مجله مطالعات و تحقیقات ادبی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

Mir-e --Kermani and his style of lyric composing (ghazel): Mir-e-Kermani is one of the contemporary poets of Xaju-ye-Kermani that Suxan publication has published the complete collection of his poetical works recently based on the manuscript of Sa'id Nafisi. Although his poems are conceptual and interesting, he is unknown and this necessitates to be introduced thoroughly. In this library article presented through descriptive-analytic method, this poet has been introduced and his lyrics were studied from phonetic, linguistic, intellectual and literary perspectives. Investigating the different aspects of his lyric indicated that his lyrics without monorhymes were more compared to his contemporaries, but the noun monorhymes are considerable in his poem. There are so many literal arrays including pun and balance in his poem. The language of lyric is fluent, but figures of speech and paying attention to interesting words makes the poems artificial. Mir's lyric motif is romantic and the poet mostly uses lovely description particularly for the beloved. The simile has been used frequently among imaginary images but metaphor was seen less than simile and novel metaphors are rarely used. Allusion and metaphor, the devices of brevity were used rarely. Generally, the poet has mostly focused on themes.

Attention and accuracy in the spiritual and psychological dimensions of the characters of the story and the use of psychological theories has always been one of the methods of literary researchers to analyze the characters and show the power and skill of the creators of the works as accurately as possible. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the personality of Wis in the system of Wis and Ramin Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani, using the "theory of choice" of William Glasser, a contemporary psychologist, in a descriptive and analytical manner. According to the theory of choice, the root of all one's behaviors comes from within and to satisfy one's five needs (the need for love, survival, power, recreation, and independence). Thus, the main question of the research is that under what influence did Wis make bold choices? In other words, which of Wis's basic needs were higher than the other needs that led him to engage in such behaviors? The findings show that among all the needs, the need for survival, the need for love and intimacy, and the need for freedom are higher in him than the other needs, respectively. After these needs is the need for power and then the need for entertainment.

Plants have an important place in Rumi's meaningful mind, and the narratives developed using Mathnavi's knowledge of plants incorporate a new educational strategy that Rumi adopted to cultivation himself and the audience. This research was carried out using descriptive-analytical methods, the plants topics and plant science were extracted from the six books by Masnavi, and in the next stage the data was divided into two parts: physical (material) and metaphysical (immaterial): Rumi's approach to plants in these two sections is descriptive, sometimes material and formal, and corresponds to current agricultural science and sometimes a tool in the service of spiritual teachings. This research shows, on the one hand, Rumi's mystical discourse on plants as a manifestation of God, and on the other hand, it shows the poet's taste for using the literary industry to embellish and expressive the word. Rumi's knowledge of the name and morphology of plants and their medicinal and therapeutic properties; Various types of fruits, cereals, vegetables, and legumes; Horticultural terms and gardening methods; The cultivation and fertilization practices increase the suspicions that he had access and probably he read encyclopedic books like Bondeshan, Alabniyah a Haqiqat alAdwiyah, etc. Among the factors that can be considered as structural depth to the abundance of these terms are Rumi's naturalism and the geographic location of his residence and the influence of his father Bahaedin's spiritual teachings.

Wasef Bakhtari, as a writer, researcher and Ghazalsara poet and a talented lighting, is one the leading figures of contemporary Persian literature in Afghanistan. He is more known as a troubled poet and his language is full of ambiguity and complexity. Therefore, in the present study, based on the semiotic theory of "Michael Refatter" and with the method of qualitative analysis and with the approach of post-active reading, non-orders, accumulations, descriptive systems, semantic transformations and minimal semantic units in poetry “...And I cried "analyzed and understood the elements that are the external modulus of the signs in the poem, and we have obtained the full matrix of the poem and we have reached its semantic structure. Refatter's semiotic theory seeks that the reader, by transcending imitative and exploratory reading and resorting to post-active reading, go beyond the context of the text's trials and enter the world of its symbols, which can be followed by the structure of meaning in symbolic and ambiguous poems. In achievement of the text shows that the poetry language of Bakhtari is more complex than that of his contemporaries; but through various theories, including the semiotic theory of Refatter’s poetry, one can well penetrate the inner layers of meaning in his poetry and understand the structure of meaning in it. The presence of ambiguities and semantic transformations in Bakhtari poetry and its expansion as minimum units of semantic throughout a poem on the one hand and the accumulation and many descriptive systems on the other hand has made it impossible for the reader to easily understand the hypo grams and semantic matrices in his poetry with an imitative and exploratory reading approach.

Time is one of the elements that gives the fictional text its identity and distinguishes a story and a narrative. In addition, time take different functions in the fictional text and contribute to the progression of the story in various ways. The present research investigated the element of time in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine by the theory of Gerard Genet. Considering the memory-like structure of the novel, anachronism has highly frequency in the text and calendar time is not of much significance. The interest of the author in writing the story based on his mental images has obviated the need to record the precise dates of the events. Drawing on the technique of breaking the time in the narrative, the author has created suspense in the story and resolved some of the ambiguities existing in the text. Frequent descriptions and attention to detail have stopped the time of the narrative in most of the scenes of the story. In the novel, the narrative frequency of the events is of singular type and, drawing on such a method, the author has tried to help with the pace and advancement of the story. The author of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine has utilized various time-related techniques and methods to narrate the transformation of the perspective of the protagonist of the story from a dogmatic to a relatively tolerant attitude, and has wielded time techniques to cast doubt on many learned beliefs of the narrator.

Time is one of the elements that gives the fictional text its identity and distinguishes a story and a narrative. In addition, time take different functions in the fictional text and contribute to the progression of the story in various ways. The present research investigated the element of time in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine by the theory of Gerard Genet. Considering the memory-like structure of the novel, anachronism has highly frequency in the text and calendar time is not of much significance. The interest of the author in writing the story based on his mental images has obviated the need to record the precise dates of the events. Drawing on the technique of breaking the time in the narrative, the author has created suspense in the story and resolved some of the ambiguities existing in the text. Frequent descriptions and attention to detail have stopped the time of the narrative in most of the scenes of the story. In the novel, the narrative frequency of the events is of singular type and, drawing on such a method, the author has tried to help with the pace and advancement of the story. The author of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine has utilized various time-related techniques and methods to narrate the transformation of the perspective of the protagonist of the story from a dogmatic to a relatively tolerant attitude, and has wielded time techniques to cast doubt on many learned beliefs of the narrator.