Journal of adolescent and youth psychological studies
Volume:1 Issue: 1, 2020

Self-efficacy is the person's judgment of one's abilities and ensuring that one has individual abilities. People with higher self-efficacy have better mindfulness and self-awareness and set higher goals and adopt more desirable behavior by emotion regulation and achieve more success in various fields such as education. This study is descriptive-analytical. This study has the general purpose of determining and comparing the level of mindfulness and self-knowledge with emotional self-regulation and self-efficacy in the first semester and last semester undergraduate students studying at Shahid Beheshti University in the academic year of 2015-2016.  

This research is designed based on the hypothesis that there is a difference between emotion regulation and self-efficacy. The statistical population of the present study includes all undergraduate students entering the new academic year 2015 (1420 people) and final year undergraduate students (1660 people). Accordingly, the statistical sample of the study included 302 new students and 312 final year students with a mean age of 20.45 (standard deviation of 1.92). It was calculated based on Cochran's formula and selected by random sampling. The research tools included Awareness Scale, Cohesive Self-Knowledge, Emotion Regulation, and Sherer Self-Efficacy. And data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of variance.  

The results indicated that there was a significant difference between self-knowledge, emotion regulation, and self-efficacy in the first semester and last semester students (P=0.01), but there was no difference in the variable of mindfulness among students (P>0.05).  

The results show that by improving emotion regulation as well as better self-awareness, a person will have higher self-efficacy

This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based education on reducing the signs and symptoms of social phobia in adolescent girls.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all female students in district 1 of Tehran who are studying in high school in the academic year of 2015-2016. After the examination of the study population, first, by preparing a list of high schools for girls in district one of Tehran, three schools were selected by random cluster sampling. And then, a social phobia questionnaire was administered among the students, and the students who scored higher (according to the clinical cut-off point criterion) in this test were selected as a research sample of 30 people using a random sampling method. And they were placed in two study and control groups with 15 people in each group. After implementing a social phobia questionnaire on both control and study groups, the members of the study group participated in mindfulness training sessions for 8 sessions and 90 minutes each session. None of the members of the control group participated in mindfulness training sessions. At the end of the training course, the social phobia questionnaire was administered again to both groups. The data obtained from pre-test-post-test were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance using Spss-23 software.

The results showed that mindfulness training reduced the  subscales of fear (P=0.001, F=25.80), (P=0.001, F=18.27) avoidance and physiological distress (P=0.001, F=21.96).

Because mindfulness training is effective in reducing phobic signs and symptoms; This type of  training can be used to reduce the signs and symptoms of social phobia in adolescents.

The present study investigated the relationship between maladaptive schemas, perfectionism, and self-expression with a tendency to substance abuse in students.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study, and the statistical population included all students of Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, in 2015. The statistical population included 8754 people, in which 360 people were selected using stratified random sampling method and based on the Morgan table. Then, they were examined by the questionnaire of Jung (1990) maladaptive schemas, Frost (1990) perfectionism, Gay self-expression (1975), and Substance abuse trend questionnaire of Farhad et al. (2006).

Findings showed that there is a positive relationship between early maladaptive schemas with a tendency to substance abuse and perfectionism, and there is a significant negative relationship between self-expression and a tendency to substance abuse among students. Regression coefficients also showed that the variable of perfectionism with a beta coefficient of 0.34, the variable of early maladaptive schemas in the field of disturbed constraint with a beta coefficient of 0.29, and the variable of early maladaptive schemas in terms of disconnection and exclusion with a beta coefficient of 0.24 can positively predict students' tendency to substance abuse. And the variable of self-expression with a beta coefficient of 0.19 can negatively and significantly predict students' tendency to substance abuse.

The results showed that the variables of perfectionism, early maladaptive schemas in the field of disrupted constraints, early maladaptive schemas in the field of disconnection and exclusion can predict the tendency to drug abuse.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy on reducing smoking and increasing student happiness.  

