased slightly (75.0%) from the yellow stage to the over ripe stage. The lowest rate of antioxidant activity (53.6%) was observed in the green stage and the highest rate (78.4%) was measured in the yellow ripe stage. The highest amounts of antioxidant activity (83.3% and 73.8%) were measured in the albedo and flavedo samples, respectively, and the lowest amount (54.1%) was recorded in the pulp section. The highest amount of flavedo essential oil (2.37%v/w) was measured in intermediate stage. The chlorophyll content with maturity progress was decreased. Progress in fruit maturity was reduced the most components of polyphenols. The maximum amount of hesperidin, as an important phenolic component, was identified in the peel of Citron fruit (1.86 mg/g dry weight) at the green mature stage. Its amount decreased through the stages of maturity, so that the lowest amount (0.68 mg/g dry weight) was measured at the over ripe stage.

    Conclusion

    In general, the stage of maturity and plant part had important effects on the amount of biochemical traits. The flavedo part of Citron fruit showed superior medicinal properties. Different active substances react variedly during maturity and so the preferable composition should be harvested according to the desired conditions. The best stages to reach maximum essential oil percentage and polyphenol components are the early stages of maturity (i.e. green mature and intermediate stages).

    Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Citrus medica var. medica Proper, Essential oil, Flavedo, Hesperidin
  • A. Mslahate fard *, H. Hassanpour Pages 447-458
    Introduction

    The pistachio genus (Pistacia) belongs to Anacardiaceae family. Three species of common pistachio (P. vera, P. khinjuk and P. atlantica) was found in Iran. Bene )P. atlantica (is a dicotyledonous tree with a height of more than 17 meters, is the most important species of Zagros region with valuable main and secondary products. This tree was also used as a rootstocks for edible pistachios and resistant to adverse environmental conditions, so that it grows in different climates in terms of land slope, soil type, different soil fertility levels, altitude (600 to 3000 meters) and temperature range of -25 to 40 °C. Fruit and gum have different uses in food, industry and medicine. Medicinal and oral uses of Bene fruit and gum have long been reported not only in Iran, but also among the natives of all coriander-rich regions, including parts of Algeria, Turkey and Iraq. Bene fruit can be harvested at three stages; First, the unripe stage (in the form of small hollow spheres without a kernel), its skin is brittle and its color is pale green. The second stage, the kernel is completely hardened, but the shell has an ocher red color that tastes sour. The last, the ripe stage, the kernel is completely hardened and the color of the skin is blue-green.

    Materials and Methods

    This study was conducted to evaluate the diversity and determine some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of different Bene) P. atlantica (genotypes at the green fruit stage. For this purpose, 11 genotypes were randomly selected in an area near the city of Mirabad, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. The fruits were harvested from each genotype and transferred to the laboratory. In this study, some quantitative traits of fruit and cluster as well as total phenol, total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Digital calipers were used to measure the length and width of fruit and clusters (mm). Also, a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.001 g was used to measure the weight of fruit and cluster. Fruit size index was calculated by multiplying the measured width by the measured length and expressed as mm2. Total antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total phenol content.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that cluster weight had the highest diversity and fruit width had the least diversity among the studied traits. Traits such as cluster width, cluster length, total phenol and flavonoid content were also highly varied among genotypes. In this study, the maximum weight, length and width of fruit were 1.28 g, 8.32 and 8.62 mm, respectively. Also, the results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between genotypes in terms of all parameters measured except cluster length at the 1% and 5% of probability level. Overall, the results of this study showed high variability in the majority of traits. The highest length, width and weight of the cluster as well as the width and weight of the fruit were seen in P10 genotype and the lowest was observed in P5 and P6 genotypes. In terms of biochemical characteristics, P3 genotype had the highest total phenol (1034.5 mg gallic acid per gram of FW), total flavonoid (143.82 mg quercetin per gram FW) and antioxidant capacity (93%) and also, the lowest total phenol (370.08 mg gallic acid per gram of FW), total flavonoids (62.25 mg catechin per gram FW) was observed in P7 genotype. According to results of this study, P3 and P10 genotypes can be used for medicinal, food, industrial purposes as well as breeding purposes compared to the other genotypes.

    Conclusion

    In this study, it was shown that there is a high diversity in the majority of measured traits among different genotypes. The highest morphological traits were observed in P10 genotype. Also, in terms of biochemical characteristics, genotype P3 had the highest total phenol, total flavonoid content and total antioxidant capacity. According to the results, it can be concluded that the morphological characteristics as well as phenolic, flavonoid compounds and antioxidant capacity depend on various factors, including genetic factors and environmental and ecological conditions. Therefore, the observed diversity can be related to genetic structure of genotypes, which can also be considered as a kind of adaptation and physiological response of trees to environmental conditions.

    Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Flavonoid, Fruit weight, Total phenol