نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 63، شهریور 1400)

The present study investigated the marital adjustment, satisfaction, and psychological distress of married women based on their perceptions of parentschr('39') marriage and attachment styles. The research method was descriptive in the form of correlation and regression. The population included all married women of Zanjan city from whom 200 women were selected as the sample by availability sampling. The instruments included experiences in close relationships scale (ECRS), parents’ perceptions of marriage (PPM), marital satisfaction scale (MSS), patient health questionnaire (PHQ), marital adjustment scale (MAS), and generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire (GADQ). The data were analyzed by regression analysis. The results revealed that the correlation between parentschr('39') perceptions of marriage and marital adjustment/satisfaction was positively significant but it was negatively significant with depression. The correlation between avoidant attachment and marital satisfaction was negatively significant but it was positively significant with depression. In addition, regression coefficients indicated that just parents’ perceptions of marriage were able to predict marital adjustment. Anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and parents’ perceptions of marriage had to predict the power of marital satisfaction among which anxious attachment had a more important weight. Therefore, it can be concluded that attachment styles and parents’ perceptions of marriage have an important role in predicting womenchr('39')s adjustment and relationship satisfaction and their later mental health.

One of the problems of depressed people is the inability to self-knowledge and one of the possibly effective treatments in this field is therapies based on a psychoanalytic approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated psychodynamic group therapy on integrative self-knowledge in depressed patients. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study was women referring to the Belagh clinic in Qom. Among them, 32 patients (16 with major depression and 16 with Dysthymia) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Subjects completed the Integrative Self- Knowledge Scale (Qorbani, 2008) in the pre-test and post-test stages. The experimental group was treated with the integrated psychodynamic group therapy protocol for 24 sessions (120 minutes per week) and the control group did not receive any intervention. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the integrated psychodynamic group therapy significantly increased the integrated self-knowledge in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.01). Therefore, integrated psychodynamic group therapy can be used to increase self-knowledge in depressed people.

The present study aims to investigate fear of missing out and depression among adolescents addicted to smartphones, at risk for smartphone addiction, and normal groups. 382 high school students in Tehran were selected using a convenient sampling method and completed a number of tests including the Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT), KADS-II, Abel Fear of Missing Out scale, and SAS-SV. The data were analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and particularly Wilkschr('39') Lambda test.  The findings showed that there is a significant change in the scores of depression and FoMo among the three groups (F(6,728)=25/40, P<0/001; η2 = 0/17). Also, significant distinctions were found among the groups in self-esteem (F(366, 2)=3/79, P<0/05), social interactions (F(280, 2)=15/08, P<0/001), and social anxiety (F(366, 2)=72/37, P<0/001). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that adolescents with smartphone addiction and the at-risk group have a higher experience more levels of fear of missing out and depression compared with the normal group

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and one of the most important public health problems among young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the model of the moderating role of hopelessness and rumination in integrated motivational-volitional (IMV) model suicide theory. The sample of this study consisted of 600 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University who were selected by cluster sampling. The correlation was used to test the simple interface between the studied variables. The results showed that failure (β-0.25) and entrapment (β = 0.15) had a significant direct effect on the idea of ​​suicide, And the indirect effect of failure on the idea of ​​suicide through the mediating role of trapping was significant (β = 0.12). Mental rumination also significantly moderated the relationship between failure and entrapment, accounting for 0.29% of the variance of entrapment. Regarding the moderating role of negative and positive Hopelessness, the results showed that Hopelessness moderated the relationship between entrapping and the idea of ​​suicide, and 2.73% and 1.17% of the variance of the idea of ​​suicide were related to negative and positive Hopelessness. These findings are a preliminary step towards elucidating the behavioral mechanisms of suicide and its consequences in Iranian society.

