نشریه مدیریت ارتقای سلامت
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 50، امرداد و شهریور 1400)

The tendency to cosmetic surgery and its practice can be influenced by various physical, psychological, social and cultural factors. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between sexual satisfaction and perceived social support with a tendency to cosmetic surgery.

The method of the present study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all patients seeking cosmetic surgery in one month in 2020 in selected 3 clinics in Tehran, which was estimated at a total of 900 people. 322 of them were selected as a sample by non-random sampling Quota method. The demographic questionnaire, "Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire", the "Perceived Social Support Scale" and the "Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale" were used to collect data. The construct validity of the instruments was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was confirmed by internal consistency by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 19.

Tendency to cosmetic surgery has a negative and significant correlation with sexual satisfaction (r = -0.208) and perceived community support (r = -0.338) (P <0.05). Also, perceived social support (β = -0.29) and sexual satisfaction (β = -0.19) predict a total of 15% of the variance of the tendency to cosmetic surgery (P <0.05).

Tendency to cosmetic surgery has a negative and significant correlation with sexual satisfaction and perceived community support. Therefore, social support and sexual satisfaction predict the tendency to surgery. It is suggested that psychologists and counselors consider the role of social support and sexual satisfaction in reducing the unnecessary tendency of individuals to cosmetic surgery.

Chronic diseases such as diabetes can lead to marital incompatibility and affect family health. The purpose of this study was to develop a structural model of womenchr('39')s marital satisfaction based on positive attitudes toward extramarital relationships and health literacy in their diabetic spouses through sexual satisfaction.

The present study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study includes all couples with husbands with type 1 and 2 diabetes who lived in Ahvaz and were registered in the Diabetes Association of Khuzestan province until 2020, whose total population is 2000 people. According to the inclusion criteria, 330 patients and their spouses were selected as a sample based on the Krejcie & Morgan table by simple random sampling using a random number table. Finally, 285 couples were willing to cooperate and completed the questionnaires. In order to collected data demographic questionnaire, the “ENRICH Couple Scale”, the “Attitudes Toward Infidelity Scale”, the “Health Literacy for Iranian Adults”, and the “Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire”, were used. The validity and reliability of the instruments have been confirmed in previous studies. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS.24 and Amos.23. 

The proposed model had a good fit. There is a significant relationship between men positive attitudes toward extramarital relationships with women marital satisfaction (P<0.01), between men positive attitudes toward extramarital relationships with women sexual satisfaction (P<0.01), between men health literacy with women sexual satisfaction (P<0.01), between women sexual satisfaction with women marital satisfaction (P<0.01), but there was significant relationship between health literacy with marital satisfaction (P>0.05). Also indirect pathways are significant positive attitudes toward extramarital relationships with marital satisfaction with mediating role of sexual satisfaction (P<0.01), health Literacy with marital satisfaction with mediating role of sexual satisfaction (P<0.01). 

The proposed model had a good fit and is an important step in understanding the factors related to marital satisfaction of women with spouses with diabetes. It is suggested that in the treatment of marital problems of patients with diabetes, the role of positive attitude variables in extramarital relationships and health literacy mediated by sexual satisfaction in predicting marital satisfaction should be considered.

Bullying is one of the most common forms of violence in schools during adolescence. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "bullying control" training on bullying of female students.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population of this study included 320 high school students of Saadat School (District 1 of education in Qazvin province) in the academic year 2020-2021. Among them, 34 students were purposefully selected by considering the bullying scale score and inclusion and exclusion criteria and 17 people were divided into 2 groups by simple random method of lottery. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire and the “Illinois Bullying Scale”. The content validity of the instruments was measured by qualitative method and the reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Data were collected after performing 8 sessions of 90 minutes of training for the intervention group. Data were analyzed in SPSS .24. 

The interactive effect of time and group on bullying (F=36.08, P=0.001, η2=0.530), victimization (F=15.93, P=0.001, η2=0.332) and fighting (F=19.05, P=0.001, η2=0.331) were significant at the level of 0.01.

Bullying control training is effective in reducing bullying, fighting and victimization of students. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the present education to other students in other schools and districts to reduce bullying and its consequences.

