نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 132 (پاییز 1400)

Increased drought to maintain the water potential in plant causes a reduction in diameter of Xylem vascular bundles (Majd et al., 2009). Xylem vascular bundles area decreases in different conditions leading to water stress in order to improve irrigation efficiency and to maintain plant water potential (Limouchi & Farahvash, 2014). Stresses can decrease vascular bundles area and diameter to improve water use efficiency and to reduce transpiration, while these traits are positively and significantly correlated to grain yield (Limouchi, et al., 2013). Water shortage for rice leads to a reduction in the value of anatomical traits effective in water retention and movement such as vascular bundles to maintain the amount of water in rice (Dawood, 2016). This study aimed to identify the tolerance and sensitivity mechanisms to drought in different irrigation intervals in order to increase grain yield by examining changes in anatomical characteristics of leaf stamen.

This study was performed by split-split plots using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khuzestan province with the aim of determining the best Planting pattern and Hormone Treatment of rice cultivation in two years (2018 and 2019). Three planting methods (planting drying, planting seedlings, planting direct or common), 16 different levels of auxin and salicylic acid hormones in the form of seed priming and different leaf spray treatments with 1 and 2 liters per hectare and different spraying times in the tillering stages and The appearance of panicle on different rice genotypes was investigated.

The combined analysis results showed that in addition to the interaction effect of planting method in hormone traits, the level of large vascular bundles in other cases, the main and interaction effects of traits, there is a significant difference in the level of probability of one percent. The highest level of vascular groups in seedling cultivation was obtained due to optimal management and priming with auxin and salicylic acid due to the greatest effect on the plant. Also, the level of these traits was lower in genotypes with higher resistance, which can be one of the main mechanisms of the plant in terms of increasing adaptability and maintaining more water potential within the plant under stress conditions. Finally, the highest levels of large and small vascular panicle with mean 12348 and 1928.792 micrometers were obtained in IR 80508-B-194-3-B genotypes and red spider in the said treatments, respectively. The surface of large vascular bundles had the highest positive and significant correlation (0.124**) with grain yield in terms of its high level in water and food transfer. The obtained results can be one of the main goals in breeding research and modification of cultivars with higher resistance to salinity conditions under the influence of different hormonal treatments and planting patterns.

The results of this study showed that an increase in Hormone and irrigation intervals and thus increased drought had reduced vascular bundles area, which can be a mechanism to maintain water and cells turgidity pressure.Keywords: salinity stress, Rice, Vascular, Planting pattern, Hormone, Priming, Leaf.References:Dawood, M.G. 2016. Influence of osmoregulators on plant tolerance to water stress. Scientia Agriculturae, 13 (1): 42-58. Limouchi, K. 2013. Effect of Different Planting Dates on the Anatomy of the Flag Leaf and Grain Yield of Rice Varieties in the Khuzestan Region, Iran. International Journal of Biology, 2 (2): 19-27. (in Persian with English abstract).Limouchi, K., and Farahvash, F. 2014. Effect of different planting dates on anatomy of the peduncle and grain yield of rice varieties in the north Khuzestan region. India Journal of Sciences Research and Technoloji, 2 (2): 99-103. (in Persian with English abstract).Majd, A., Jonobi, P., and Zanipour, M. 2009. Effects of drought stress on anatomical structure of the sunflower plant. Developmental Biology, 1 (4): 11-24.

