نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 13، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Economic exchanges are one of the most important ways to transform changes in function, body, employment for cities and border areas, and consequently create lasting security. Economic sustainability is the creation of income and its stability for members of society without the decline of capitals and reserves. This study was conducted to measure the economic stability of the border city of Sardasht and its effective components. For applying descriptive-analytical method, the Cochran volume determination formula was used and  the 383 people  isselected as sample. In order to analyze the results of the questionnaire, SPSS software and statistical tests (T-test, Spearman correlation, simple linear regression) were used. The results showed that Sardasht city has poor economic stability. The degree of stability of this city was evaluated as 2.8, which was lower than the theoretical average. The results of correlation test showed a strong correlation between scale and entrepreneurship variables with 0.894 at the significance level was 0.05, and the results of regression test showed the high impact of the entrepreneurship component on economic stability in Sardasht city.

Given the fact identifying motivational factors in tourism can play a significant role in determining the tourists’ consumption approach, the present study aims to investigate the motivational and inhibitory factors among flash-packers in the cities of Iran. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The findings revealed push and pull factors as the two main contributory motivational themes that can promote the flash-packing style of traveling. Push factors have both the individual and social dimensions. The former is comprised of four components of empiricism, self-actualization, escape from everyday life, and the promotion of world knowledge, while the latter is composed of experiencing the three subthemes of freedom, independence, and comfort. The pull factors are the destination generated forces with the two components of tourist attractions and the acquisition of science or skills in a target place. Besides, the findings showed that the inhibitory factors are classified into three main themes of infrastructure along with security and communication factors. Infrastructure includes the two main categories of health care and welfare services. The former includes the two components of environmental pollution and the lack of health services while the latter includes the quality of transportation and accommodation services. Security factors include social security, which is divided into the two components of physical and mental security. Finally, the communication dimension as the last emerged theme refers to technology and communication, which is classified into the two components of network coverage and filtering.

Healthcare is one of the most important urban services and proper access to healthcare centers is critical. Determining the hospital’s prospect location is a difficult problem of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) improves this decision. In this study, integration of GIS and MCDM was used in order to determine the prospective location of the hospital in the fifth district of Tehran. For this purpose, firstly, the effective criteria in the process of determining the prospect location of the hospital was selected by reviewing the literature and expert's opinions, and the spatial layer of each criterion was prepared. Then, ten sites in this district were selected and the criteria values were calculated for each. Then, the criteria weights were determined by the Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) weighting method. Weighting results showed that the seismic vulnerability was the most effective criterion in the decision-making process. In the next step, the sites were evaluated and ranked by two MCDM methods, that is, the Combinative Distance-based Assessment (CODAS) and the Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and the results showed the similarity of the performance of the two methods. The ranking results of the two methods showed that sites No. 7 and 1 were the most suitable and the most unsuitable place to build a new hospital, respectively. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the ranking, the ranking results of the two methods were compared with the ranking performed by experts. Evaluation of the accuracy of the methods showed that the CODAS method for selecting the prospect location of the hospital has higher accuracy than the VIKOR method.

The arid regions of eastern Iran, especially the city of Mashhad, is one of the most critical parts of the country in terms of water shortage, a significant part of which is spent on irrigating urban green space. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the effective factors and drivers in the development of green space and presenting strategies and possible scenarios in crisis situations. In this study, the main drivers (criteria) of green space development in Mashhad using the opinion of experts and experts (panel of experts) and based on a questionnaire and in two rounds, a questionnaire was designed using the Lick spectrum, validity based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient based on variance It was calculated using SPSS software, equal to 0.829 and reliability was determined by experts. The sample size was first 50 and finally 30 people through Morgan table and based on Delphi method, it was distributed and analyzed. Took. The results showed that the criteria and indicators effective in the development of green space in the first round were the priority of social, managerial, climatic, economic criteria and in the second round Delphi were the importance of managerial criteria, climatic, economic and social criteria, respectively. Examination of two important management and climate criteria showed that lack of management of water resources and continuous droughts are the worst case scenario and management of water resources and lack of droughts are the best possible scenarios in the future.