Health literacy increases peoplechr('39')s ability to prevent disease and improve the quality of self-care. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between health literacy and health-related physical fitness level in overweight female secondary high school students. 

The present study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all female secondary high school students studying in Islamshahr city in the academic year of 2009-2010, amounting to 5347 people. The research samples were selected by cluster random sampling method based on Cochranchr('39')s formula of 358 overweight students with body mass index between  25  and  30. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, "Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire" and "Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents". The validity and reliability of the instruments in the present study have not been measured and are limited to other studies. Health-related physical fitness includes: 540 m run (cardiorespiratory endurance), sit-up (abdominal muscle strength and endurance), flexibility (sit- and- reach), and Pull-up (shoulder girdle muscle strength and endurance) was evaluated. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. 21.

The correlation between health-related physical fitness (0.456) and health literacy (0.595) was significant and positive (P <0.001). Health-related physical fitness have the power to predict health literacy (P <0.001). 

Health-related physical fitness is positively correlated with studentschr('39') health literacy. It is suggested that special attention be paid to the complete and comprehensive program of sports and physical education in the school curriculum.

Stress is a common problem during adolescence and is the cause of many mood disorders and anxiety; which requires timely interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" on stress symptoms in female high school students.

This research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control group that was conducted in the academic year of 2019-2020 in the statistical population of female students in the first secondary school of Someh Sara. 40 students participated in this study voluntarily and with simple random by lottery method were assigned to the intervention and control groups. But in the post-test phase, each group was reduced to 16 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire of demographic characteristics and " Stress Symptoms Inventory". Content validity index and reliability were checked and confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and stability by retesting method. After receiving the pretest, the intervention group underwent "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" in 8 sessions. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention, both groups then completed the post-test. Data analysis was performed in SPSS .21.

The intervention played an effective role in reducing Physical symptoms (F= 68.855,  P= 0.001) and cognitive (F=22.458, P=0.001), behavioral (F=33.472, P=0.001) symptoms and also, the total score (F = 78.221, P=0.001) of the intervention group. In contrast, the intervention had no effect on emotional symptoms (F= 3.795, P= 0.062). In total, "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" was able to explain 0.73 of the changes in the overall score of stress symptoms in the intervention group.

"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" has played an effective role in reducing stress symptoms in adolescents. Therefore, it is suggested that therapists and health care providers consider the importance of this treatment in reducing stress in adolescents.

Service motivation is recognized as one of the most important ways of organizational development. On the other hand, establishing error management in the organization is a solution that has facilitated the desire to work. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between error management and public service motivation and the mediating role of Work motivation and gender adjustment in nurses of Sirjan Social Security Hospital in 2019.

The present study is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population includes all nurses of Sirjan Social Security Hospital. The number of statistical samples was determined using Krejcie & Morgan table 140 people and the method was simple random sampling (lottery). Data collection instruments included; demographic questionnaire, “Error Orientation Questionnaire”, “Public Service Motivation Scale”, and “Work Engagement Scale”. Content validity and face validity by qualitative method and convergent validity, divergent validity, was measured. The reliability of the instruments was measured by internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbachchr('39')s coefficient and the combined reliability. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.22 and PLS. 23.

Error management by engaging with value (r = 0.372, t = 5.356); Also, engaging in public service motivation was correlated with the value of (r = 0.761, t = 25.276). In addition, public service-motivated error management through the mediating role of engagement in work with value (r = 0.510, t = 6,022), the role of womenchr('39')s gender adjustment between error management and engagement in work with value (r=0.348, t =3. 220) was correlated. 

Error management had a significant correlation with the motivation of public service and the mediating role of engaging in work with gender adjustment among female nurses of Sirjan Social Security Hospital. Therefore, it is suggested to use reward allocation and encouragement to increase error management and public service motivation in hospitals.

Green management is the effective and efficient use of all facilities, material and human resources to guide and control the organization to achieve environmental goals. The aim of this study was to design and psychometrics "Green Management Scale of Iranian Sports Venues and Facilities".

