فصلنامه محیط شناسی
سال چهل و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 97، بهار 1400)

IntroductionThe World Human Settlement Report (2007) published by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, examines many of the most challenging safety and security threats to urban dwellers around the world. Between 2007 and 2002, six percent of urban dwellers in developed countries fell victim to crime, the report said. Attention to the issue of urban security is doubly important because looking at the growth of urbanization and increasing urban population, which leads to the mixing and integration of more people in the structure of the city, it is understood that this category is closely related to National security and the cohesion and solidarity of the strata of a society against the internal and external threats that are being formed towards that system.This study aims to assess and promote a sense of security for users of the historical context of Bushehr. In this regard, the main question of this research is as follows: What is the impact of each of the environmental factors in explaining the security of users of Bushehr historical context? How can the security of these users be improved according to the importance of each factor?Materials & MethodsIn this research, first, by reviewing the valid world texts, the variables that create a sense of security in the users of an urban context have been extracted. In order to convert the table of variables into a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of the questions have been examined. Reliability was confirmed according to the Cronbach's alpha test (0.817) and the validity of the questions was checked through interviews with experts. Then, through a questionnaire, the opinions of users and people familiar with the texture were measured about these variables. Considering that in the exploratory factor analysis model, the sample size should be at least 3 times the number of questions (variables) and considering that 31 variables have been identified to measure environmental security; Therefore, the sample size was considered equal to 100.After completing the questionnaires, the following data were entered in SPSS software and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis model. The output of the model categorizes and summarizes the variables under a number of homogeneous factors. In the following, the status of each of the four neighborhoods of the historical context of Bushehr city has been determined and analyzed separately according to the factors obtained from the previous stage. The statistical population of the study was the students of the Faculty of Art and Architecture of the Persian Gulf University of Bushehr. Due to their complete familiarity with the desired context, 100 of them were randomly selected and completed the questionnaires.Discussion of ResultsAfter extracting information from the questionnaires and entering them in SPSS software, the initial information matrix was formed. This matrix consists of 100 rows (each row per questionnaire) and 32 columns (31 columns per 31 variables and one column for the general question). According to the obtained model, the numerical value of all variables in the subscription table was more than 0.4, which indicates the appropriateness of the explanatory power of the model and the value of KMO statistics. The numerical value of KMO test in this study was 0.737, which means that the existing correlation between the data will be suitable for data analysis. The next output is the Bartlett test, the value of which is acceptable (significance level, 0.000Sig =). Also, Cronbach's alpha value is more than 0.7, which confirms the reliability of the questionnaire.After controlling and appropriateness of statistical tests, which test and measure the raw data for use in factor analysis, the preliminary matrix is calculated. Finally, 9 factors were identified as factors explaining the environmental security of the historical context of Bushehr. Finally, the total cumulative variance of these 9 extractive factors is equal to 64.29, which means that in total more than 64% of the environmental security explain the historical context of Bushehr, which is an acceptable statistic. At this stage, after determining the variance of each of the factors explaining environmental security, the factor matrix is rotated to get each of the relevant variables to be most relevant to the nine factors and the conditions for naming and identification Facilitate factors.After naming the factors, it is time to calculate the score of each of the four neighborhoods of the historical context of Bushehr city separately for the nine factors of environmental security. Therefore, the score of each of the 9 factors for each neighborhood is calculated and multiplied by the percentage of variance explaining each factor. Findings show that in the study area, the desirability of environmental security quality was related to Behbahani, Kooti, Shanbadi and Dehshti neighborhoods, respectively. Also, the research proposal for the priority of intervention in the terrified and shabni neighborhoods is related to the factor of social behaviors, for Behbahani neighborhood is related to the factor of territorialism and for Kooti neighborhood is related to the factor of official supervision.ConclusionsThe growth and expansion of urbanization, along with all the benefits it has brought to city dwellers, has also brought challenges. One of these challenges is safety and security. The economic and social problems of households and the increasing psychological pressures on individuals have paved the way for the spread of social anomalies in urban areas. Meanwhile, neighborhoods and urban spaces that are the bedrock of the presence of different groups of people are subject to adversity and conflict of interest, part of which is influenced by the characteristics of the environment. The impact of the environment on behavior is a topic that has entered the theories of architecture and urban planning over the past decades, and theories such as "observer eyes", "defensible spaces", "broken windows", "crime prevention through Environmental design "and ... are