Microorganisms that live inside plant tissues, termed endophytes, may offer benefits to their host affected to biotic and abiotic stress conditions including extreme temperatures (Card et al., 2016). Characterized endophytic strains which show no host specificity could be transferred from their original wild plant hosts into elite cultivars through different method of inoculation. Fungal endophyte of Pseudogymnoascus pannorum. is a psychotolerant fungus resistance to frosting temperature and associated with plants grown in the arctic regions. The association of a strain of Pseudogymnoascus pannorum which has been previously isolated from a wild turnip was investigated with five oilseed rape hybrids in this study (Roodi, 2019). Seeds of five oilseed rape hybrids were surface-disinfected and inoculated by immersing in spore suspension of the fungus. Seeds were then transferred to pots and placed in a glasshouse in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The colonization frequencies of brassica seedlings inoculated with fungal endophyte was assessed at two vegetative plant growth stages. This was done by plating the 15 small piece of disinfected tissue of stem of each hybrids in a Perti dish with Potato Dextrose Agar medium. Petri plates were incubated at 22˚C and checked regularly for microbial growth. The colonization tissue frequency of each hybrid calculated and data statically analysed. The penetration of fungal hyphae was also studied by a light microscope. The results from re-isolation of fungal endophyte from inoculated oilseed rape hybrids demonstrated that the fungal endophyte of Pseudogymnoascus pannorum colonized shoot tissues of all five hybrids studied and establish a close association with all oilseed rape hybrids. The analysis of variance of colonization tissue frequency showed that there is no significant difference between hybrids. The highest and lowest colonization rate was belonging to hybrid Turan and Ladoga with 19.96 and 18.81 percent respectively. The visual observation of inoculated plants showed that the endophytes does not induce any disease symptoms or change in plant growth and development of brassica plants. Control plants were not infected with the fungal endophyte. Although the origin host of the fungal endophyte was a wild turnip of Brassica rapa species, the result from inoculation indicates that this strain shows no host specificity. This is consistence with the result of another study that showed a strain of Beauveria bassiana isolated from another host can colonize other species such as oilseed rape (Vidal & Jaber, 2015). However, there was a significant difference between rates of colonization at two different growth stages. The mean colonization frequency at one and three-leaf stage was statically compared with t-student (unpaired group) witch was significantly different (99%). The mean colonization rate of hybrids was 17.77 and 20.48 percent at one and three-leaf stage respectively. Microscopic study of stem tissues also illustrated that the hyphae of fungus penetrate inside the epidermal layer of stem tissue.In this study we demonstrated that a specific strain of Pseudogymnoascus pannorum is able to colonize the areal parts of oilseed rape hybrids and establish a close association. This genus of fungus is an endophyte with psychotolerant properties that occupies plant grown in arctic regions. The results from this study can be used for further investigations on symbiosis benefits of this association especially to study the induction of resistance of oilseed rape to environmental stresses such as frosting and plant growth enhancement. Acknowledgment:This study was supported by Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Iran, Massey University and AgResearch Ltd. (Grasslands campus), Grasslanz Technology and Ellet Trust foundation, New Zealand. Keywords:Key words: Canola, seed inoculation, endophytic association, host specificityReferences:1- Card SD, Hume DE, Roodi D, McGill CR, Millner JP & Johnson RD (2015) Beneficial endophytic microorganisms of Brassica – A review. Biol Control 90: 102-112.2- Roodi D, Millner JP, McGill CR, Johnson RD & Card SD (2019) Bio-prospecting of endophytes of Brassica. PhD dessertation. Faculty of plant science, Massey University. Palmerston North. New Zealand. Pp.161.3- Vidal S & Jaber LR (2015) Entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes: plant-endophyte-herbivore interactions and prospects for use in biological control. Curr Sci 45-54.

wheat is the most important crop in the world that human consumes 90% of its products directly. In Iran, wheat is the main crop grown in both irrigated and rainfed forms. According to available statistics, the average area under wheat cultivation is 6 million hectares, of which 3.8 million hectares have been allocated to dry lands. In these lands, water scarcity is the most important factor in reducing wheat yield. On the other hand, the use of chemical fertilizers in such areas to provide the nutrients needed by plants always causes environmental destructive effects. Therefore, it is necessary to study and apply renewable resources and inputs that maximize crop productivity and reduce environmental hazards. Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the beneficial microorganisms that are able to activate symbiotic relationships with the majority of land plants. AM symbiosis has a positive influence on plant growth, which is mainly attributable to the ability of AM fungi to take up from the soil both water and nutrients especially phosphorous (P), and to a lesser extent nitrogen (N) and deliver them to the roots of its host, and also to enhance the health of its host by protecting it from pathogens, pests, and parasitic plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of phosphorous chemical fertilizer and symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi on yield and yield components of different cultivars of durum wheat under rainfed conditions of Ilam.

This experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarableh Agricultural Research station (33° 45´ N latitude, 34° 46´ E longitude, and around 975 m above sea level) during growing season 2018-2019. Experiment factors consisted of four cultivars of durum wheat (Dehdasht, Zahab, Savarz and Saji) and five levels of fertilizer source (control, 25 and 50 kg.ha-1 P, mycorrhizal fungi (GM), mycorrhizal fungi + 25 kg.ha-1 P). Studied traits were plant height, spike length, spike weight, spikes.m-2, no. of spikelet per spike, no. of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using SAS version 9.1.

The results indicated that the simple effect of fertilizer sources on all of traits including plant height, spike length, spike weight, spikes.m-2, no. of spikelet per spike, no. of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index was significantly. So that, treatment of mycorrhizal fungi + 25 kg.ha-1 P had the highest influence at increasing studied traits among other treatments. The results also showed that Saji and Zahab cultivars showed more resistance to drought stress than other cultivars and had the better yield. The interaction effect of cultivars and fertilizer sources revealed that the combined use of phosphorous fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi had better results compared to their use alone. So that, the highest yield of durum wheat with 4238 kg.ha-1 was obtained at Saji cultivar along with application of mycorrhizal fungi + 25 kg.ha-1 P. Generally, it is concluded that application of mycorrhizal and phosphorous fertilizer increased yield and yield components due to their roles in root growth and phosphorous uptake.

The use of biofertilizer technology is especially important for the management of soil phosphorous in soils with a lack of phosphorous and soil moisture. The results of this study showed that in rainfed cultivation, the use of phosphorous fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi can have a positive effect on increasing the yield of durum wheat due to their role in increasing the plant root system and thus more water absorption and nutrients. However, the results of this study clearly indicated that the combined use of phosphorous fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi had better results compared to their use alone. So that, the highest of spike weight, no. of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biomass yield obtained at Saji cultivar along with application of mycorrhizal fungi + 25 kg.ha-1 P and the lowest value these traits recorded in Savarz cultivar along with control treatment.

Wheat, as one of the main constituents in ensuring food security, provides 20% of the total calories and protein of the world's population. In this regard, recognizing and studying physiological growth indices is very important in analyzing the factors that affect yield and its components. This can aid in determining plant growth stages and evaluating and crop production (Soleymani Fard et al., 2011). Although RGR is the main indicator of growth and determines dry matter accumulation and ultimate yield, its components including NAR, LAR, LWR and SLA appear to be better choice under extreme stress than RGR.

This experiment was counducted to study the growth indices and their relationships with the yield of promising bread wheat lines during the 2018-19 cropping year at the Agricultural Research Station of West islamabad, under two separate irrigation and rainfed conditions. The studied genotypes included 9 advanced bread wheat lines along with the two top cultivars, namely, Pishgam and Baharan as a control, which were selected and assessed in a completely randomized block design. Leaf surface was measured using a scanner and ImageJ and Photoshop software packages. The samples were separated into leaves, stems and spikes and their dry weight was calculated after being placed in an oven at 72 °C for 48 hours. Thousand kernel weight was measured by an electronic scale with an accuracy of one thousandth of a gram. Data analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and graphs were also drawn using excel software.

