کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 43 (پاییز 1400)

Shahryar and Javaheri are among great contemporary poets respectively in Iran and Iraq. They shared the same experience in life. Both have tasted the bitterness of exile, which led to creation of precious works such as Sharyar's Heydarbaba Salam and Aljavaher's Dejlat Alkheyr . Each of these two works is unique and highly distinctive to each writer , for each reflects the eagerness and attachment to the motherland and the feelings of homesick and nostalgia . Apart from that , both of the poets are seriously devoted, devotion to the social issues in Shahryar's work and to political problems in Javaheri's work are quite visible and tangible .They showed the proceedings of their time generally in their works and particularly in the two aforementioned works. Sharyar and Aljavaher depicted the eye-catching scenes of their motherland so marvelously that their works are more like a beautiful landscape than poetry . Shahryar appears in his work literally romantic so does Javaheri , though there is trace of social political realism in his ode.

llustration is one of the most widely used and artistic aesthetic elements of poems, which makes speech more stable and tangible in the mind; for this reason, poets have based their poems on artistic and imaginative images. In this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach, the authors seek to answer the following questions: What images did Abdolrahim Mahmoud and Hossein Esrafili use to express the themes of sustainability and resistance? And what are the commonalities and differences between the two poets in the depiction of themes of stability? The purpose of this study is to examine some of the poetic artistic images as well as the most important themes of sustainability used in the poems of two poets. The result of the research indicates that Abdolrahim Mahmoud and Hossein Esrafili, as prominent poets in the field of resistance and sustainability, the most important artistic images used in their poems are: metaphorical, metaphorical, ironic, allusive and paradoxical images. The two poets share and differentiate in depicting themes of sustainability in such matters as freedom-seeking, invitation to revolution, self-sacrifice, praise of martyrs and patriotism; Israfili has made great use of religious concepts as well as religious personalities in expressing enduring themes, which reflects his special style in his poems; Abdolrahim Mahmoud. The national and ethnic tendency is evident in his poems.

The criticism of contemporary literature has taken a big step to change the one-sided view of the events of the text and to implement the method of external dialogue in its context in order to recognizing various views and awareness. According to Bakhtin's view, polyphony is based on the multiplicity of interconnected and various sounds and languages in the structure of dialogue and its composition. The contemporary Arabic poetry is known for its narrative action between the thoughts of the characters and the exchange of common and different voices in order to explore literary polyphony, especially in the poems of Fereydoun Moshiri and Adib Kamaluddin allow them to express their concerns, desires and pains in various ways. This descriptive-analytical method seeks to address the most remarkable literary polyphonic techniques of two poets based on the American school of comparative literature. The summary of the results shows that the two poets, in addition to adopting to the traditional method of voice narration, resort to polyphonic types such as hybridization in order to developing the social views of languages in the light of ambiguity and ambiguity in their function, as well as stylistic style. In order to achieving the structural unity between the sounds, despite the difference in the type of dealing with another sound. The two poets use pure dialogue when engaging in controversy between characters or exchanging questions and answers on a particular subject, and at the end use a variety of ideologies to show how the characters deal with fundamental known values and ideas in the form of an ideology of surrender or defiance.

Titles in literary works include aesthetic and spiritual meanings and concepts and play an important role in attracting the reader's attention. In fact, due to revealing a part of the poet's mental state and inner nature, a title reveals aspects of his/her thoughts and makes it easy for the reader to understand the poem. This study examines and analyzes the mechanisms of the titles in the poems of "Sepideh Kashani" and "Somayyeh Esam Wadi" as two female poets in the resistance literature of Iran and Palestine. This research has adopted a descriptive-analytical method and is based on the American school in comparative literature. The results of this study show that both poets, in the light of using the title mechanism in their poetry, try to instill in the audience the idea of resistance against the occupying enemy, and on the other hand, increase the aesthetics and innovation of their works. Both poets seek to pave the way for the audience to access the structure of their poetry and to unveil their symbols and establish a link between the title and the theme of the poem through the title. Accordingly, this mechanism in their poems reflects various implications and goals that remove the veil from the form of their poems and encourages the reader to achieve the poetic reserves, inner emotions, and aesthetic effects of their poems. In the structure of the poetry of these two poets, titles revolve around a central idea, which is to continue resistance and sustainability.