among them. Among these, historical contexts and unhealthy urban neighborhoods are among the urban areas that are always facing problems in terms of environmental security, mainly due to the weak economic, social and physical structure. Therefore, in the present study, environmental security variables in the historical context of Bushehr were evaluated. The purpose of this study was to identify the main factors explaining environmental security and analyze the situation of the studied areas.The results of the study show that 9 factors affect the environmental security of urban neighborhoods, which are the factors of "social behavior", "management and maintenance", "survival of residents", "formal supervision", "informal supervision", "territorialism", "respectively. "Greenery of the environment", "demarcation of areas" and "economic power of the people" have the most impact. Also, regarding 4 neighborhoods located in the historical context of Bushehr, Behbahani neighborhood had the best situation and Deheshti neighborhood had the lowest situation.Other detailed results are as follows:- The most differences in neighborhoods are due to social behaviors, which are associated with severe weakness in terrified and sunny neighborhoods, and the situation is more favorable for Behbahani and Kooti neighborhoods.- The least difference (most homogeneity) of neighborhoods was in the two factors of informal monitoring and demarcation of areas.- The most important intervention priorities for Dehshti neighborhood are focused on two factors: social behaviors and territorialism.- The most important intervention priorities for Shanbady neighborhood are focused on two factors: social behaviors and demarcation of areas.- The most important intervention priorities for Behbahani neighborhood are focused on the agent of territorialism.- The most important intervention priorities for Kooti neighborhood are focused on the two factors of formal supervision and economic power of the residents.

IntroductionToday, around 60 % of the world population lives in urban areas and this proportion is expected to increase in the coming decades. Over 70 % of the global energy is consumed in cities, and with the increase of urbanization rate, it is predicted that cities will be the main consumers of energy carriers in the future.Increasing consumption of energy in urban areas, can be considered as one of major driver of climate change and rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which in turn can threatens the security of production, transmission and energy supply.Each of these threats have significant consequences on energy security for urban communities, and due to the close relationship between energy and water, food and health, the disruption of energy supply can cause difficulties for urban system performance.Therefore, energy resiliency in urban environment can be divided in two clusters, short - term such as earthquake, flooding, etc. and long-term in order to deal with negative impact on energy sector due to global warming and climate change.By reviewing the articles about frameworks and models of resiliency, it is noted that each of these models has developed a specific part of the energy resiliency .This comprehensive study has indicated the necessity of determining the effective factors in energy resiliency and their prioritization in order to develop an integrated model to evaluate and monitor urban energy resiliencyMaterial and MethodIn this study, the criteria extracted from literature review on urban resiliency in general and urban energy resiliency in particular, are divided into four categories, which include criteria related to technical and infrastructure, built environment, governance and socio-cultural. Using vast literature review, a list of effective factors including criteria and sub-criteria with mentioning their frequencies in scientific resources was obtained. Then, a questionnaire including a complete list of sub-criteria consisting of 34 factors was prepared.The survey of experts, based on Delphi method, was conducted through questionnaire, which included 33 related faculty members, specialists and governmental managers in the field of energy. After receiving the answer, the results were recorded in SPSS statistical software and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured. A questionnaire was designed to assess the importance of each of the sub-criteria in urban energy resilience in two short-term and long-term approaches. On the next steps, the sub-criteria were prioritized in each of the four categories of technical and infrastructure, built environment, governance and socio-cultural by performing pairwise comparison and using fuzzy hierarchical analytical method (FAHP) in each approach individually.Eventually, priorities of the four main criteria was surveyed using the paired comparison questionnaire with considering the sub-criteria of each part of the results of the previous stage, and the weight of the main criteria was obtained in two approaches using FAHP method.Discussion of ResultsAccording to the criteria extracted from literature review, considering their frequency in sources and surveys of experts, the following results were achieved from the analysis of data by FAHP The complete list includes 34 sub-criteria, of which 13 sub-criteria are related to technical and infrastructure factors, 7 sub-criteria related to built environment factors, 11 sub-criteria related to governance factors and 3 sub-criteria related to socio-cultural factors.With the analysis of each approach separately, the weight of sub-criteria and the priorities of each group were determined and some of the sub-criteria were removed due to its insignificance in each approach.In the short-term approach, in technical and infrastructure sector, energy storage systems have the highest priority, followed by fortification, diversification of energy carriers and distributed energy generation.In built environment criteria, urban development pattern and population density have the highest priority. Other important items are reducing the energy footprint in water production, treatment and distribution.In governance, education and communication