Based on the test results, the rainfed condition decreased grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, thousand kernel weight and harvest index in all lines by 25%, 21%, 19%, 13% and 4% compared to the irrigation condition, respectively. Based on the positive and significant correlation of grain yield performance under the irrigation conditions against the rainfed conditions (r= +0.782**), high yield potential can be an important factor in selecting drought tolerant cultivars, but this factor alone is not enough and due to its correlation with the growth indices, the latter can be used in this regard. LAR and SLA indices showed a positive and significant correlation with grain yield under the irrigation condition and at the sensitive developmental stages including heading (r=+0.663* and r=+0.608*) and 10 days after anthesis (r=+0.704* and r=+0.673*). Under the rainfed condition, a positive and significant relationship (r=+0.647*) was observed between LAR and grain yield in the last stage of sampling. There was a positive and significant relationship between RGR and NAR, biological yield and straw yield. RGR also showed a positive and significant relation with LWR (r=+0.640*) in the second stage of sampling. Among the components of RGR, NAR was the main and effective factor, which had a negative and non-significant correlation with LAR, so that the lines with higher LAR had lower NAR and therefore lower RGR. There was a positive and significant relationship between LAR components such as LWR and SLA with LAR. In general, among the RGR components (LAR and NAR), it can be said that the LAR index and among the LAR components (LWR and SLA), the SLA index, while having a positive and significant relationship with grain yield at the sensitive developmental stages, are considered as effective factors in grain yield. Consequently, it seems that these two parameters can be identified as important growth indicators related to grain yield.Keywords: Drought stress, Growth indices, Growth stage, WheatReferences:Kilic, H., Yagbasanlar, T. 2010. The effect of drought stress on grain yield, yield components and some quality traits of durum wheat (Triticum durum ssp. durum) cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca Journal, 38 (1):164-170.Soleymanifard, A., S.S. Pourdad, R.Naseri, and A. Mirzaei.2011.Effect of planting pattern onphonological characteristic and growth indices of safflower (carthamus tinctoriu L.) in rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of crop sciences.13(2):282-298. (In Persion with English Summary)Ghiasabadi, M. Khajeh-Hosseini, and Mohammad Abadi A, .2015 The study of Transplanting Date on Growth Analyses and Forage Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mashhad Conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research.12(1):137-145. (In Persion with English Summary).

forage grasses included a large group of annuals and perennials belonged to Poaceae in Iran and all over the world. In the many countries, these crops are used as grazing, haylage, silage and cultivated in mixed cultures with forage legumes. However, there are little utilization of these forages in Iran, although use of these crops has been initiated in recent decade. A preliminary characterization on of 280 accessions of forage grasses has been done. The object of this study is the estimation of forage yield and survey the relationships among agro-morphological traits and forage yield. Finally, it tries to identify and proposed the superior germplasms for utilization based on multivariate analysis procedures.

The research was conducted in two experiments, one for annuals (15 accessions), and the other for perennials (11 accessions) in a complete randomized block in two replicates in October in Mashhad. Annuals were planted in the second year too. Agro-morphological traits were evaluated according to standard descriptors. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, comparison of mean, correlations, factor analysis and cluster analysis.

Annuals: ANOVA showed significant differences for dry forage yield within accessions. Accessions 10TN00039, 14TN00072, and 14TN00091 as well as Broms diandrus showed the highest dray forage yield based on Duncan analysis. Whereas, all genus located in the same rank for this trait. Correlation analysis showed a positive significant relationship between dry forage yield with plant height and growth. Factor analysis indicated that 82.2% of community variance was explained by four first factors. Accessions with high forage production and low susceptibility to lodging were identified by produced bi-plot of factors 1 and 2. Cluster analysis grouped the materials in to 4 groups.Perennials: ANOVA showed significant differences for dry forage yield. Accession 12TN00012, species Phalaris tuberosa، Lolium persicum, and Festuca pratensis, and genus Phalaris showed the highest dray forage yield based on Duncan analysis. Correlation analysis showed a positive significant relationship between dry forage yield with NDVI and leaf area. Factor analysis indicated that 82.4% of community variance was explained by four first factors. Accessions with high forage production re-growth rate were identified by produced bi-plot of factors 1 and 2. Cluster analysis grouped the materials in to 3 groups.