There have been various studies regarding the concept of intelligentsia in Arabic literature. The present study tries to present the Iranian and Iraqi intelligentsia through the comparative study of two novels; namely: My Dear Uncle Napoleon by the Iranian novelist Iraj Pezeshkzad, and Papa Sartre by the Iraqi novelist Ali Badr. The focus here is on the definition of intelligentsia as a concept different from the thinker, by which we mean the classical intellectualism which some intellectuals claim to possess, but in fact, they don't. Then the study proceeds to determine the common cultural grounds between the two countries to give an image of the Iranian and Iraqi societies in an era ruled by the so-called “Fokolism” in Iran and the “Effendiyya” (wearing customs) in Arabic. The present study applies the American approach to find the common literary grounds between the two novels and tries to focus on different themes respecting the concept of intelligentsia based on each novelist's view about intellectuals. The study also investigates different issues, which, one way or another, are connected with the intelligentsia of the countries. Among these issues are the sense of alienation, both from oneself and one's family; reality versus illusion; the shallow intellectualism and intelligentsia; and Sanchoism, a term coined by the writer to signify characteristics similar to those of Don Quixote's Sancho Panza. Meanwhile, the study will shed lights on the concepts of the intellectuals and the thinker to draw a picture of the intellectualism in Iran and Iraq by suggesting examples from both novels and analyzing them. The examples focus mainly on the alienated intellectuals who live in their ivory tower and claim their superiority over the rest of the society. Finally, the study tries to show that both novelists want to draw a picture of the cultural aura which was in vogue in the 50s and the 60s to better understand the intelligentsia of Iran and Iraq.

In Resistance literature, the character and scene are the most important elements in the story; because resistance against the enemy means defending man (person) & soil (setting). The short story “Thirty-Nine & One Captives” by Iranian author Habib Ahmad Zadeh and “He was a child” by Palestinian writer Ghassan Kanafani narrate a single subject through the lens of two different cultures. The theme of "Thirty-One & One Captives" depicts the concept of bravery & heroism of children in the face of Iraqi forces on the borders of Iran and Iraq; however, the theme “He was a child that day” reflects the oppression of the Palestinian people and children inside the occupied territories. The present study in the field of resistance literature & with a descriptive-analytical method has studied the position of the character element in two stories, their similarities, differences and tools to analyze the characteristics of staging elements in two literary works. What encourages us to comparatively study two literary works are the similarities & differences between the two stories, the narrative tools used to reflect the themes of the stories. The anonymity of the main character and the appearance of a bus during both stories can be considered as important commonalities of these two works.

The theory of comparative literature is a new theory, because its philosophy is based on the study of literature beyond the boundaries of language, culture and interdisciplinary. Comparative literature first appeared in France and other Western countries, and entered the Third World Universities from the second half of the twentieth century. Dr. Ghonaimi (1968) is the founder of comparative literature in Arab countries. Later in the field of comparative literature, many scholars such as Tahir Maki, Saeed Allush, Ezzedin al- Muna'sra, Hesam al-Khataib and others emerged. Hesam al-Khataib can be considered the largest and most accomplished Arab matchmaker. He follows the developments of the comparative literature more than other compatriots and has the most information and documentation on comparative literature in international and Arabic arenas. This article, by a descriptive-analytical and critical method, is attempting to discuss briefly the comparative literature and Hesam al-Khataib and introduces one of Hesam al-Khataib's most important books entitled as Afag Aladab Almogaran Arabian va Alemian. This book addresses the international and Arab worldviews of comparative literature. In this book, Khatib offers an evolved approach based on personal expertise and experience in teaching, writing, and attending Arabic and international conferences. He also corrects issues related to the history of comparative literature in Arab countries and he seeks to establish a link between Arabic comparative literature and world experiences. He introduces the scientific and cognitive experience of the Arabs from this knowledge, from the mid-thirties of the last century to the early nineties, and tries to give an Arab perspective in this field; a vision that includes a diligent and sincere effort to promote comparative Arabic literature. In conclusion, he reviews and critiques some books of Arabic theory. Therefore, this book is one of the best Arabic works in the field of comparative literature.