نشریه پژوهش های ادبیات تطبیقی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 29، پاییز 1400)

Worship of the mother goddess is one of the deepest beliefs in the minds of various nations and peoples throughout human history. Ancient civilizations such as the Iranians and the Turks have long had this religion and the beliefs and customs related to this myth still remain in the culture of these tribes; considering the closeness of the cultural and historical background of Iranians and Turks, a study on their mythology can  give us lots of information of the history and culture of both nations; Therefore, the aim of the present study is a comparative study of the mother goddess in Iranian and Turkish mythology and the main question is what is the relationship between the mother goddess in Iranian and Turkish mythology? The method of this research is comparative-analytical. Findings show that despite the differences in some aspects attributed to the Iranian and Turkish mother goddesses in the myths of the two nations, there are many important similarities between the concept and function of this myth among Iranians and Turks.

This essay is a comparative study of Harold Bloom’s theory of anxiety of influence and T. S. Eliot’s concept of tradition with a focus on their antithetical readings of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in order to bring to the fore their views on how literary creation is initiated. In Bloom’s theory, the scene of literary creation is an epic agonism between poets, full of sound and fury, and at the same time an opportune moment for creative misreading. The belatedness of poetry is in effect the modern poet’s inevitable condition of not being able to avoid the tradition of their predecessors. Despite all theoretical innovations, Bloom’s main idea has many characteristics in common with Eliot’s description of tradition and the individual talent. While both look at literary creation as the apotheosis of the dialectic of absence and presence, Bloom emphasizes the anxiety-ridden and agonistic relations between poets. More than any other text, their readings of Hamlet show Bloom’s and Eliot’s antithetical stance. It could be argued that the Bloom-Eliot relation is fraught with anxiety of influence.

This study aims to consider ghazal/sonnet from conceptual metaphor perspective (Lakoff, 1980). The corpus used in the study contains 24 poems (189 couplets) in Persian, Azerbaijani Turkish and English. The results of the paper show that the most frequent target domain in ghazal is “love”. Moreover, central conceptual metaphors in “love” are: A) in Persian: LOVE IS JOURNEY, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS TIE, LOVE IS FIRE, LOVE IS AWAKENING, LOVE IS DEAL. B) in Azerbaijani Turkish: LOVE IS OPPRESSION, LOVE IS WAITING, LOVE IS TURNING/TAWAF, LOVE IS SPRING, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS SERMON. C) in English: LOVE IS LIVE, LOVE IS UNSTABLE, LOVE IS PARADOX. This study also confirms that linguistic form has a direct influence on conceptual metaphor occurrence in ghazal. According to the findings of the current paper, the central conceptual metaphor plays a key role in versification. That is, central conceptual metaphor in ghazal seems to be the stimulus to the poet.

William Shakespeare is an allusive poet. His allusions include not only Western but also Eastern history, culture, and mythology. The present paper deals with Shakespeare’s allusions to Persia and its history and culture. His allusions deal with both pre-Islam and post-Islam Persia. In comparison to Shakespeare’s references to “others” (e. g. Turks, Jews, and Moors), his allusions to Persia both pre and post-Islam are general, succinct and superficial. The present paper tries to show how Shakespeare came by his contemporary Persia) the Safavid Persia on the one hand, and tries to contextualize Shakespeare’s knowledge of Persia, on the other hand. Concerning pre-Islam Persia, Shakespeare got his information from two main sources. One, from the books written by Greek historians which an English translation was available and the performed plays that dealt with pre-Islam Persia at his time. Other, he received his knowledge about post-Islam Persia (especially the Safavid Persia) through travel-books notably written by Richard Hakluyt,  Anthony Jenkinson and the Shirley Brothers.

The “unreliable narrator” is of high significance among the modern narrative issues, that is a person due to the restricted knowledge and having no enough information, memory and Alzheimer disorders, psychosis, no attention to the grammatical signs in narrating events, speech and behavior contradiction, fear and doubt, as well as prejudice narrate those events which are incredible. Through the descriptive-analytical approach, the proposed research compares novels “Quabis Beirut” written by Ghadat-al-Saman, the Syrian author, and “Prince Ehtejab” written by Houshang Golshiri, the Iranian author, based on the components of unreliable narrator. The results indicate that the narrators of both novels are psychotic and disturbed, and this psychosis is more evident in the novel “Quabis Beirut” and the nightmare title of this novel is a clear reason itself for undesired mental state of its narrator. Both narrators have less information about the events; therefore, they regularly use the word "maybe" in their speech, and even when using the word "for sure", the sentences’ context implies their uncertainty. Both narrators are permanently in fear and hesitation states and transmit it to their reader. Memory disorder, uncalled-for repetitions, as well as speech and behavior contradiction have invalidated their narration, of course, the narrator’ non-reliability in Prince Ehtejab was prominent more with another factor called his prejudice against the Qajar dynasty, which prevented some reports being impartially presented.

Attar has shown everyone the experience of love, self-discovery, self-knowledge and divine knowledge in his books. He knows the path to perfection by passing through asking stage, love, knowledge, independence, monotheism, astonishment, poverty, and mortality. He guarantees perfection and reaching the source of love for human beings by self-knowledge and showing the different dimensions of human. Maslow is trying to introduce self-actual human by defining levels for human needs. Attar tries to fill the cup of existence with pure wine and doesnt neglect his own society. According to the expression of human demands for the language of birds in Manteq ul-tayr and princes in Elahinameh, the comparative-analytical investigation of Maslow the need theory and two books of Elahinameh and Manteq ul-tayr will tell us more about Attars science and personality. Attar, after his experiences and Achieving perfection, lead his community to grow in all dimensions, consciously. By studying successful people, Maslow is also looking for a quantitative concept for the perfect human. Attars poems are his practical and theoretical diagram of growing needs.

Critical realism,as a branch of the literary school of realism,seeks to convey objective and accurate experiences of reality to the reader by looking at the social problems of man in the new age,and to criticize the prevailing situation in society with a reformist attitude. Samuel Shimon In his first novel,“An Iraqi in Paris”,was able to gain a special place in the field of fiction in Arabic literature;Reza Ghasemi is one of the most prominent novelists of Persian literature that wrote the novel“Nocturnal Harmony”.Both novels reflect the realities of their society and the phenomenon of migration.The purpose of this study is investigate the harmful challenges of the migration phenomenon.In this research,by examining the components of immigration literature from the perspective of critical realism based on description and analysis in the context of the American comparative school, two novels are examined.The results of the research show:Doubt in the basis of insider culture and cultural contradiction in the novel"Nocturnal Harmony"is more prominent than the novel"An Iraqi in Paris" but this is manifested in both novels in the form of alienation.In both novels, critically reviewing the past,while criticizing the political and social conditions prevailing in their society,the way of teaching some religious and cultural teachings has also been criticized.The challenges of immigration are manifested in both novels in the form of disappearance,identity crisis, homelessness and insecurity,but the author has a positive view of the future in the novel"An Iraqi in Paris",but in the novel" Nocturnal Harmony"the authors view is hopeless.