The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. From the statistical population of students of the Faculty of Arts, Azad University, Tehran Branch, a sample of 24 people was randomly selected and placed into two groups of 12 people. They were placed in the study and control groups with random assignment. The study group received mindfulness training for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Individuals in both groups implemented the Oxford (1989) Happiness Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom (1989) Smoking Questionnaire before and after the intervention, and the collected data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance.  

This study showed that there was a significant difference between the study and control groups in terms of reducing smoking (P = 0.02) and increasing happiness (P = 0.03). But the results did not show a significant difference in the difference between male and female students in reducing smoking and increasing happiness.  

The results of this study showed that the training of mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy has been effective in reducing smoking and increasing students' happiness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of academic achievement anxiety, academic burnout and academic procrastination students.  

The statistical population of this study consisted of 2990 male and female students of the sixth and seventh grades of Varamin city in the academic year of 2017 who were randomly selected from cluster of 8 schools and selected by random sampling from the sixth and seventh grades according to the number of sixth grade students 1510 students) and the seventh grade (1480 students) were sampled for 306 students per academic year and a total of 612 students from each of the two bases were selected as sample size. They were then asked to answer the Alert and Haber Academic Achievement Anxiety Inventory (1960), Rudder Educational Injury (1390), and Academic Burnout Questionnaire (Brosu et al., 1997). The data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, regression and the mean difference between the two groups of girls and boys and the sixth and seventh bases, using multivariate analysis of variance.

In analyzing the anxiety regression, academic achievement with a standard beta score of 0.16 and academic procrastination with a beta of 0.19 had a significant predictive effect on academic burnout (P <0.01). The results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups of students in the sixth grade and the seventh grade, with academic achievement anxiety, educational upheaval and academic burnout (p <0.01). Also, there were significant differences between academic achievement anxiety and academic procrastination (p <0.01) between male and female students, but there was no significant difference between students 'and students' educational burnout (p <0.01).  

The findings of this study showed that there is a positive correlation between academic burnout and academic achievement anxiety and there is a significant negative relationship between academic achievement anxiety and academic achievement anxiety among students.

The present study aimed to investigate the roles of parenting styles in predicting behavioral problems in adolescents in Isfahan.  

In the present descriptive-analytical study, we selected 120 mothers with adolescent children who visited counseling centers in Isfahan from November to February 2019 using purposive sampling, and they responded to Baumrind Parenting Style Inventory (1973) and the Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (parental form). We analyzed data using multiple regression and correlation coefficients.  

The results indicated that there were significant negative relationships between isolation/depression and aggressive behavior with a permissive parenting style, and between social problems and rule-breaking behavior with an authoritarian parenting style. The permissive parenting style could predict isolation/depression (P=0.05) and aggressive behavior (P=0.01). The authoritarian parenting style also predicted social problems (P=0.01) and rule-breaking behavior (P=0.01), and the authoritative parenting style predicted aggressive behavior (P=0.05).  

The results indicated that permissive and authoritarian parenting styles led to more psychological feedback of adolescents with isolation/depression problems, social problems, rule-breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior.

This study was aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and creativity with shyness in high school girls.  

 The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the research design was correlational. Among the adolescent high school girls in Saveh city who were studying in the academic year of 2015-2016, a statistical sample of 150 students was selected by cluster random sampling. The tools of this study were King's Spiritual Intelligence Scale, Abedi Creativity Questionnaire, and Samui Shyness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method and simple linear regression model.  

The results showed that there was a positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and creativity with a correlation coefficient (r = 0.207 and P = 0.05). And there is a significant negative relationship between spiritual intelligence and shyness with a correlation coefficient (r = -0.181 and 0.05) and between shyness and creativity with the obtained correlation coefficient (r = -0.164 and P = 0.05). Regression analysis also showed that spiritual intelligence and creativity predict shyness in students.  

Findings showed that the component of transcendent awareness was effective in predicting shyness among students.

This study was aimed to design software for attention bias modification and its effectiveness on students' emotion regulation.  