Due to the direct and indirect effects of coronavirus on various aspects of life, the aim of this study was to identify the lived experiences of healthy spouses during the Coronavirus pandemic. The method was qualitative of phenomenological type. The study population was all spouses in Tehran who have not been infected with the disease since the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak. The sample consisted of 9 healthy spouses who entered the study by convenience sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, then implemented verbatim and analyzed by the seven-step Colaizzi method. In this study, 4 main themes were identified: worries, personal reactions, changes in social relations, change of perspective. According to the findings, it can be said that the lives of the spouses are severely affected by this disease. it is necessary to provide support systems for healthy spouses according to their circumstances.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between marital commitment and differentiation. The research method is descriptive-correlation and specifically modeling structural equations. The statistical population included all couples referring to counseling centers in Chalous city that 500 persons were selected by convenience sampling method. Research instruments included Marital Commitment Questionnaire (Adam and Jones, 1997), Self-Differentiation Test (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998), and Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis, Vander Wal, 2010). The obtained data were analyzed by the structural equation method. The results showed that that the fit indices of the research model are in the acceptable range and cognitive flexibility played a mediating role in the relationship between marital commitment and Self-Differentiation. Based on the results of the present study, self-differentiation and cognitive flexibility can be considered as effective factors in the marital commitment of couples in prevention and counseling programs.

The present study aimed to provide a structural model for predicting binge eating based on stress and emotion regulation mediated by dissociation. The research method was a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of the present study was all students of the Islamic Azad University, Rudehen Branch, in the fall of 2019. The sampling method was convenient and the sample size was 370 people. The study tool included the Binge Eating Scale (Gormally, Black, Daston, & Rardin, 1982); Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001); Dissociative Experiences Scale (Bernstein & Putnam, 1986) and Measure of Perceived Stress (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The indirect path coefficient between positive emotional regulation and binge eating through dissociation was negative and significant (p<0.01, β=-0.100). The indirect path coefficient between negative emotional regulation and binge eating through dissociation was positive and significant (p<0.05, β=0.076). The indirect path coefficient between stress and binge eating through dissociation was positive and significant (p<0.01, β=0.093). Based on the present study results, it can be said that when a person experiences dissociation due to stress and emotional dysregulation, resorts to extreme overeating as a style of coping.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of competence perception and social problem-solving in the relationship between attachment styles and aggression in adolescents. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all adolescent students in Shahriar city in the academic year 1399-1398, of which 200 people entered the study by convenience sampling method. Research instruments included the Aggression Questionnaire (Bass and Perry, 1992), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins and Reed, 1990), Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985), and Revised Form of Social Problem Solving (D’Zurilla et al., 2002). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the present study showed that competence perception (P = 0.001, β = -0.104) and adaptive problem solving (P = 0.001, β = 0.096) mediate the relationship between secure attachment style and aggression in adolescents. They cry. Adolescents with a secure attachment style will feel more competent in interactions with the environment and in the face of environmental failures will use less negative emotion regulation strategies and as a result, will exhibit less aggressive behaviors.

The aim of the present study was to compare selective attention and cognitive flexibility in two groups with and without sleep quality problems at three times: morning, evening, and night. The study population was male students living in the dormitory of Zanjan University who were studying in this university in 2016. The Pittsburgh (1989) Sleep Quality Questionnaire was distributed by convenience sampling method. Based on the results, individuals were divided into two groups with good sleep quality (n=47) and poor sleep quality (n=44). Stroop test (1935) and Wisconsin (2011), which measure selective attention and cognitive flexibility, respectively; It was performed in six groups at 7-9, 16-18, and 24-22. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the effect of "sleep quality" on the mean of both inconsistent and neutral mean was significant. In the effect of the "circadian cycle", all three indices of inconsistent mean and inconsistent reaction time and fineness error were significant. In "interactive effect", all indices were significant. The results showed that the cognitive executive of individuals in the two groups with high and low quality sleep at different hours of the day is different. Regardless of the differences in the indicators of each variable, sleep quality had a significant effect on selective attention but not on cognitive flexibility. Significant differences were also found in the interactive effects.

