مجله بلور شناسی و کانی شناسی ایران
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 85، پاییز 1400)

The layered intrusions with Fe-Ti oxides mineralization are exposed in several parts of northwest of Urmia Lake. These intrusions are present at the extremity of NW side of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone with Permian age. These layered mafic – ultramafic rocks are intruded into the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Field, petrography and mineral chemistry investigations of two important and large intrusions at the GKMUC and GhMUC are discussed and compared together. Ultramafic part in both intrusions is surrounded by the mafic part and their marginal is surrounded by non-layered gabbros. The mafic parts are mostly noritic in GKMUC and gabbroic in GhMUC. In the GKMUC, there are pure cumulates of ilmenite and titanomagnetite that are not found in the GhMUC. The Fe-Ti±Ap oxide-rich phases in GhMUC are present only within the ultramafic parts (consisting of dunite, verlite, and slightly clinopyroxenite), while the Fe-Ti oxide rich phases without apatite in GKMUC are present in cumulative, ultramafic (including verlite, pyroxenite and slightly dunite) and slightly in the mafic and even anorthosite parts. The GKMUC spinels are more hercynite in composition  rather than GhMUC. These differences indicate different crystallization paths and possibly different origin .

In the north of Oshnavieh, Western Azerbaijan Province, Cenozoic (Eocene) trachy-dacite and rhyolite rocks formed a part of the Oshnavieh Mountains. In Iranchr('39')s structural- sedimentary division, these igneous rocks are located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The common texture in these rocks is porphyritic with microlithic matrix, and in some samples, porphyritic textures with hyaline matrix. In terms of mineral accumulation, they have plagioclase, alkali feldspar, quartz, and biotite minerals. These rocks are high-k Calc-Alkaline series and are among the Peraluminous rocks. In terms of tectonomagmatic position, the studied samples have evolved in the range of associated volcanic arc and in a syn-collisional environment. Due to the depletion of Nb, magma is formed in the subduction zone (active continental margin). Also enriched values of Rb and K reveals contamination of magmas with upper continental crust or magma transformation.

The Shurijeh Formation (Upper Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) is composed of siliciclastic facies in the eastern KopetDagh basin. Moreover, the identified paleosol in this formation is calcisol type. The identified calcisols of the Ghorghoreh section have particular micro and macro morphology shapes. Since the beta microfabric is dominant in these paleosol, therefore microorganisms activity plays an important role in the formation of calcretes. The paleosols in this section have been affected by processes such as boring, micritization, cementation, and pyritization. The CO2 paleopressure has been calculated to be about 2237.1 to 2981.08, which is about 7.99 to 10.65 times more than todaychr('39')s values and seems to be similar to the modeled values for that period. In addition to biogenic activities, the water table fluctuations in the phreatic zone led to the formation of calcretic paleosols in the studied section.

Kalatepiale prospect area is located in northeastern Esfarayen, North Khorasan Province. Geology of the area includes sequence of sedimentary units of dolomitic limestone (Upper Jurassic), microconglomerate, limestone, sandy limestone, conglomerate (Cretaceous) and marl (Tertiary). The mineralogy of ore is simple and include pyrite, galena and sphalerite. Mineralization is formed as vein-veinlet, breccia and primary replacement textures in dolomitic limestone and limestone units. Galena occurred as fine (in breccia texture) and coarse-grains (in replacement texture) with cubic-octahedral form. Also, minerals of sphalerite and pyrite (with approximately 100 microns in size) are present within galena as inclusions. Due to the great influence of oxidation and weathering processes on the primary ore, secondary carbonate, silicate and oxide mineralization extensively scatared and formed smithsonite, hemimorphite, cerussite, hematite and goethite. Calcite and dolomite are dominant gangue mineral associated with mineralization, with lesser amounts of barite and quartz. Main alterations consist of calcitization and dolomitization. Mineralized veins are clearly epigenetic and occurred along fault zones with trending northwest–southeast/vertical dip. The range of variation in the geochemical analysis is as follows: Pb from 73 to 42000 ppm, Zn from 128 to 57000 ppm, As from 2 to 254 ppm and Cu from 4 to 172 ppm. Host rock, mineralization, properties of galena mineral, type of wall rock alteration, lack of relation with igneous activities and also, the geochemical evidence of Kalatepiale prospect area is similar to the Mississippi valley-type deposits.