Urban neighborhoods have historically been the ground for social relationships at various levels. One of the most significant problems in many cities of Iran is the lack of habitable neighborhoods, and most of the spaces in such cities lack appropriate conditions regarding citizens’ healthy life. Thus, the social relations of residets, which have been part of a healthy urban life for centuries, have minimized. Traditional neighborhoods, especially in the cities of developing countries, confront an imbalance between the container (old texture) and the contents (inhabitants). TND is an approach that originates from the neo-urban movement and attempts to respond positively to the neighborhood’s necessities and its residents. This approach increases social interactions by reinforcing and improving the physical space of neighborhoods to achieve a sense of belonging, economic self-reliance, and the promotion of social capital. Analyzing new urban planning patterns and having the least amount of physical intervention, the study aimed at taking steps to organize and improve Golapa - the traditional neighborhood in the city of Hamedan. The study is used a descriptive-analytical method. Observation, interview and questionnaire were ued to gather the data. The results demonstrate that the revitalization and contemorization of neighborhoods can be achieved applying an incentive development approach and preserving historical and physical values in order to turn the neighborhoods into a living place in accordance with their historical identities and modern lives.

Today, the actors of international relations have become multiple and diverse. One of the most important of these actors is the cities, which is always increasing the importance of their role-playing in the relations between nations. The metropolises of Islamic countries, like other metropolises of the world, are trying to seize the opportunities of globalization. An opportunity that is easily left to competitors in the absence of strategic planning. Therefore, one of the important priorities of Mashhad as a religious metropolis is to exploit the potential of Islamic cities with the help of urban diplomacy. This study aimed to identify the existing capacities and challenges in Mashhad urban diplomacy and to provide appropriate solutions to strengthen Mashhad's relationship with the cities of Islamic countries. Research information is obtained from books, articles, websites, and related documents. In the field stage, interviews with 20 experts in the fields of urban management and planning, political science and international relations, political geography and among university faculty members, city council members and Mashhad municipal officials, experts The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been carried out in Mashhad and other related agencies. The obtained results determine the strengths, weaknesses, and problems of Mashhad in urban diplomacy, and finally, appropriate strategies and measures are proposed for their implementation. Some of the strategies are: strengthening the relationship between the municipality and universities, developing cooperation and using the capacities of international and regional organizations, developing an appropriate mechanism to attract foreign investment, pursuing and developing urban diplomacy.

Exploring the problems of developing different districts, in terms of city prosperity, has been recently considered in urban planning discussions, but it is under-researched and unknown in Iran. Introducing city prosperity as a new approach in urban planning in the new era, the study investigated this concept and its different aspects. It then identified the indices and effective factors in city prosperity in terms of physical (infrastructure) aspects. Finally, using TODIM model, urban districts of Tabriz were ranked based on indices of physical prosperity. This applied study is descriptive-analytical. GIS was used for the providing the maps, AHP was used for weighting criteria effective in physical and infrastructure city prosperity, and TODIM was used for ranking physical and infrastructure city prosperity. The study showed that districts 1-8, 1-5, and 1-2 are high in terms of physical and infrastructure city prosperity and districts 2-9, 5-6, 3-7 are the lowest in this regard. The results of ranking art of the study showed the imbalance in distribution of elements of prosperity pertaining to the urban infrastructures of Tabriz.

The study aimed at investigating factors affecting urban regeneration as a new approach for reconstructing and improving worn-out structures of central part of Kermanshah city from citizens’ point of view. The study used a descriptive-analytical method regarding the aims of study. The population were all citizens of the central part of Kermanshah. The data about three components were obtained using a questionnaire. 384 questionnaires were determined to be completed using Cochran’s formula. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire, calculated by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.91 that means a high validity. One-sample t-test was applied for analyzing the data. Results showed that amongst eight variables pertaining to the accessibility and permeability, the factors of wide sidewalks and their facilities and safety have been most effective factors in the success of all activities in the center of Kermanshah, while stable and long walls have had the least effect on regeneration of the city. Due to the inappropriate distances between attractive uses makes spatial structure of the central part in a bad situation in terms of continuity. The decrease in combination and the diversity of activities, the principle of density pattern of development, accessibility and permeability show their weak role in regenerating the central part of Kermanshah. It is recommended that for improving the affecting factors in regenerating this part, a combination of different uses and attractiveness of sidewalks be made. Moreover, application density can result in increasing efficacy of public services like transportation.