planning to raise public awareness, participatory governance, and scenario-based energy planning and risk management are high priorities.Culture building and public awareness of energy consumption management is an important sub-criteria in the socio-cultural sector.In the long-term approach, in technical and infrastructure criteria, increasing energy efficiency through innovation and technology is the highest importance, and energy production from renewable sources and energy intensity are other important factors in this sector.Among the high priority criteria in built environment sector, the methods of reducing energy consumption in buildings, the diversity of transportation system and the methods of adaptation in buildings can be referred, respectively.In governance criteria, legislation and law enforcement, financial and non-financial mechanisms to attract private sector investment in low-carbon development are the highest priorities, followed by funding for research and technology development and energy pricing. In the socio-cultural sector, culture building and public awareness of energy consumption management is the most important sub-criteria in urban energy resilience, and then communal solutions to save energy can be effective in increasing resiliency.Comparing the obtained results in prioritizing the four main criteria, it is observed that in both short-term and long-term approach, governance, technical and infrastructure, built environment and socio- cultural criteria have high priority respectively.ConclusionSince in the short term, natural and man-made disasters and in the long term, the reduction of energy resources, and climate change can disrupt the functioning of energy supply as one of the important urban infrastructure, the issue of energy resiliency is very important in urban areas.At the beginning, research carried out in recent decades in the field of energy resilience was reviewed and the influential factors were divided into four categories: infrastructure and technology, built environment, governance, and socio-cultural. By expert’s survey and fuzzy hierarchical analysis, the priorities of each criteria and Sub-criteria in both Short-term and long-term were identified, separately.It is observed that, the priorities of the sub-criteria in each category are different in both short-term and long-term approaches. The common high priority in both approaches is the education and culture building of energy consumption in socio-cultural criteria. Therefore, the importance of education and awareness in developing energy resiliency is evident.There are also some common items in both approaches (with different priorities).In the technical and infrastructure criteria, energy production from renewable sources, distributed energy generation, diversity of energy supply, diversity of energy carriers and energy storage can be emphasized. This shows the importance of using renewable energy in the urban areas, because the use of renewable resources covers many resilience characteristics such as diversity, storage and distributed generation.In built environment criteria, all seven defined sub-criteria are affected by different priorities. Priority in both approaches are to reduce energy consumption in the building and to diversify the transportation system.In the governance sector, all sub-criteria defined with different degrees of importance are effective, and the sub-criteria that is observed in both approaches of high importance is legislation and executive requirements. It is concluded the importance of developing and implementing laws in urban society to increase resilience.The research also has shown that, the four main criteria have almost the same priority in both approaches. In the next step by using the obtained prioritization, and quantifying each criterion, a composite index can be defined to evaluate the energy resiliency in the urban areas.The composite index allows comparing the resilience in different cities. Based on this index, the resilience of world cities can be compared in both short-term and long-term approaches. Therefore, conducting this research is the first step towards developing a comprehensive evaluation and management model of urban energy resiliency.Keywords: Resiliency, Urban Energy, Criteria, FAHP, Energy management

Expanded AbstractIntroductionIn many developing countries, traditional irrigation of agricultural lands using raw and untreated wastewater has consequences such as contamination of agricultural products as well as the spread of disease. Hence, the adverse environmental and health effects of improper wastewater disposal have led to design and implementation of treatment plant and wastewater collection network. Since the early 1990s, the "Life Cycle Assessment" is a "cradle to grave" approach to assess systems that has been widely used in many countries around the world and has been able to overshadow the view of decision makers towards systems and processes. Sareyn City did not have a treatment plant system and a sewage collection network and also due to the touristic area and peak of passengers in the first six months of each year, discharge of domestic sewage has been occurred by the hotels and even houses to canals in the city. In addition to the adverse effect on the aesthetics of the city, it was considered as a threat to public health in the region and due to the high groundwater level and the existence of water resources, there were potential risks in the infiltration of domestic wastewater into groundwater and hot springs, and of course microbial contamination of water and people, and the prevalence of epidemics and intestinal diseases. The effluent is also used by farmers to irrigate agricultural land which can also have environmental and health effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible environmental and health effects of effluent from the treatment plant that is used for irrigation.Materials and MethodsFor the present study, first the quality of the effluent was analyzed and the necessary data were collected and calculated then by using Simapro software, the system was evaluated in terms of environmental and different effect classes. Also, the possible