The Abgarm ultramafic complex in south of Kerman Province and also southeast of  Sanandaj – Sirjan zone is a part of Esfandagheh- HajiAbad ophiolitic belt. Most ultramafic rocks are harzburgite, dunite, and lherzolite. Dunites form the largest volume of ultramafic sequence in the study area after harzburgite and they are scattered into the mass form of harzburgites. Due to the present of several faults, it is difficult to detect the initial relationship between the dunites and the harzburgites in the region, and they are sometimes severely serpentinized. Olivine is the most abundant mineral in the dunites of the Abgarm ultramafic complex. The amount of forsterite in these minerals varies from 72.91 to 84.90 and the high amounts of forsterite in the olivines in the dunites, as well as the composition of the chromium spinels in these rocks show that peridotites belong to the mantle and have ophiolitic and depleted nature and probably are formed inn the back-arc basin environment by the reaction of the basaltic melts of the back-arc basin with peridotites. Then they were replaced tectonically as a part of the ophiolite mélange in the crust.

Based on thermodynamic modeling, chalcophile elements with low melting point such as bismuth play an important role in removing precious elements (such as gold, silver and platinum group elements) from the hydrothermal fluid, which known as the Liquid Bismuth Collector Model (LBCM). In this contribution, the chemical composition of freibergitesulfosalt, Bi-bearing sulfides and native gold particles (20 to 100 µm in size) in the quartz-sulfide breccia vein (as the highest grade of Au-Bi vein) from the Atash-Anbar gold deposit (south Qazvin) were investigated. The temperature was estimated by using fahloregeothermometer and calculation of Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) molar ratios in feribergite. Consequently temperature of ore forming was between 200-250 oC. The bismuth in the polymetallic veins of the Atash-Anbar deposit originated from plagioclase of the dacite porphyry host rock. Bismuth has been released from their composition. During alteration of plagioclase to the kaolinite±sericite, the oxidation-sulfidation reactions of hydrothermal fluid by ferroan dolomites gangue (as oxidizing agent and stable buffering phase) caused instability of Bi2S2(OH)2 and HBi2S4– complexes and converted Bi3+ to Bi0, based on the electrons released from this process Au+ was converted to (invisible gold) to Au0 (native gold) and absorbed by the bismuth phase.

The Upper Triassic felsic bodies of Dehsard is located in southwest of Kerman and the southernmost part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This body consists of plagiogranite acidic rocks that are in contacts with metamorphic rocks and mafic intrusive body. The general texture of the samples is hypidiomorphic granular. Mineral chemistry studies on the amphibole and plagioclase crystals of the studied felsic rocks show that they are S-Amph type and magnesio-hornblende to termolite in composition that formed in a relatively oxidized environment.The studied plagioclases are sodic and have a range of albite (Ab98.19An1.56Or0.25) to andesine (Ab63.93An35.84Or0.23). According to geothermobarmetry studies on amphiboles and also amphibole-plagioclase pairs, the average temperatures are 520°C. The pressure ranges from 0.5 to 1 Kbar that are equivalent to the shallow depths conditions and near the earth surface.