Marivan city is one of the tourist centers of Iran that has many attractions and hosts numerous tourists from different places. Due to the arrival of a large number of tourists in this city, it is necessary to study the factors affecting their satisfaction. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the level of tourists' satisfaction with the city of Marivan and the factors affecting it. This study belongs to applied research in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-analytical study in terms of method. Data were collected by documentary and field methods. The statistical population of this study includes all tourists who visited Marivan city and stayed in this city for at least 24 hours (481,500 people) and a number of 200 samples were considered. The collected data were first analyzed for descriptive statistics and subsequently, the correlation test was conducted between variables using SPSS software. Results indicated a significant relationship between tourists' satisfaction with social security, urban facilities and services, marketers' actions at significant level of 0.05 with positive correlation coefficients of 0.772, 0.730 and 0.645, respectively. In other words, improving these factors will increase tourists' satisfaction with staying in this city. So, paying attention to the improvement of these factors in order to increase the satisfaction of tourists and their return to this city is necessary.

Moving towards sustainability is not a recommendation, but an "imperative" in light of Tehran's challenges, which include air pollution, traffic, excessive energy consumption, and etc. The critical aim of this article is to assess the compatibility of the development model in Tehran's comprehensive plan (approved in 2007) with the concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as one of the main models for achieving sustainability. The TOD development model, which includes five components of "development structure", "development scale", "development intensity", "development direction", and "development quality" was derived from a review of the literature and global experiences. Then, the content analysis method was employed to extract the development model of Tehran Comprehensive plan 2007, and therefore, two development models were compared with each other using "adaptive evaluation". To this end, expert judgments were applied as the basis of evaluation in four components, while quantitative methods were used in the component of "development intensity". The results showed that the component of "development structure" has the lowest rate of compliance with the TOD model. It is due to the density distribution in the Tehran Comprehensive plan, which is based on road network hierarchy rather than subway stations. Furthermore, the highest level of compliance is associated with the "development direction" component, the reason for which is the use of the infill development approach in the Tehran comprehensive plan, which is perfectly consistent with the TOD principles. Taking into account all variables, the average rate of compliance of the Tehran Comprehensive plan's development model with the TOD model is in the "poor compliance" range.

Increasing the urban population and expanding the level of expectations of the people, requires proper municipal services to citizens and, consequently, the expansion of financial resources and revenues of municipalities. Changing the traditional methods of financing and cutting government aid to the country's metropolitan municipalities based on the municipal self-sufficiency plan and then implementing the policy of economic adjustment and downsizing the government in the early 1370s, led municipalities to turn to surplus revenue It became congested. The municipality of Mashhad, with the annual presence of about 27 million pilgrims along with the population of 3.5 million in the city to provide services, needs to finance the monthly (current-construction) costs of several hundred billion cities, which is why, like other metropolises in Iran It depends on volatile revenues such as density sales and construction tolls. The purpose of this study is to investigate the financing system of Mashhad Municipality and the resulting new political economy. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the data of the financial and income system are prepared by the documentary method and the components of the resulting political economy are prepared by the Delphi-like method (interviews with experts and elites). Is. The results of the research show the financial reliance of Mashhad Municipality on unstable revenues due to construction and land tolls, especially the sale of excess construction density. Analysis of political economy This phenomenon indicates the creation of a new political economy based on granting rent permits to urban lands as the main income base of the country's municipalities, so that the sale of surplus density can be considered as the distribution of economic rents.

The present study aims to identify the driving forces affecting community-based development in low-income urban areas. For this purpose, Al-Teimour neighborhood in Mashhad metropolis has been selected as a sample. The research is "applied" in terms of purpose and "quantitative" according to its nature. Library-documentary and field methods (questionnaire) were used to collect information. To explain the current situation, the results of the census of, Al-Teimour neighborhood in 2019, which has a population of 15,417 people, have been used. In order to conduct a survey to identify the drivers that affect the realization of community-based development in the neighborhood, 30 urban experts were selected as a sample. Research indicators were examined in four areas (physical, social, economic and legal) and in the form of 36 variables. Cross-Impact Analysis method was used in Micmac software to analyze the data. Based on the research results, 12 variables were identified as the most influential and the least dependent drivers, which are "age and sex structure of the population", "household dimensions", "population density", and "literacy", "employment rate" and "financial and economic assets", "granulation of parcels", "land use per capita" and "diversity of land use", "building density", "urban infrastructure" and " "Intra-contextual and extra-contextual communication networks". Considering these drivers through a participatory approach and through the planning, development and implementation of community-based projects will be an effective step towards achieving development.