 The method of this research was a quasi-experimental method in the form of a pre-test-post-test design with a control group.  The software was designed and built by the researchers. The statistical population consisted of all students of the Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences of Iran University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 1996-97. Randomized to four experimental groups, each consisting of 15 subjects and a control group of 15 individuals. The experimental groups were divided into four groups: the first group played a positive face selection game among other facial emotions. The second group played the game of choosing positive images from other images in the field of animated and inanimate nature. The third group had to choose a word with a positive meaning from neutral words. The fourth group played a combination of all three groups above.  Gross and John's (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using mixed analysis of variance.  

The results showed that the designed software had sufficient content and differential validity and the results suggest that the use of facial expressions, words, combined group and animated and inanimate images on emotion regulation was more than the control group. This difference was also significant at the follow-up stage.  

the largest increase in emotion regulation was related to the use of facial expression images.

The purpose of this study is to teach parenting styles to mothers in improving the responsibility of adolescent girls.  

The present study is quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a randomly assigned control group that among the mothers of female high school students referred to the Education Counseling Center of Tehran district 4, a sample of 40 mothers of these students were randomly placed in two study and control groups (20 people). And the study group was exposed to an independent variable parenting styles training. Before performing therapeutic interventions on mothers, the daughters of both groups of these mothers completed the Nemati & Karami (2007) responsibility questionnaire, and after 7 sessions of 90 minutes, the girls of both groups answered the responsibility questionnaire simultaneously. The data were analyzed using Spss-19 and analysis of covariance test.  

The results also showed that parenting styles' training to mothers increased the subscales of self-management, orderliness, regularity, trustworthiness, and conscientiousness in the study group (p <0.001). And it had little effect on the subscales of organization and progressiveness (p>0.05).  

The results showed that teaching parenting styles to mothers in the study group improved responsibility in the study sample so that the scores of responsibility.

This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of group counseling in the rational emotive behavior therapy of Albert Ellis on self-concept and social adjustment of high school students.  

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with study and control groups and pre-test and post-test, and the statistical population included 201 students of Shohada Hastei High School in the academic year of 2014-2015. Students who scored lower than the cut-off point on the Sarasota self-concept (1981) and the Bell Adjustment Inventory (1961) were identified. Then 30 students were selected by simple random sampling and were randomly divided into the study (15 students) and control (15 students) groups. The study group received the group counseling program of rational emotive behavior therapy for 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week and the control group did not receive any training. At the end of the group counseling sessions, both groups were retested. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance.  

The results showed that group counseling with the rational emotive behavior therapy of Ellis improved students' self-concept (P=0.001, F=22.02) and social adjustment (P=0.001, F=92.02).  

According to the results of the present study, it is recommended to counselors and psychologists in schools and universities pay more attention to the improvement of self-concept and social adjustment of adolescent students.

As the largest and most comprehensive exam in the Iranian educational system, the university entrance exam creates a competitive atmosphere among students. This atmosphere can be the source of one of the greatest anxieties that students experience during their studies. In the meantime, variables such as cognitive thinking styles and perfectionism concerning university entrance exam anxiety in students can be examined. So, this study is conducted to predict anxiety based on perfectionism and cognitive thinking styles in university entrance exam candidates in Kashan.

This is a descriptive - correlational study. The statistical population includes all university entrance exam candidates in the academic year 2018-2019 in Aran va Bidgol. The sample size is 120 university entrance exam candidates in Aran va Bidgol who are selected from high school students by convenient sampling. The study tools include the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), the Grasha-Reichmann Learning Style Scales (GRLSS), and the Sarason Test Anxiety Scale (TAS).

The results indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between total perfectionism and test anxiety (r = 0.46), between worry about mistake and test anxiety (r = 0.54), between doubts about actions and test anxiety (r = 0.44), and between parents' expectations and test anxiety (r = 0.20). Besides, there is no significant correlation between the total score of learning styles and test anxiety (r = 0.74), between independent learning and test anxiety (r = 0.59), and between competitive learning and test anxiety (r = 0.52).