Barika volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit is located about 18 km east of Sardasht in the northwestern Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic zone. The rocks in the Barika deposit predominantly consist of Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences of phyllite, slate, andesite and tuffite, metamorphosed under greenschist facies grade. Barika deposit the only known example of gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in Iran. Ore mineral assemblages of the stratiform ore are quite various and consist of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, stibnite, electrum and a variety of complex composition sulfosalt minerals. Barikaite, Ferdowsiite and Arsenquatrandoriteare silver rich sulfosalt minerals that identified in the Barika deposit, has not been reported anywhere else in the world. Mineral structure of Guettardite has also been identified based on Barika deposit samples. The Barika deposit is a suitable location for mineralogical and crystallographic researches due to its rare and trace sulfosalt minerals.

The Mahoor area is located about 135 km southwest of Nehbandan city, Khorasan Jonoobi Province, and in the central Lut block volcano-plutonic belt.  The intrusion of an Oligocene granitoid pluton with diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, and quartz monzonite into Paleocene-Eocene volcanic rocks that led to alteration and mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration zones consist of argillic (clay minerals), propylitic (chlorite, sericite, calcite, epidote), phyllic (quartz, sericite, pyrite), and silicification. The main ore minerals include sphalerite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, stibnite, tetrahedrite, jamesonite, covellite, cubanite, arsenopyrite and galena, occurring as veinlets and disseminations. According to crosscutting relationships, two type of veinlet have been identified at deep levels of Mahoor deposit. Type (1) Quartz + sphalerite+ pyrite ± chalcopyrite, and type (2) Quartz +pyrite +chalcopyrite± sphalerite. The homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions in type 1 of veinlets range from 315 to 575°C and 6.8 to 21.2 wt. % equivalent NaCl, respectively. Fluid inclusions in type 2 of veinlets show homogenization temperature and salinity from 177 to 454°C and 7.9 to 20.2 wt. % equivalents NaCl, respectively. The microthermometric data indicate that the ore forming hydrothermal solution evolved through boiling events and mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters. Sulfur isotopic values of pyrite and chalcopyrite vary from 1.8‰ to 3.15‰, suggesting that S was derived from a magmatic source. Geology, alteration, mineralization, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies indicate that mineralization in Mahoor area occurred as porphyry system.

Baghche-Maryam granitoid (in south of Ghorveh Area) is a part of the intrusive bodies of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone with NW-SE trending. Based on field observations and mineralogical studies, the intrusion complex of Baghche-Maryam including of two acidic and intermediate units: diorite, monzodiorite, granite, syenite, and aplite. Geochemical studies show the rocks of this complex are metaalumine type (A/CNK= 0.81-0.46) and calc-alkaline. Petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical studies together with field observations indicate that these rocks are generated by various magmatic processes and are related to the active continental margin geodynamic environment (e.g. LREE enrichments and HREE depletions) and have I-type magmatic characteristics. According to thermobarometery studies, the average temperature in the studied samples is about 700 oC and the average depth is about 7-10 kilometers.

Bozhan area is located in southernmost parts of the eastern Alborz mountain range in NE Iran and is part of the Binaloud structural zone. Geology of the study area include andesitic, trachyte, basaltic and basalt-andesite lavas, which are accompanied by intrusive, subvolcanic, and pyroclastic rocks. These rocks have undergone propylitic alteration. Mineralization occurs mainly along silicic and carbonate veinlets and has a variety of open space-filling, coliforms, brecciate, and vein-veinlets texture. Chalcopyrite is the most important and abundant sulfide mineral in these veins. Microthermometeric investagations were conducted on and in liquid-rich (L+V) fluids. Homogenization experiments revealed a temperature range of 195 to 262 ° C for the studied inclusion and salinity ranges from 10.61 to 14.67% NaCl equivalent. Reduction temperature and cooling are the most important factors in the deposition of metals along with the ore-fluid in the Bozhan exploration area. Meanwhile, mineralization in the Bozhan exploration area has a vein-veinlets trend that is consistent with existing fractures. Based on field observation, mineralogy, structure, texture and fluid inclusion, the Bozhan exploration area can be considered as epithermal vein systems.