The superior germplasms (high yielding) were proposed in both groups of annuals and perennials. In the annuals, the plant height can be used as estimator trait for forage yield; it can be proposed in the first cut for the perennials. However, NDVI can be used for this purpose in the both. Resulting bi-plot confirmed the comparison of means, however it showed other aspects of the germplasms that could not be identify by comparison of means. This finding is proposed to select superior accessions for utilization. Ultimately, the superior germplasms were proposed as following: in the annuals: 10TN00039(Bromus diandrus), 14TN00072 (Lolium rigidum), and 14TN0009 (L. rigidum); in the perennials: 12TN00012 (Phalaristuberosa) and 13TN00016 (Festuca pratensis).

Phosphorus is one of the essential elements in plants. In calcareous soils, the amount of available phosphorus is very low due to high pH, excessive levels of calcium carbonate, lack of organic matters, and also the insolubility of phosphate minerals under such conditions. Since a large amount of phosphorus fertilizer is constantly applied to the calcareous soils of Iran, identification of genotypes with efficient phosphorus uptake may help farmers to manage the application of chemical fertilizers. Phosphorus uptake efficient genotypes can be identified using different indices including tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI; Fernandez, 1992), abiotic tolerance index (ATI; Moosavi et al., 2008), stress susceptibility index (SSI), drought index (DI), harmonic mean (HARM) and modified stress tolerance indices (kiSTI_K1S and K2STI; Naderi et al., 2008). This study was conducted to screen tolerant oilseed sunflower pure lines for phosphorus deficiency stress with higher and efficient phosphorus uptake to develop an improved genetic population for farmers’ usage.

Ninety-five oilseed sunflower pure lines were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications under both optimal and deficiency conditions of absorbable phosphorus at the Urmia University research field during the 2015-2016 cropping season. This experiment was conducted in 15 kg plastic pots. Soil phosphorus concentration in phosphorus deficiency treatment was 7.240 mg.kg-1 while under optimal condition, 0.4 g.kg-1 of triple superphosphate were added. Tolerance indices were calculated for the sunflower lines based on the grain yield under optimal and deficiency conditions of absorbable phosphorus. In order to find suitable indices for screening the tolerant lines, a simple correlation coefficient was performed between the calculated tolerance indices and grain yield under optimal and deficiency conditions of phosphorus. Principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed to evaluate the relationship between the tolerance indices and the studied genotypes and to select the most desirable and tolerant lines.

Results illustrated that phosphorus deficiency reduced the grain yield of all genotypes and mean grain yield in phosphorus deficiency conditions was 44.88% lower than that in optimal conditions which indicates the importance of phosphorus on sunflower grain yield. The result of correlation analysis revealed a highly significant correlation between HARM, MP, GMP, and STI indices with grain yield under optimal and deficiency conditions of phosphorus. Therefore, these indices could be considered as the most suitable indices for screening tolerant lines to phosphorus deficiency conditions which also showed higher grain yield under optimal and deficiency conditions of phosphorus. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first three components accounted for 94.5% of the total variation, with principal component (PC) 1 accounting for 63.1%, PC2 for 21.6% and PC3 for 9.8% of the total variation. The heatmap hierarchical clustering indicated that all the lines were clustered into three major groups, with cluster 1 (6 lines) being, in general, drought-tolerant followed by cluster 2 (29 lines) whereas, cluster 3 (60 lines) being drought-sensitive. The results of principal component and cluster analysis based on stress tolerance indices indicated that the lines 38, 94, and 95 not only showed higher tolerance in terms of tolerance indices but also they produced relatively high grain yield and had higher total phosphorus absorption values under both optimal and deficiency conditions of phosphorus, which indicated their uptake efficiency and efficient use of soil phosphorus. The results obtained from all the applied methods revealed that the lines 38 (Yp=72.23; Ys=54.37; TAPp=400.53; TAPs=106.40), 94 (Yp=70.60; Ys=34.73; TAPp=121.93; TAPs=44.00), and 95 (Yp=70.67; Ys=25.77; TAPp=36.53; TAPs=21.53) are the most desirable and tolerant ones. Therefore, these lines can be used in breeding programs to introduce new phosphorus efficient varieties with high grain yield.