effects of the effluent on farmers who use it to irrigate agricultural fields were investigated from a health perspective by using the risk assessment information system method. to examining the system from an environmental perspective by using life cycle assessment, four steps of the LCA regarding the wastewater treatment system were determined as follows: Definition of goal and scope: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of effluent on the wastewater treatment system of Sareyn City in order to monitor the environmental and health performance of the wastewater treatment plant after the operation of the system, which is used as water for irrigation of downstream farms. Functional unit: The operational unit is the measurement of the performance of the production system. The primary purpose of the operations unit is to provide a reference for linking inputs and outputs to ensure comparable results. In this study, the operating unit of one liter of wastewater was considered to compare different wastewater treatment processes. System boundary: In this research the boundaries of the system were demarcated from the entrance of the treatment plant to its output (operational phase). Check list and System vector analysis and its interpretation: In this research, energy and raw materials consuming and the amount of methane and carbon dioxide emissions per day calculated to treat a liter of wastewater. Information obtained was analyzed by using Simapro software and basic data of Greenhouse gas protocol, IPCC 2013 and BEES+. For the health risk assessment two scenarios were considered: 1- Activation of the treatment plant based on the performance of the first 6 months (high tourist load) 2- Activation of the system for the second 6 months. The health effects of two scenarios were analyzed based on the rate of Chronic Daily Intake and the hazard quotient for both groups of children and adults through different routes of exposure.Discussion of ResultsAnalysis of the results in the Sequencing Batch Reactor System showed that by Greenhouse Gas Protocol method there are four categories, which include carbon-based fossil fuels, biogenic carbon, carbon from the Earth's evolution and carbon uptake. The result showed that in the class of the effect of carbon dioxide per fossil fuel, the effluent from the treatment system with the participation of 99.7% has the greatest environmental impact followed by electricity consumption with 0.284%. In the class of biogenic carbon dioxide, nitrogen (74.6%) and phosphorus (25.4%) of the fertilizer obtained from the treatment process have the most impact, respectively. And in the category of carbon dioxide absorption effect, the highest effect is related to chlorine consumption with participation of 99.9%. The results of the IPCC 2013 method were as follows: Evaluation of effects is shown in terms of the equivalent of kilograms of carbon dioxide. The effluent from sequencing batch reactor treatment system has the greatest (99.9%) direct impact on the global warming potential for a period of 20 years compared to other parameters, followed by on-site electricity consumption, which is related to energy consumption and indicates high energy consumption by the system. Also, like the GHG protocol method, the evaluation criterion is kilogram equivalent to carbon dioxide. In the system evaluation by BEES + method the results showed that in the class of the effect of global warming in terms of grams equivalent to carbon dioxide, the effluent from the treatment has the greatest impact with participation of 99.6% and in the class of acidification effect, electricity and chlorine consumption have the most effect with 85.8% and 13.9%, respectively. Also in the classes of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, chlorine consumption has the greatest effect with participation of 99.6 and 90.9%, respectively. In the category of the effect of air pollution criteria, electricity consumption has the most impact (83.6%). In the eutrophication effect class, the effluent from sequencing batch reactor treatment has the greatest effect (87.9%). In terms of eco-toxicity, chlorine consumption has the greatest impact with participation of 96.9%. In the smog category, the greatest impact is related to the sequencing batch reactor treatment system, which affects 92.4% of this index. In the category of the effect of natural resources depletion, electricity consumption has the greatest impact (91.2%) and in the classes of the effect of indoor air quality and habitat alteration, none of the parameters have an effect. In the category of water intake, chlorine has the greatest effect with participation of 87.5% and in the ozone layer depletion class; chlorine plays the most destructive role in the environment with participation of 99.98%. Results of RAIS according to the first scenario showed that regarding the hazard quotient (HQ) through ingestion in children and adult categories, nitrite with the participation of 5,09E + 00 and 3,06E + 00 respectively, has the greatest adverse effects. Similar results were observed in the second scenario with HQ values of 4,09E+00 and 2,46E+00 for children and adults respectively in digestion exposure to nitrite. ConclusionsThe results showed that in each of methods, categories have different effects and the parameters measured in these classes express different results. In the life cycle assessment method, carcinogenicity affects the human health by 90.9%, which is expressed in terms of emissions equivalent to benzene (C6H6) based on airborne emissions. However, in the risk assessment method, which was based on the effluent from the treatment, there was observed no carcinogenic risk. The results of this study showed that the parameters participating in the life cycle assessment method such as chlorine is an important factor with the most adverse effects on the environment and in the risk assessment method, nitrite has the most adverse effect on human health. Also, by comparing two scenarios in the health risk assessment method, it can be seen that the use of the treated wastewater for irrigation, although has no cancer risk is still concerning regarding non-carcinogenic hazards.