According to the results, perfectionism on the subscales of worry about mistakes, doubts about actions, and parents' expectations predict test anxiety. The more perfectionist the person, the more test anxiety he/she experience. Moreover, learning styles on the subscales of competitive learning and independent learning does not predict test anxiety, indicating that learning styles do not affect test anxiety levels.

This study was aimed to investigate the role of emotional intelligence and positive thoughts of parents in the level of social anxiety in adolescent girls in Tehran.

This study is descriptive correlational. And the statistical population of female high school students in east of Tehran that were studying in the academic year of 2016-2017 was selected in the form of multi-stage cluster random sampling. And four girl's high schools were selected from the girl's high schools of the east, and a sample of 400 people was randomly selected. And the questionnaires of Schutte's Emotional Intelligence (1998), Positive Thinking Green et al (2004), and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (1987) were administered. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression coefficients.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between positive thinking score and total emotional intelligence score and emotional evaluation subscale (P=0.01), Also, there is a significant negative relationship between social anxiety and the total score of emotional intelligence and positive thinking (P=0.01); Also, emotional intelligence and positive thinking have been able to significantly predict social anxiety (P=0.01).

The results indicated that high levels of emotional intelligence and mothers' positive thoughts increases social anxiety in adolescent girls.

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of online courses in specialized webinars of educational groups in North Khorasan education.

This research was conducted using a survey method, and the statistical population of this research is 180 online course teachers. A statistical sample of 118 people was selected based on the table of Krejecie and Morgan. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was done on two levels (descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test).

The results of the research showed that content elements, page design, organization of educational materials, flexibility, workload, and evaluation methods affect the effectiveness of online education. It significantly affects the specialized webinars of educational groups in the education and training of North Khorasan. In addition, the elements of teaching-learning activities, providing feedback, helping the participants and the ability to motivate the participants are insignificant. These elements are at an average level of effectiveness.

  Prioritization with TOPSIS showed that educational content, organization of educational materials, assistance, flexibility, motivation, appropriate volume, evaluation methods, teaching-learning activities, appropriate design of pages, and feedback are influential factors for online education.

Given the importance of decision making and the sensitivity of this issue in stock exchange trading, this study aimed to predict decision-making styles based on behavioral brain systems; The mediating role of self-differentiation in stock exchange traders.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population included all stock exchange traders of Tehran city Stock Exchange in the Jan-March2020. Participants were 165 cases after deleting invalid questionnaires. Participants selected by convenience method and completed questionnaires of decision-making styles (Scaht & Borus, 1995), behavioral brain systems (Carver & Whight, 1994), and self-differentiation (Scorn & Freelander, 2003). Data analysis in this study was performed by multivariate regression analysis and path analysis.

 The results showed that the effect of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation was significant on self-differentiation and behavioral activation had a positive and stronger effect (0.92). Self-ditermination had a significant effect on intuitive, logical and dependent decision-making styles of 0.40, 0.70 and -0.92, respectively. The strongest effect was seen in the dependent decision-making style, which was negative and significant.

Thus, the mediating role of self-differentiation between decision-making styles and behavioral brain systems was confirmed

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of PEX educational therapy method in reducing attention deficit symptoms and reducing behavioral problems of adolescents with autism.

This research was conducted in a quasi-experimental way, and the statistical population of this research included teenagers with autism from autism centers in areas 2 and 5 of Tehran. In the form of random cluster sampling, first, a list of autism centers was prepared, two centers were selected randomly, and the Gilliam (Garz) autism rating scale was implemented. Those who scored between 121 and 130 were among them. Also, 40 people with higher scores in attention deficit and behavioral problems questionnaires were selected and randomly replaced into 2 groups, 20 people in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. A short diagnostic questionnaire of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Achenbach's behavioral inventory was used to measure the variables, and multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

The results indicated that, in general, the PEX educational method was effective on the symptoms of attention deficit and behavioral problems of children with autism with coefficients of 0.45 and 0.54, respectively; also, this intervention is one of the components of behavioral problems have been effective in isolation/depression, social problems, attention problems, and aggressive behavior with coefficients of 0.40, 0.22, 0.32 and 0.22, respectively. Also, this therapeutic intervention, among the components of attention deficit symptoms, respectively, has been effective on attention-deficit/memory problems and restlessness/hyperactivity with coefficients of 0.60 and 0.59.