Lentil as a legume crop is one of the most important food crops in developing countries (Karimizadeh & Mohammadi, 2010). In most cases, the interaction between environment and genotype occurs, complicating selection for improved yield among genotypes (Sabaghpour et al., 2004). A cultivar or genotype is considered to be more adaptive or stable if it has a high mean yield but a low degree of fluctuation in yielding ability when grown in diverse environments (Finlay & Wilkinson, 1963). The response of different genotypes in different environments and thus the evaluation of genotype interaction in the environment are of particular importance to researchers in plant genetics and breeding, which can help plant breeders to evaluate genotypes more accurately and select the best one. The purpose of this study was to identify and introduce superior genotypes in terms of yield and yield stability among the lines obtained from preliminary yield test.

Sixteen advanced lentil genotypes along with the control genotypes i.e. Kimia and Gachsaran selected from the advanced yield trial of the 2012-13 cropping year were used as planting material in Gachsaran, Khorramabad and Ilam areas for three years (2013-2016) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance was performed separately in each environment and then Bartlett test was used to evaluate the homogeneity of experimental errors. Then the combined analysis of variance was performed on seed yield. Stability analysis were performed using environmental variance (S2i), coefficient of variation (CVi), Shukla's variance (2i), Wrick equivalence (Wi), Plaisted statistic ( ), Plaisted and Peterson statistic ( ) and superiority index (Pi) and nonparametric methods, , , , TOP and mean of rank.

Simple analysis of variance showed genetic differences among the genotypes. The combined analysis of variance was performed after Bartlett test, which confirmed variance homogeneity of experimental errors (χ2 = 9.5; P = 0.33). The combined analysis of variance indicated the significant effects of genotype, year, location and interactions of year × location, genotype × location and genotype × year × location. The mean seed yield of genotypes showed that out of 18 studied genotypes, seven genotypes produced higher yields than the average yield of genotypes in the all environments (1566.39 kg.ha-1), so that the highest seed yield were seen in the genotypes 15 and 16, followed by genotypes 8, 12, 11, 5 and 2. Based on environmental variance (S2i), the genotypes 3, 7, 6 and 13 and based on the coefficient of environmental variation (CVi), the genotypes 3, 7, 6 and 15 were identified as stable genotypes. Plaisted and Plaisted and Peterson methods identified the genotypes 4, 9, 2, 10 and 3 as stable genotypes. Wrick equivalence and Shukla variance also introduced the genotypes 4, 9, 2, 10, 3 and 12 as stable genotypes. The Lin and Binns superiority index identified the genotypes 16, 8, 15, 12 and 11 as the most stable genotypes. The genotypes 4, 2, 3, 10 and 9 were the most stable genotypes based on nonparametric index. Based on the index, the genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 18 and based on statistics, the genotypes 3, 4, 10, 9, 1, 7, 2 and 6 were stable genotypes. Based on Fox nonparametric index, the genotypes 16, 11, 2, 8, 12, 13 and 14 were stable genotypes. The genotypes 12, 2, 9, 16, 11, 8, 4 and 3 were more stable based on the total Kong rank. The principal component analysis to evaluate the relationship between seed yield and stability indices showed that seed yield had the highest correlation with MID, TOP and PI. Therefore, these three indices can be used as the best indices to identify superior genotypes in terms of seed yield and stability.

In general, the genotypes 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 gave higher average yield or equal to Gachsaran control seed yield and were also stable. The genotype 16 and 11 were the most stable genotypes based on MID, TOP and PI and also had the highest seed yield and could be candidates to be released as new cultivars.