Expanded AbstractIntroductionThe urbanization Phenomenon is expanding rapidly in most parts of the world due to population growth. The migration from rural to urban areas and, consequently, urban development has become a significant challenge worldwide. Urban development and changes in land-use patterns cause social and environmental impacts, Such as reducing natural and agricultural land with high production capacity, water quality, and local climate change. All of these are somehow related to changes in land-use patterns due to human activities. Because of extensive effects on the environment, water cycles, and natural habitats, understanding the quantity and spatial patterns of land-use/land-cover changes is vital. On the other hand, studying these effects in coastal areas with ecotone and more sensitive habitats is more important than in other areas. In this regard, models are a suitable tool to express the complexity of development processes in simple terms.Cellular Automata Models (CA) are dynamic tools in modeling natural and physical features of the land surface and have been widely used in predicting land-use change and urban development. In all of the CA models, the SLEUTH model is probably the most appropriate. It is a hybrid of two CA models that can model urban development and land-use change simultaneously. The SLEUTH model was developed to simulate urban growth based on automated networks. The abbreviation of the SLEUTH included its six input layers: slope, land- cover, the excluded area from development, urban areas, transportation network, and hillshade layer. There are two general steps in implementing SLEUTH: the model calibration to extracting patterns and trends in the past and the forecasting step in which past trends are used for the future. The original version of the SLEUTH model has some constraints such as the number of historical data required, memory limitation, the problem of the road search algorithm with spending time and more memory. This model also tends to the edge or organic growth, so it cannot produce a good level of dispersed growth. These constraints in the latest version of the model (SLEUTH-3r) have been fixed or improved. Reviewing the studies conducted in Iran shows that the new version of this model has been used in none of these studies. Also, modeling and forecasting urban growth in the coastal areas of Iran has not been done so far. Overseas studies have not been conducted in coastal areas too. Therefore, this study aims to identify historical patterns and predict future urban growth and land-use change in a part of the Persian Gulf coastline. Materials and Methods Case StudyParsian city is located in the southwest of Hormozgan province. The population of the city is 50,596 people. Parsian, with about 1619.5 square kilometers of area, two districts, two cities, four villages, and 42 towns, constitutes about 2.7% of the total population and 2.2% total area of Hormozgan province. Parsian coastal area includes large parts of Kushkenar, Behdasht, Buchir, and Mehregan. With an area of 1021 square kilometers, this sub-area involves about 63% of the Parsian city.Research The steps for setting up the SLEUTH-3r model are as follows:• Preparation of model database and its validation• Model testing• Model calibration• Prediction validation• Model Prediction• Preparation of SLEUTH-3r model database:In order to model the development of cities in the study area by the SLEUTH-3r model, the following maps should be prepared: Historical urban maps and their validation Historical land-use maps Historical maps of the transportation network Slope map Map of excluded areas from development Hillshade Map• Model testing:The test scenario file was defined, and then this test was performed to check the model installation and ensure the layers setting in the model.• Model Calibration:In the SLEUTH-3r model, the coefficients of diffusion, breed, spread, slope, and roads gravity affect how the growth rules are applied. These coefficients are calculated in the calibration step and on historical maps. The initial coarse calibration step was performed with 10 Monte Carlo. The SLEUTH-3r version uses two measures: Cluster Fraction Difference (CFD) and Area Fraction Difference (AFD). Then, by obtaining suitable coefficients, another execution was performed by setting 100 Monte Carlo to average these coefficients. The coefficients obtained in this step were used in the forecasting process. • Prediction validation:In this step, the model was implemented with a historical city map in 2013 to obtain a future city map in 2019. • Model Predicting:Ensuring the accuracy of the model prediction, the model with the historical city map in 2019 as the start year of the forecasting was implemented to obtain the city map in 2050.Discussion of ResultsValidation of historical urban maps shows that all of them have high accuracy. The accuracy of these maps in 1984, 1993, 2002, and 2019 is 99% and in 2013 is 98%. The calibration section lasted about 60 hours. Also, the value of AFD and CFD were about 0.1 means that the fraction difference between the modeled clusters and the modeled urban areas than observes one is the lowest. The distribution coefficient of 25 indicates the low probability of city distribution outside the main urban centers. According to the breed coefficient (50), about half of the city's growth will from the vacant land within the city; this means the possibility of the city's growth through its edges is low. Also, the relationship between urban growth and transportation networks is linear, and the effect of slopes on the city's development in this region is high. Also, the kappa statistic (0.99) shows that predicting urban growth has been done with great accuracy. Urban growth in the Parsian