Therefore, it is concluded that PEX educational therapy method effectively reduces attention deficit symptoms and behavioral problems of adolescents with autism.

entrance exam as a social phenomenon affects the psychological and economic conditions of families. The aim of the present study was the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on negative spontaneous thoughts and avoidance coping strategies and perceived stress of entrance exam candidates with physical symptoms.

The present research method was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study was made up of all the female entrance exam candidates under the supervision and follow-up of the academic advisors of Talesh counseling centers, and 30 people were selected from among them using available sampling method. This number was divided between the intervention group of mindfulness-based therapy (15 people) based on the therapeutic protocol of Kalapiran et al. (2015) and the control group (15 people). Information was collected using Holon and Kendall's (1980) negative spontaneous thoughts questionnaires, Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) coping strategies, and Cohen, Kamark and Mermelstein's (1983) perceived stress. Also, mindfulness-based treatment intervention was used in 8 90 minutes sessions once a week based on the therapeutic protocol of Wolf & Serpa (2019). The data were analyzed using multi-way analysis of covariance test.

The result of data analysis showed that the treatment intervention based on mindfulness on negative spontaneous thoughts (F=34.70, P<0.001), negative perception of tension (F=20.10, P<0.001), positive perception of tension (F= 13.30, P< 0.001), emotion-oriented coping strategy (F=6.72, P=0.016) and problem-oriented coping strategy (F=4.86, P=0.038) was effective.

It can be concluded that the treatment interventions based on mindfulness are effective in negative spontaneous thoughts, coping strategies and perceived stress in entrance exam candidates with physical symptoms

Anger is a perfectly normal and usually useful emotion, but it can have adverse effects on interpersonal relationships if it is not properly managed. Rapid anger and loss of control can have devastating effects; hence, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of anger management training in improving emotional intelligence and ego-identity in adolescents.

The research design was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of implementation method with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. To this end, 30 members of the first-grade high school students were selected by the convenience sampling method using random assignment, and 15 students were assigned to the experimental group and 15 in the control group. The research tools included the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), and the Measure of Ego-identity Status by Adams and Bennion (1998). The experimental group underwent anger management training for 12 sessions per week and no intervention was performed for the control group. Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results indicated that there was not any significant difference between the experimental and control groups at the post-test stage in terms of emotional intelligence (F=0.06 and P>0.80), but there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of ego-identity (F=4.88 and P<0.03).

The results indicated that anger management training did not have any significant effect on emotional intelligence, and also the anger management training had a significant effect on ego-identity. Therefore, it is suggested that anger management training programs should be held at schools so that students can achieve the desired identity.

The period of adolescence and youth, which is associated with rapid physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral changes, is extremely important in the life span. The aim of the current research was to design an identity status model based on the parent-child (mother-child) relationship, locus of control and perfectionism.

The current research method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of students aged 18 to 35 studying in various fields of medicine, technical engineering, and basic sciences in universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology located in Tehran. A sample consisting of 365 male and female students was selected from this population using a multi-stage random sampling method. The research data were collected using the extended questionnaire of the objective assessment of the identity base of Bennion and Adams (1998), the parent-child relationship model questionnaire, the internal-external control scale of Rutter (1966), and the perfectionism questionnaire of Hill et al. (2004). The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique in Lisrel software.

The results showed that the control-orbit dimension only explains non-adaptive perfectionism (β=0.15, P<0.001) and its effect on other endogenous variables of the model is not significant. On the contrary, the free-orbit dimension on locus of control (β= 0.32, P< 0.001), unsuccessful identity (β=0.21, P<0.001), and maladaptive perfectionism (β=0.34, P< 0.001) was direct and significant and inverse on other endogenous variables. The results also showed that the locus of control had an inverse and significant effect on adaptive perfectionism (β=-0.71, P<0.001), and a direct and significant effect on maladaptive perfectionism (β=0.28, P<0.001). In addition, according to the results, the effect of non-adaptive perfectionism on unsuccessful identity was direct and significant (β=0.26, P<0.001), and the effect of adaptive perfectionism on successful identity was indirect and significant (β=-0.52, P<0.001).