The Gaz Boland area is located in Kerman Province, northwest of Shahr-e-Babak. This area is a part of the volcanic-plutonic belt of Urumieh-Dokhtar. Most of the exposed rocks in this region belong to Eocene age, however, the basalts with Pleio-Pleistocene age have also a relatively limited distribution in the region. The main texture of the basalts is microlithicporphyric and olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase form the main minerals. Due to the weathering and alteration processes, secondary minerals such as calcite, chlorite, and iron oxides have formed in these rocks. Based on the analysis of X-ray microprobe, the composition of pyroxenes is diopside-augite. The chemical composition of clinopyroxenes confirms the calc-alkaline nature for their parent magma of, which originates from the subduction-related tectonic setting. Based on clinopyroxene thermobarometric studies, the parent magma of the rocks, when crystallization of the clinopyroxene mineral with approximately 10% water under a pressure of 2 to 8 kbar occured, formed during uplift and before the eruption. The magma temperature variations during the crystallization of clinopyroxenes ranges between 1130 and 1249 °C.

In this research, tin oxide semiconductor nanoparticles is synthesized by microwave method and effect of  the microwave power and irradiation time on the structural, optical, and sensory properties of nanoparticles were investigated. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and chemical bonds of the samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope and infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the samples were polycrystalline and have the preferred peaks of planes (110), (101), (111), (211), (220), (002), (310), (112), and (301) SnO2 phase with rutile rectangular structure. The results of the FTIR analysis confirm the SnO2 band in the samples. Increasing the irradiation time at different powers has reduced the grain size, increased the optical gap, and reduced the sensor response time of nanoparticles.

In this research, substituted tin and vanadium garnets Y2.5Bi0.5Fe2-2xSnxFe3-xVx O12 (0 ≤ x< 0.2) were prepared by mechanochemical processing. The structural and magnetic properties were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (FESEM), fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (Far- FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization (Ms) of nanoparticles, increases with the substitution of vanadium and tin up to x=0.1 and then decreases up to x=0.2. the average crystallite sizes were estimated to be in the range of 53 to 68 nm.

In this research, the Dysprosium stannate nanostructured compound (Dy2Sn2O7) is prepared as an important spin ice compound. In the synthesis of this compound, from a solution of 0.1 mol of Tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate (SnCl4; 5H2O) with the addition of Dysprosium (Dy (NO3)3.xH2O) nitrate with molar ratios equal to [Dy / Sn] = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.1 were used to prepare Dysprosium stannate nanocrystals (Dy2Sn2O7) by hydrothermal method. The effect of Dysprosium (Dy) with different percentages on the formation of Dysprosium stannate composition by annealing at T= 1100 ° C in normal environment was investigated. The structural and optical properties of the formed compound were investigated. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the sample annealed at T=1100 ° C showed the formation of nanocrystals in the pyrochlore structure of the Dysprosium stannate with [Dy / Sn] =1. The results of visible-ultraviolet (UV-Vis) spectroscopy showed that the energy gap increases with increasing Dysprosium additive. Field Emission Scanning Microscope (FE-SEM) images confirm the formation of Dysprosium stannatenanocrystals with pyrochlore structure.

N1-)3- Pyridine-2-yl-Methylene)Amino)propyl)ethane-1 and 2-diamine four-dentate ligand with molecular formula of C11H18N4 using the compression reaction of Pyridine-2-Carbaldehyde with 1,6-Diamino-3-Aza haxane with a molar ratio of 1: 1 was prepared having 65% yield and then the complex of this ligand with copper (II) bromide was synthesized and characterized. FT-IR and elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques were used for characterization of the complex. The results show that this complex crystallizes in a triclinic system with a P  space group and has a deviated square pyramid structure. Furthermore, there are intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal lattice of this complex. In these bonds, carbon and nitrogen atoms act as hydrogen bond donors, halide atoms act as hydrogen bond acceptors and oxygen atoms act as both donor and receiver.