The present research is a methodological method that has been done in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population in the present study included faculty members in the field of management of sports facilities and environment. In the qualitative section, 12 people (non-randomly selected by snowball method) were selected from the community. Data in the qualitative section were collected through semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative part, the Content Validity Index (Waltz & Bausell) and face validity were measured qualitatively by 15 people. The construct validity by exploratory factor analysis with 220 samples (non-random quota sampling) from the above population was measured. In addition, the criterion validity was calculated simultaneously with the "Green Resource Management Scale" in a sample of 30 people. Reliability was calculated by internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbachchr('39')s coefficient and combined reliability by 30 people. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and quantitative data in SPSS. 20.

From the findings of the qualitative section, the "Green Management Scale of Iranian Sports Venues and Facilities" with 43 terms was obtained. Then, in the quantitative part, by performing content and face validity, 22 items remained on the scale. The results of construct validity were obtained by exploratory factor analysis of 21 items and 6 subscales and simultaneous criterion validity was 0.78. Reliability was calculated by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient between 0.70 to 0.87 and combined reliability between 0.83 to 0.91.

“Green Management Scale of Iranian Sports Venues and Facilities" with 21 items and 6 subscales is valid and reliable. It is suggested that this scale be used to measure the green management of Iranian sports venues and facilities.

Improving the parent-child relationship through appropriate interventions has an effective role in reducing emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of "Parent Management Training" and "Group Schema Therapy" for Parents on academic motivation and oppositional defiant of their teenage children with conduct disorder.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all parents of adolescent girls and boys 13to 16 years old with conduct disorder in Ahvaz in the academic year 2020. Using the convenience sampling method, 60 of them were selected and one of their parents was randomly divided by random number table into two intervention groups and one the control group (20 people in each group). Demographic questionnaire, "Academic Motivation Scale" and "Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory" were used to collect data. The validity of the instruments was reported based on the content validity by qualitative method and the reliability by Kappa agreement coefficient method and internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The intervention groups (parents) underwent "Parental Management Training" (9 sessions of 60 minutes) and "Group Schema Therapy” (8 sessions of 90 minutes), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires were completed by their teenage children in the pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. 22.

Both “Parent Management Training" and "Group Schema Therapy" interventions in parents were effective in increasing academic motivation and reducing oppositional defiant in their teenage children with conduct disorder (P <0.01). Also, “Parent Management Training" has a greater effect on increasing the academic motivation of their teenage children with conduct disorder than "Group Schema Therapy" (P <0.01).

“Parent Management Training" and "Group Schema Therapy" to parents are effective interventions to increase academic motivation and reduce the oppositional defiant in adolescents with conduct disorder. To improve the academic performance of these adolescents, the implementation of the mentioned interventions on their parents is recommended.

Sustainability of marriage requires awareness of the impact of your choices. "Reality Therapy" can be effective in reducing marital disaffection. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of “Reality Therapy” on marital disaffection and psychological well-being of married women. 

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of this study included all married women referring to Mehrana Counseling and Psychological Service Center in Tehran in 2019 – 2020. 30 of them were selected by available methods. By simple random assignment by lottery method and age homogenization, they were divided into two groups of intervention and control. Research instruments included demographic questionnaire, the “Marital Disaffection Scale”, and the “Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale-Revised Form”. The validity of the instruments and training package was measured using content validity by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. “Reality Therapy” was performed for the intervention group in 8 sessions. Data were analyzed in SPSS. 24. 

“Reality Therapy” on the components of physical burnout (P=0.001, F= 170.026), emotional burnout (P=0.001, F=225.657) and psychological burnout (P=0.001, F=46.719) had a reducing effect. Reality therapy on the components of environmental dominance (P=0.001, F=43.25), self-acceptance (P=0.001, F= 43.60), positive relationship with others (P= 0.001, F=36.80), having a purpose in life (P=0.001, F=39.21), personal growth (P=0.001, F=150.32) and autonomy (P=0.001, F=62.21) had an increasing effect. 

"Reality Therapy" reduced the subscales of marital disaffection and increased the psychological well-being of married women. It is suggested that in counseling centers and psychological services, "Reality Therapy" to be provided for conflicting couples.