It can be concluded that the model of identity status, based on parent-child relationship (mother-child), locus of control and perfectionism, was suitable.

Academic motivation is an important factor in determining the personal growth and academic achievement of students in universities, so the purpose of this study is to predict academic motivation based on academic adjustment and burnout in students of Islamic Azad University of Hamadan.

This research is descriptive-correlational in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. The statistical population includes all students of Hamadan Azad University in the academic year 1-1400, which is equal to 14,750 people; Multi-stage cluster sampling method and sample size using Tabachenik and Fidel (2007) formula equal to 106 people who were selected due to drop in subjects and caution equal to 110 people. The instruments of the present study included Frederick et al.'s (2004) Academic Achievement Questionnaire, Baker and Cyriac (1984) Academic Adjustment Questionnaire, and Bresso et al.'s (1997) Academic Burnout Questionnaire.

The results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between academic adjustment and academic motivation with correlation coefficient (r = 0.362) at a significance level of 99%; There is a significant and inverse relationship between burnout and academic achievement with the correlation coefficient (r = -0.284) at a significance level of 99% and also academic adjustment and burnout is able to predict students' academic achievement so that 17.9 The percentage of variance of students' academic motivation variable is explained by two variables: academic adjustment and academic burnout.

Therefore, according to the findings, it can be said that academic adjustment and academic burnout predict the academic motivation of students of the Islamic Azad University of Hamadan.

Compassion therapy is a treatment method derived from the third wave of psychotherapy about which little research has been conducted; hence, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of compassion-based therapy in improving mental health and internal coherence of young members of teams of psychological support messengers of the Red Crescent Youth Organization in Tehran in 2019.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all young members of the teams of messengers of psychological support of the Red Crescent Youth Organization of Tehran and they were selected by the convenience sampling method and were classified into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of compassion-based training and the control group waited for treatment during this period. The data collection method was based on the standard mental health questionnaire (Goldberg, 1972), and the Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987). The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method, and its value was 0.81 for the mental health questionnaire and above 0.72 for the Sense of Coherence Scale. Content validity was also used to test the validity of the questionnaire so that the questionnaires were approved by relevant experts. The analysis of data obtained from the questionnaires was performed via SPSS19 in descriptive and inferential sections (analysis of covariance).

The results indicated that compassion therapy was effective on "anxiety and insomnia", "social dysfunction", and "depression" of young people, while there was not any difference between the groups in terms of "physical symptoms". The results also indicated that compassion-based therapy increased the internal coherence of young people.

Compassion-based therapy as a new treatment is probably a good intervention option to increase internal coherence and mental health.

 Adolescent delinquency is a major problem of many societies, causing great concern of various institutions due to damages and losses on the lives of victims and delinquents and society on a larger scale. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict the tendency to high-risk behaviors based on psychological helplessness and distress tolerance in delinquent adolescents.

The present study had a descriptive and correlational design, and its statistical population consisted of all delinquent adolescents at the juvenile detention center of Shiraz in 2021. Among the statistical population, 100 delinquent adolescents were studied and selected by purposive sampling. The Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire (ARQ), The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale- 21 Items (DASS-21), and Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) were used to collect data. After collecting and extracting data, participants' scores were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis.

The results indicated a significant positive correlation between psychological helplessness and high-risk behaviors in delinquent adolescents (P=0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between distress tolerance and tendency to high-risk behavior in delinquent adolescents (P=0.01). The results also indicated that psychological distress with a beta coefficient of 0.14 and distress tolerance with a beta coefficient of -0.17 could predict high-risk behavior in adolescents (P=0.01).

Psychological helplessness and distress tolerance could predict the tendency to high-risk behavior in delinquent adolescents

The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively emerging psychotherapy technique during which the patient focuses on the lateral movements of the clinician's fingers while keeping an image of the traumatic experience in the mind. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in improving generalized anxiety disorder in students.