coastal area will occur with a very high rate (73.58) from 2019 to 2050. The urban area will increase to 2281.2 hectares and reach about 3481.4 hectares during these 31 years, indicating the rapid and extensive development of residential places in this area. The trend of changes in residential places over 66 years shows that the rate of urban growth from 1984 to 2019 had a slight slope, while from 2019 to 2050, increasing sharply, Which indicates the significant population changes followed by the rapid development of human settlements. Over 31 years, 47.14% of the barren lands will become urban; this confirms a breed coefficient and a road gravity coefficient of 50. Also, 4.96% of the vegetation area will be converted into urban, which indicates the conversion of urban vegetation into residential areas.ConclusionsThis study was performed using the SLEUTH-3r model, which is an improved version of the SLEUTH model. The pattern of urban growth in this region is most affected by the slopes, and the growth of residential places has a linear relationship with the transportation network. Urban areas will increase from 1,200 hectares to 3,481 hectares from 2019 to 2050, equivalent to a growth rate of 73.58 and 2281 hectares. Furthermore, about 47% of the barren lands area will be turned into urban. This rapid growth trend will lead to other environmental changes, and it will be accompanied by an increase in the needs of future residents. Therefore, policymakers and land planners must be fully aware of these issues and their consequences. These results can provide a practical perspective for planning land and be an essential role in guiding sustainable urban development in this region.

IntroductionSoil erosion is a natural process that causes the level of soil loss by various environmental factors such as climate, soil, topography, and vegetation. However, human intervention can accelerate this process through land-use change and agricultural and construction activities. Therefore, today, soil erosion due to land-use change has become the most important issue of land degradation around the world, which results in landform change and disruption of the main functions of the ecosystem. These geomorphic reactions exacerbate soil erosion and increase the number of vulnerable areas. Recent studies have shown that the landscape characteristics of watersheds can explain about 65 to 74% of land-use changes in soil erosion and sediment yields; Because land-use reflects the interactions between humans and the environment and also describes the diverse human exploitation of space. The use of remote sensing data and GIS can provide a good understanding of how land-use changes and its optimal management. Also, by knowing the trend of land-use change, we can take steps towards balance and stability to prevent soil erosion and guide the ecosystem. Baghmalek Basin in Khuzestan province is one of the areas that are affected by human factors of soil erosion and factors such as land-use change, overgrazing, and interference in natural flood channels have intensified soil erosion and loss in the region. Degradation of rangeland lands and also lack of proper tillage operations on rainfed arable lands have been effective factors in erosion and sediment production in the region. In sloping areas, erosion has been rapid and accelerated, and erosion has filled irrigation canals. Also, due to the use of traditional methods in agriculture, the water stays on the soil for a long time and causes soil erosion and leaching downstream. In many parts of the basin, the land was not suitable for rainfed cultivation, but this type of cultivation was done in these areas and this action has caused the destruction and loss of soil in the basin. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases and also the importance of studying land-use change and their role in soil erosion over time and also emphasizing the efficiency and accuracy of the results of using remote sensing data and GIS, land-use changes in the basin Baghmalek and their role in soil erosion and sediment production (2019-2002) were studied.Materials and MethodsIn this study, an artificial neural network method was used to classify images and prepare land-use maps. Multilayer perceptron was used to classify the neural network. RUSLE model was used to estimate the average annual soil erosion. To extract the final soil erosion map, first, all the factors of the RUSLE model including R, K, L, S, C, and P were converted into GRID format maps and 30-meter scale, and then by multiplying all these layers, the amount of erosion The soil was calculated at the pixel level and the final map of soil erosion in the study basin was obtained. In fact, during this process, the information in the layer-specific pixels identified based on the RUSLE model relationships was combined in the GIS software environment by the Raster Calculator tool. In order to explain the possibility of sedimentation of eroded material and its movement in the canal network and finally, in the outlets of the basin, the values of the SDR sediment delivery ratio of the study area are calculated. To evaluate the effect of land-use change on soil erosion, the land-use map was compared with the soil erosion map of the same year and for each cover layer, the amount of erosion and the area of erosion floor was determined, which is given in the results section.Discussion of ResultsThe results of land-use change showed that residential areas, barren lands, and rainfed agriculture increased by 1722.69, 3445.39, and 2584.04 hectares, respectively, and water zones, rangelands, and irrigated agriculture by 861.341, respectively, 42/6029 and 35/861 hectares have lost their area. Taking into account all the factors, the average landing limit is about 15 tons/ha/year, which for 2002 is 19.69 percent of the area and for 2019 about 45.36 percent of the area, the amount of erosion is more than acceptable have been. In this study, the sediment delivery ratio was between 0.12 to 0.23 and the maximum sediment load in the study area was between 0.29 to 0.58 and the total sediment was between 81051 to 313248. According to the results obtained in 2002, the area of floors of water zones, residential, barren lands, pastures, rainfed agriculture, and irrigated agriculture with erosion class of 10-15 ton/ha/year with an area of 818/28, 981/93, 83/83, respectively. 