Obesity is one of the most important human problems that endangers physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of “Attachment-Based Therapy” and “Dialectical Behavior Therapy” on food response styles and food cravings in adolescent girls with obesity.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included all female high school students in Sari in the academic year 2009-2010. The study sample consisted of 36 adolescent girls with obesity who were selected by lottery by simple random sampling method and by simple random sampling in 3 groups including, the first group under Attachment-Based Therapy”, the second group under “Dialectical Behavior Therapy" and follow-up (2 months) and control group were included. Data were collected using the “Food Response Styles Scale” and the “Food-Cravings Questionnaire”. The validity of the instruments was not measured and was limited to previous studies and the reliability by the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Both intervention groups received training intervention in 10 sessions (90 minutes) Data were analyzed using SPSS. 23. 

Both treatments were associated with significant effectiveness in food response styles and food cravings (P<0.01). The results also showed that "Dialectical Behavior Therapy" was more effective than “Attachment-Based Therapy” in food response styles and food cravings. The results of 2-month follow-up of the intervention showed the stability of treatment (P <0.01).

Both “Attachment-Based Therapy” and "Dialectical Behavior Therapy " are effective on food response styles and food cravings in adolescent girls with obesity. Therefore, it is suggested that the above methods be used in endocrine and obesity treatment centers for adolescents with obesity.

Depression is one of the most common postpartum disorders. Also, women with postpartum depression have problems with emotional regulation. The aim of this study was to predict paranoid thoughts based on attachment styles mediated by experimental avoidance in women with postpartum depression in 2019.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women with a diagnosis of postpartum depression who referred to health centers in Tehran province in 2019, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, “Beck Depression Inventory”, “Revised Adult Attachment Scale”, the “Multidimensional Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire”, and the “Paranoid Scale”. The validity of the instruments was confirmed using construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis method and the reliability by internal consistency method was confirmed by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos .26.

The Model of Structural Equations using statistical indices showed secure attachment style (β= -0.223, P≥0.05), attachment style Ambiguous/anxious (β=0.506, P≥0.05), avoidant attachment style (β= 0.212, P≥0.01) has a significant relationship with experimental avoidance.  Also, the direct coefficients of experimental avoidance for paranoid thoughts (β=0.445, P≥0.01) are significant. Also, the results of indirect path coefficients between secure attachment style (β=0.099, P=0.001), anxious- ambivalent attachment style (β=0.225, P=0.001) and avoidance attachment style (β=0.094, P≥0.001) is meaningful with paranoid thoughts.

Experimental avoidance is a mediating variable in the relationship between attachment styles and paranoid thoughts in women with postpartum depression. Thus, an anxious- ambivalent attachment style to perceived threat in disturbing situations along with a negative view of oneself leads to the experience of anger, experimental avoidance, and consequently the experience of paranoid thoughts. It is recommended that psychological interventions be used to reduce postpartum depression.

Marital satisfaction and differentiation are the determining factors in maintaining and strengthening the family. The aim of this study was the effectiveness of "Functional Family Therapy” on self-differentiation and marital satisfaction in married students of Qom Azad University.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with control group. The population of the present study included all married students of Qom Azad University. From this number, 30 students were selected in a purposeful and convenience method and were randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group by lottery. "Functional Family Therapy” consisted of 9 sessions of 90 minutes. Data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire, the "Differentiation of Self Inventory" and the "Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale". Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability was measured by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. To collect data, "Functional Family Therapy" training was performed on the intervention group in 9 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed in SPSS. 24. 

"Functional Family Therapy" is effective in increasing Self differentiation (P=0.000, F=2.111) and there is a significant difference between the stages of assessment of differentiation between intervention and control groups. Also, "Functional Family Therapy" is effective in increasing marital satisfaction (P= 0.000, F=1.22) and there is a significant difference between the stages of marital satisfaction assessment between intervention and control groups and this effect is lasting.

"Functional Family Therapy" increases marital satisfaction and self-differentiation of married students. Therefore, teaching the mentioned method should be considered in promoting marital satisfaction and self-differentiation of married people.