The present quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all students studying in the second-grade secondary school of Tehran in 2019. Using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method, a sample of 24 individuals was selected and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The demographic variables questionnaire and general anxiety disorder-short form were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by SPSS-22, descriptive statistics, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in reducing generalized anxiety disorder and its components (P<0.05).

The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was effective in improving generalized anxiety disorder in students; hence, it was effective in improving such disorders.

Social anxiety is associated with various variables such as mindfulness. Given the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program in improving clinical problems, psychological symptoms, and quality of life of people with social anxiety, and the importance of addressing this variable in their lives, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program in improving mindfulness and assertiveness in students with social anxiety.

The research was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all female students of Islamic Azad University of Kashan and 30 of them, who were suffering from social anxiety according to the social phobia inventory (SPI) by Conveyor (2000), were selected by the purposive sampling method, and 15 individuals were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction program training. The research tools included the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (2006), and the Gambrill and Richey Assertion Inventory (1975) which were implemented at two stages of before the research and after the sessions. The analysis of covariance and SPSS22 were used to analyze data.

The results of statistical analyses indicated that the level of mindfulness (P<0.05, and F=7.401) and assertiveness (P<0.05 and F=12.586) of the students had a statistically acceptable increase.

According to the results, mindfulness-based stress reduction training increased and improved mindfulness and assertiveness in students with social anxiety.

Youth marriage has become one of the main challenges of Iranian society nowadays. Young people avoid getting married for various reasons, and the phenomenon of delay in marriage age has become a problem. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on the fear of marriage among single boys.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The sample was purposefully selected from single boys over 35 years old in Tehran. According to a public call to participate in the study, 28 single boys answered the questionnaire of fear of marriage Samiei, Yousefi, and Neshat Doost (2013). Among these participants, 24 boys were selected and randomly replaced in two schematic therapy groups, including the study group (12 boys) and the control group (12 boys). The study group received eight 90-minute sessions of Young, Klosko, and Weishaar's (2003) schema therapy intervention, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance.

The findings indicated the effect of schema therapy intervention on fear of marriage (F = 11.10, P = 0.003).

The results of this study indicate evidence that schema therapy training is a suitable method to reduce fear of marriage.

The issue of sports participation has been one of the main concerns of physical education planners for a long time. With the spread of desk jobs and mass media and virtual social networks that encourage people to be inactive, this need is felt more than ever; Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of facilitating work-leisure sports on job satisfaction and satisfaction with sports leisure time.

The current research is a descriptive research of the correlation type and based on structural equation modeling, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered a part of applied research. The data of this research was collected in the field and using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the employees of Tehran Province Telecommunication Company, whose number is equal to 2610, and the statistical sample was selected based on Cochran's formula of 335 people and available. In this research, Liang et al.'s (2018) work facilitation-leisure time questionnaires, Kaman et al.'s (1990) job satisfaction, and Baird and Ragheb's (1983) leisure time satisfaction questionnaires were used. In addition to descriptive statistics indicators, Kolmogorov Smirnov test and structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach were used. Data analysis tools are SPSS and SmartPLS software.

The results showed that work-leisure facilitation has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction and leisure time satisfaction at the level of 0.05. Facilitating work-leisure time does not have a significant effect on job satisfaction.

Considering the significant positive impact of facilitating work-leisure time on job satisfaction, it is suggested that the telecommunication managers of Tehran province should be notified of leisure time programs during working hours as a directive for all provincial offices.

 Recent researches list various factors to understand the behavior of sports fans, which include motivation, satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, the aim of the research was to investigate the nostalgia of sports tourism with the approach of modeling at the individual level of nostalgia through the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the spectators of the premier football league.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and its statistical population was all the spectators present at the home games of the football teams of the Iranian premier league (N= 500,000). The statistical sample for the individual level model was randomly selected from among all the spectators present at the home games of the football teams of Iran's premier football league, and 518 completed questionnaires were returned. The data collection tool was the revised questionnaire of Chu (2014). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 experts in the field of sports management. The reliability of questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for nostalgia questionnaire α=0.93, attitude α=0.91, behavioral intentions α=0.89. For data analysis, SPSS 20 software package was used to perform descriptive statistics and Lisrel version 0.9 to perform inferential statistics (CFA, SEM). CFA results showed that all the components in the model were confirmed.