Studies have indicated that adolescents take more risks in the presence of their peers. This study aimed to examine the effect of passive and active (online) peer encouragement on adolescentschr('39') sensitivity to reward and risk-taking. One hundred fifty girls and one hundred fifty boys aged 13-17 participated in the experiment. First, the participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task alone. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 1)Active peer encouragement group, 2)Passive peer encouragement group, 3)Control group and performed the BART again; however, this time, they performed the task with the presence of unfamiliar online peers. The participants in the passive and active groups performed the BART with their peerschr('39') presence. However, the participants in the control group performed the task with no presence of peers. Our findings demonstrated that passive but not active peer encouragement increased adolescentschr('39') risk-taking and sensitivity to reward (p<0/05). Also, findings demonstrated no gender differences (p>0/05). Thus, girlschr('39') risk-taking should not be underestimated. Also, future interventions should focus on the influence of passive peer encouragement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Love Styles in the relationship between emotional and social loneliness and desire for marriage in female Students. This research was fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population included all female Students of Sanandaj universities in the 2019 academic year. 360 people entered the study by non-random quota sampling. The research tools included the Marriage desire questionnaire (MDQ), the Short form of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SEL), and the Love Attitudes Scale (LAS).  Data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling method. The results showed that indirect pathways from emotional and social loneliness to desire for marriage through love styles (Eros, storage, and agape) are significant (P <0.05). The results of this study emphasize the importance of mediating the role of Love Styles in the relationship between loneliness and desire for marriage.

In this study, the symptoms of burnout and occupational imbalance of school counselors were studied using the content analysis method. Burnout syndrome and occupational imbalance in high school girlschr('39') counselors were questioned through a semi-structured interview. After reaching theoretical saturation, 12 purposefully selected counselors formed the research sample. According to the pattern of content analysis stages, after recognizing the data, coding was done and finally, by identifying the themes, drawing a network of themes, and analyzing them, a report was presented., After analyzing the data, three main themes for burnout syndrome including physical and psychological boredom, communication boredom, and work boredom were extracted. For the syndrome of occupational imbalance, five main themes were extracted, including lack of job responsibility, lack of responsibility in relationships, job as the main priority of life, violation of professional boundaries, and ignoring personal identity. The results obtained in this study can be used to develop educational, treatment, and prevention programs with the aim of reducing and eliminating burnout and increasing the physical and mental health of counselors, and ultimately increase their efficiency and productivity.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of affect regulation training on self-regulation and feeling of shame and guilt in mothers of students with special learning disabilities. The method of this research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers of students with special learning disabilities who were referred to the centers of special learning problems in Ardabil city in the academic year 2020-2021. The study sample was 30 people who entered the study by the convenience sample method and was randomly replaced in two groups of affect regulation training (15 people) and control group (15 people). Data were collected in the pretest and posttest stages using the guilt and shame proneness scale (Cohen et al., 2011) and the boufard’s self-regulation questionnaire (Boufard et al., 1995). Nine session’s 75-minute affect regulation training sessions were performed for the experimental group. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Based on the findings of the study, affect regulation training had a significant effect on reducing guilt and shame and increasing self-regulation (p<0.01). According to the results of the present study, emotion regulation training can be used in educational programs and counseling for mothers of students with special learning disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulty in the relationship between executive dysfunction and internet addiction. The research plan of this study was in a descriptive-correlation way, and of structural equations type. The statistical population of this study included Iranian adults, from whom, 400 individuals were selected by the available sampling method. Data were collected using the Young Internet Addiction Test a.k.a. (IAT), the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, or (BDEFS), and the Gratz and Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, (DERS). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method and route analysis using SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the assumed model possessed an eligible fitting. In this model, executive dysfunction had a direct and significant relation with emotion regulation difficulty (P<0.01), executive dysfunction and emotion regulation difficulty had a direct and significant effect on internet addiction (P<0.01), and emotion regulation difficulty, also has a significant mediator role between executive dysfunction and internet addiction (p=0/001, β =0/217). Therefore, based on the results of the current study, it can be said that executive dysfunction predicts Internet addiction through emotion regulation difficulty.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of self-compassion and self-differentiation in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological well-being in adolescents. This research was a correlational study by using structural equation modeling. In this study, 200 Orphan and bad parenting adolescents under the patronage of the Welfare Organization were selected by convenient sampling method from June 23 to August 6, 2016. Data collection tools are the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1990), Psychological Well-being Scale -short form (Rayf, 1989), Self-Compassion Scale (Raes, 2011), and short-form of Self-Differentiation Scale (Drake, 2011). To test the statistical assumptions and research hypotheses, analysis of variance, correlation coefficient and path analysis fit indices, and Sobel test was used to measure the significance of the effect of the mediator variable. Self-compassion and self-differentiation decreased the negative effect of anxiety attachment on psychological well-being (P<0.05). Also, self-compassion decreases the negative effect of anxious attachment on psychological well-being (P<0.05). But the effect of self-diffrentiation in the relationship between avoidant attachment and psychological well-being was not significant (P<0.064). The results showed psychological well-being was decreased when anxious and avoidant attachment increased, Self-compassion and self-differentiation with decrease negative effect anxious and avoidant attachment on psychological well-being had a mediator role significant. Self-compassion increase significantly psychological well-being by reducing the negative effect of avoidant attachment. Although self-differentiation also increases psychological well-being by reducing the negative effect of avoidant attachment, this effect is not significant.