2454, 74/3927, 74/3927, and 05/4255 hectares, which have been changed to 654/62, 2490/24, 31109, 46/1582, 4418/70, and 4091/39 hectares in 2019. Also in 2002, the area of floors of water zones, residential, barren lands, pastures, rainfed agriculture, and irrigated agriculture with erosion class of 15-20 ton/ha/year from 90/41, 826/89, 2067/23, 4/341, respectively, 57/3307 and 95/4702 hectares have been changed to 533,723, 52/1086, 49/2618, 00/3075, 01/3721, and 06/4522 hectares in 2019. The area of residential areas, barren lands, and rainfed agriculture with erosion class of more than 20 ton/ha/year from 361.76, 904.41, and 1447.06 hectares in 2002 to 475.35, 1145.59, and 1627.94, respectively. Hectares in 2019 have increased. Also, the classes of water zones, pastures, and irrigated agriculture with erosion class of more than 20 ton/ha/year from 1593.49, 7664.75, and 8286.15 hectares in 2002 to 1274.79, 5417.86, and 7967.45, respectively. Hectares in 2019 have decreased. The general results show that in the study period between 2002 and 2019, the area of land-use classes with low erosion class has decreased and the area of high erosion classes has increased, mainly to the erosion class of more than 20 tons/ha/year.ConclusionsThe results showed that the increase of residential areas, rainfed agricultural lands, and barren areas, had a significant effect on increasing soil erosion in the study basin. According to the erosion maps obtained, the areas with higher erosion risk are mainly located in the rugged parts of the region. The results of estimating the criteria studied in the RUSLE method in the study basin indicate differences in soil properties and vegetation in different parts of the basin. According to the erosion zoning maps in the study area in 2002 and 2019, mainly the areas with the highest risk of erosion are located in rangeland lands and rainfed agriculture. The results of comparing the USDA, Vanoni, and Boyce methods with the amount of sediment load observations showed that the USDA model had better results in estimating the total sediment amount due to the low error rate compared to the Vanoni and Boyce methods. Also, comparing the total sediment estimated in the USDA method with the value obtained from the EPM method, shows the ability to combine the RUSLE and GIS models to estimate the amount of soil erosion and sediment load in the area.

People's jobs are one of the main causes of stress in their lives. Job is a source of social identity for each person, a source of living needs and a component of social relationships. Job-related stress is one of the stresses that, if excessive, can endanger a person's health by causing physical, psychological and behavioral complications. Also, the existence of these pressures by threatening organizational goals, can reduce the quality of individual performance. According to NIOSH, occupational stress occurs when there is a mismatch between job needs and abilities, capabilities and desires. In this definition, in addition to the lack of coordination with the abilities and capabilities of the individual, individual desires have also been considered. Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the most commonly reported occupational health problems, which in addition to affecting the quality of life of individuals, incur high direct costs for their diagnosis and treatment, and indirect costs. Absence from work and loss of specialized personnel at work. However, workplace factors such as physical activity and repetitive work and non-ergonomic postures cause musculoskeletal disorders; However, in recent years, the role of workplace psychological factors in increasing musculoskeletal disorders has been recognized and has been the subject of extensive studies. One of the most important factors that affect musculoskeletal disorders is occupational stress with physical, psychological, behavioral and organizational consequences that reduce job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In a US study, Young et al. Examined the prevalence of back pain and its association with psychosocial risk factors. They concluded that older women and workers were at increased risk for back pain and that there was a strong association between this problem and some type of psychosocial factor.The construction industry is one of the industries in which the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive movements is common. In this industry, workers are directly involved in the construction process. Due to the high population of construction workers in the country and the increasing development of the construction industry and few studies on the presence of stress in employees of the industry, it was felt necessary to conduct research in this area on the role of stress and its impact on skeletal disorders. Understanding muscle and take a small step to identify and help solve some of the problems of this vulnerable group. According to the above and the need to maintain the health of people in the workplace, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between occupational stress and musculoskeletal disorders in one of the construction workshops. In