SEM results showed that nostalgia and its components have a significant effect on the audience's attitude and behavioral intentions in the individual level model (Sig<0.05). Nostalgia and its components have a significant relationship with the audience's attitude and behavioral intentions in the individual level model (Sig < 0.05). Attitude did not have a significant mediating role in the relationship between nostalgia and behavioral intentions of the audience at the level of the individual model.

According to the results of the research, it can be suggested to sports marketers that by inviting old and legendary players to matches and using them in advertisements, they evoke a sense of nostalgia and strengthen people's attitudes. With this approach, it can be predicted that the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the audience will increase.

In the current high-risk situation, it is essential to identify children and adolescents prone to psychological disorders at different classes of society with mental health endangered by parental grief to maintain their mental health using appropriate psychological strategies and techniques. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of Parental grief due to COVID-19 on the mental health of children and adolescents in Tehran (case study).

The research was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. Its statistical population consisted of parents, children, and adolescents in Tehran in the spring and summer of 2020. The sample size of the study was equal to 50 people who were selected voluntarily. The research tools included the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist (HGRC) (2001), and Goldberg-Hill Mental Health Questionnaire (1972). Data were analyzed by regression analysis and SPSS23.

The results indicated that parental grief due to COVID-19 and each of its components, namely frustration, panic behavior, blame and anger, isolation, confusion, and personal growth of children and adolescents had significant effects. Therefore, each dimension of Parental grief, namely confusion, personal growth, blame and anger, panic behavior, isolation, and frustration were respectively the best predictors of the dependent variable (criterion), namely the mental health of children and adolescents.

In the current high-risk situation, it is essential to identify children and adolescents prone to psychological disorders at different classes of society with mental health endangered by Parental grief to maintain their mental health using appropriate psychological strategies and techniques.

Studies indicate that there is a relationship between family and psychological characteristics of individuals with the type of Internet use. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of family characteristics, mental health, and emotion regulation strategies in predicting Internet addiction.

The present study was descriptive-correlational and its statistical population consisted of students at Shahid Beheshti University. It selected 375 students (195 females and 180 males) by stratified random sampling. The variables were examined by the following tools respectively: The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III (FACES-III), The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS). The problematic Internet use includes subscales, namely mood regulation, social productivity, forced use, double time, isolation syndrome, and interpersonal comfort.

The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression indicated that family cohesion predicted mood regulation, social productivity, forced use, double time, and isolation syndrome. Anxiety/depression predicted mood regulation, social productivity, double time, forced use, and isolation syndrome. Furthermore, social dysfunction predicted social functioning. The catastrophizing strategy predicted mood regulation, social productivity, forced use, and isolation syndrome. The self-blame strategy predicted double time.

The problematic Internet use was significantly affected by family and psychological characteristics.

Early conceptualizations of anxiety indicate that maladaptive cognitions cause and maintain anxiety disorders so that anxious people show bias in processing information, prefer to pay attention to threatening stimuli, and interpret emotional ambiguity in a threatening direction. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness training-attention bias modification in reducing anxiety symptoms.

The current research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, and a control group. The statistical population consisted of experimental and control groups of students at the University of Kurdistan; hence, 31 students were selected by convenience sampling through recall and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Before and after the intervention, the participants responded to the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, as well as the dot-probe test.

The analysis of results using the repeated measures univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant effect of the intervention and showed that the combined treatment of cognitive bias modification with mindfulness training reduced anxiety scores (beck, state, trait), and also reduced attention bias towards the threat.

The results indicated that mindfulness- attention bias modification in the present study had the necessary efficiency to reduce social anxiety; hence, the therapy was effective.