The aim of this study was to predict coronary anxiety based on emotional turmoil (depression, anxiety, and stress) with the mediating role of spiritual health in nurses and aides. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study included all nurses and aides of Imam Zaman Hospital in Islamshahr in the last quarter of 2021. 118 people were selected as the statistical sample based on the available sampling method based on the Morgan sampling table. In order to collect data, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) (Alipour et al., 2020), Comprehensive Spiritual Health Questionnaire (CSHQ) (Amiri et al., 2014), and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale(DASS-21) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between emotional turmoil and coronary anxiety in nurses and aides and a negative and significant correlation between spiritual health and their components with coronary anxiety (p<0.01). The results of regression analysis showed that 34.4% of coronary anxiety in nurses and paramedics was explained by emotional turmoil and spiritual health (p<0.01). These results indicate the importance of paying attention to psychological status and spiritual health in nurses and aides in these critical situations.

The precedence of emotion and cognition and their independence was a mostly philosophical subject until the twentieth century. Then it became the basis of the theories of many experimental psychologists. The emotion and cognition interaction is the architectural foundation of the human psychological system; its proper function leads to healthy functioning. Despite the old notion of the primary role of emotions in instinctual actions, the intelligence of emotions and their effect on thoughts have been shown now. The usefulness of strengthening emotional and cognitive abilities in establishing positive and constructive relationships with others and its importance in academic and career success has also been revealed. Despite this importance, although several theoreticians have attempted to explain the multiple relations between emotion and cognition, they have not yet succeeded in bridging the gap. Neurological findings are not integrative. The emotional system of the brain is so interconnected with the cognitive system; It is too difficult to distinguish between them. Accordingly, the terms emotional brain and cognitive brain are mistaken, and the two systems are highly intertwined. To clarify the issue, firstly, we define emotion and cognition concepts. Then we categorize different types of interaction between emotion and cognition into five categories in two ways. Then we have outlined some barriers to research on the emotional and social abilities and presented eight recommendations for overcoming these barriers. These recommendations are: examining emotional components and their interactive compositions in detail, age classification and using a developmental approach, applying appropriate assessment methods, using a neurological approach, using computational and mathematical models, precise and operational definition of emotion and avoidance of ambiguity, consider the interpersonal and interpersonal aspects of emotion and study of intermediate constructs. Applying these recommendations in research can help parents, the educational community, and policymakers to better planning for society.