this study, in addition to investigating the relationship between stress and musculoskeletal disorders, the relationship between some demographic characteristics and the prevalence of this type of disorders was also investigated. This research is a descriptive-analytical study and one of the applied studies that was studied cross-sectionally. The statistical population of the study consisted of employees of a construction workshop based in Tehran, 78 people were selected using simple random sampling method based on Cochran's formula.In this study, people with congenital defects or a history of spinal surgery and musculoskeletal injury caused by the accident were excluded from the study. The researcher went to the study site and presented the pre-arranged questionnaires to the staff without including their names and necessary explanations. In this study, 3 questionnaires were used to evaluate the information needed for the study:1. Assessing the demographic characteristics of individuals using the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire: This questionnaire contained questions such as age, marital status, type of employment, shift work, years of work, smoking and alcohol consumption that were completed by the subjects.2. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders using Nordic questionnaire: Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire includes information about neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, back, thigh, knee and leg pain. This questionnaire was designed by Corina et al. In 1987 and is known today as the Nordic Questionnaire. This questionnaire is one of the most comprehensive tools for diagnosing musculoskeletal disorders. The validity and reliability of the Nordic questionnaire in 2006 were examined by Azgoli et al. And confirmed by a correlation coefficient of 0.91.3. Stress Assessment Using Occupational Stress Inventory Questionnaire: This questionnaire is graded based on a 5-point Likert scale from one to five: Never (1) points, sometimes (2), often (3 ), Usually (4) and most of the time (5) points are considered. The score range of this questionnaire fluctuates between 60 and 300. The higher scores in this questionnaire indicate the high level of stress. The overall stress levels in the five categories are lower than normal (60 to 109 points), normal (110 to 159 points), mild (160 to 209 points), moderate (210 to 259 points) and severe (260 to 300 points). . Also, during the research of Sharifian et al. (2004), the content validity of ASIPO questionnaire has been expressed very well and its Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been calculated and reported as 0.89 and its reliability has been calculated in a satisfactory level by retesting.Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21. In order to describe the samples of descriptive statistics including frequency distribution, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation and to analyze the data at the level of inferential statistics, to determine the relationship between variables from Chi-square test and also to determine the relationship between occupational stress and skeletal disorders. - Muscular parametric t-test was used. First, all staff were assured that the information collected would be completely confidential, and then questionnaires were distributed.Discussion of The mean age of the subjects in the study was 36.69 with a standard deviation of 8.31. The youngest person in the study was 22 years old and the oldest person in the study was 55 years old.In the study of occupational stress, most employees (51.2%) had normal stress levels, although 32 employees also had mild stress and a small number of employees had moderate stress and none of the employees had severe stress. In determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, 38.4% of employees in the last 12 months have had pain and discomfort in at least one area of the body. Among the employees in whom musculoskeletal disorders were reported, the highest rate of disorders was related to disability in the lower back (46.6%) and the lowest rate was related to thigh disorder (13.3%).In the study of the relationship between occupational stress and different levels of musculoskeletal disorders using T test, it was observed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the mean of occupational stress with lower musculoskeletal disorders of the lower back, knees and ankles (P <0.05). So that with the increase of occupational stress, the rate of musculoskeletal disorders in the mentioned sections also increases. And has no significant relationship with neck, back, thigh and leg discomfort (P> 0.05). In this study, the status of occupational stress and its effect on musculoskeletal disorders of employees of a construction industry in Tehran was investigated and showed that occupational stress has a significant relationship with the levels of musculoskeletal disorders. In addition to the relationship between occupational stress and musculoskeletal disorders, this study shows the relationship between these disorders with demographic variables as well as the level of job stress in employees.According to the results obtained in this study, the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was in the lumbar region (46.6%) and the lowest was related to thigh disorders (13.3%).Given that the study was conducted on a construction project, it is possible that the harsh nature of the work environment, repetitive movements, high work pressure, as well as a lack of job security, may play a role in stress.Overall, The results showed that occupational stress is a risk factor for some musculoskeletal disorders in employees. Effective measures are needed to reduce stress levels among employees.