Marriage enrichment programs bring many positive results such as physical health, mental health, and the growth and development of family members. The purpose of this study was to systematically review communication enrichment and marriage checkup program. The method of the present study was qualitative and documentary in terms of design. Since the initial stage of any systematic review includes a complete and regular search of the existing and related background, for this purpose, the field of study was a collection of published works in the form of Persian and English articles and dissertations. Keywords marriage checkup, Relationship enrichment program, Couple relationships checkup, Marriage program and Working whit couple at Google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, pro quest, sage, Wiley, Psychinfo, Noormagz, Magiran, Sid, Irandoc were searched during the period 1398-1385 (2019-2000). A total of 45 Persian and English studies were reviewed. The studies were a combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Findings showed three important variables relationship regulation, intimacy building, and health improvement in communication enrichment and marriage checkup program. There were also fourteen subscription issues and eleven differentiation issues were extracted from these programs. The results of the research showed that coupleschr('39') empowerment programs such as marriage checkup programs and relationship enrichment programs, while having very important commonalities and differences, also affect various variables.

Cognitive factors play a decisive role in the marital life of couples, especially their knowledge of each other, the ability to cope with the similarities and differences between each other, and the couplechr('39')s perception of marital conflicts. Numerous studies have confirmed the importance of cognitive factors. Cognitive and behavioral theorists consider marital problems to be the result of spouseschr('39') dysfunctional communication skills, inability to effectively solve problems and conflicts, irrational expectations and beliefs, and the exchange of negative behaviors. Although many of the coupleschr('39') problems that lead to divorce are related to cognitive factors, this factor has been less studied in married life. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of the phenomenon of cognitive divorce among couples seeking a divorce. Keywords Divorce, Cognitive Factors of Divorce, Cognitive Factors Affecting Emotional Divorce, Coupleschr('39') Beliefs were searched in reputable databases such as ID, Magiran, Irandak, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus. The present article examines the studies done so far, in addition to explaining the cognitive phenomenon of divorce and its components, the role of this phenomenon in the emergence of emotional divorce. Cognitive processes including attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, mind maps, mental schemas, and the like that affect the type of performance, behavior, and relationships of couples with each other and guide couples in interpreting situations. So that if the interpretation in the couple is accompanied by cognitive error, negative thoughts, and distortion, a phenomenon called cognitive divorce manifests itself. The components of cognitive divorce based on the study were: idealistic thinking, destructive attitude, mind-reading, dependent perception, cognitive immaturity, and all-encompassing pathology. According to the reviewed articles and documents, emotional and cognitive disorders in couples can lead to emotional divorce. In other words, there is a relationship between coupleschr('39') cognition, thoughts, and excitement with emotional divorce, and before emotional divorce, couples suffer from cognitive divorce. Identifying the nature of divorce as the most harmful way of conflict between couples can be effective in proper planning to prevent and reduce divorce in the coming years.

Today, the study of executive functions, which is one of the main controllers and coordinators of human behavior, has received widespread attention. In this study, an attempt was made to identify and categorize the theories, models, and components that make up the executive functions of the brain by systematically reviewing internal and external studies. To collect data and after searching for specialized research keywords, including; Theories of executive functions of the brain, components of executive functions of the brain, models of executive functions of the brain, in international databases; Science Direct, Springer, Wiley Online Library, ERIC, Sage Journals, Emerald and National Databases; Ensani SID, Magiran, Noormags in the period (2000-2020) and (1379-1399), 54 articles were retrieved. Findings led to the identification and categorization of five theories of 15 models of brain executive functions, and 30 components of the executive functions of the brain. The results show the irreplaceable importance of executive functions as the most important skills necessary to acquire and promote mental and physical health, academic and professional success, success in life, social and cognitive development of individuals whose failure can lead to a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems. It is acknowledged.