نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و سوم شماره 5 (پیاپی 108، امرداد 1400)

Interpretation of historic urban gardens as a text containing multilayer meanings, in order to creating a structure that meets the physical and spiritual needs of humans over the time, would be a reason for planning for new functional requirements in new urbanism. In this research, by assuming that the historic urban gardens have a readable and comprehensible pattern language in Persian’s gardening tradition, we attempted to recognize the pattern language of in Masoudiyeh Garden, Farah Abad Garden and Negarestan Garden.

In this study, research is "theoretical", the philosophical basis of research is interpretive, research approach is qualitative and research design is deductive-comparative. The method of data analysis is through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the data gathering tools are library studies and survey research.

Having reviewing the literature of research and determining the pattern language of the Persian gardens and weighting the patterns in the data analysis stage, the results showed that physical structure with a weight of 0.428 is more important than functional structure (0.334) and a spatial quality structure (0.238). In the overall results of the patterns and final weight of the adaptability of the pattern language of the gardens shows that Masoudiyeh Garden ranked the first with a weight of 0.436, and then the Farah Abad Garden (0.345) and Negarestan Garden (0.219) stands second and third.Discussion and

In this way, the understanding the language of urban historic gardens can be a basis to respond to the needs of today’s circumstances.

Ecotourism is an important economic activity in natural areas of the world and will provide opportunities for visitors to experience the manifestation of nature and culture and this important happens in visited areas. Managers must be able to make balance between recreation needs and resulted impacts of ecotourism in those areas. This paper provides a set of guidelines to facilitate decisions regarding ecotourism management and development for ecotourism managers.
Material and Methodlogy: This study is aiming at a mention of the importance of strategies implementation and necessity of correct using those by overview of the important management strategies of visited areas for achieving to sustainable development goal from past to now, for example UNWTO, Eurostate, The Nature Conservancy.

Management strategies form a base of an ecotourism management plan (EMP). In this paper, ecotourism management key strategies were introduced in detail that included zoning for visitor uses, planning and design of visits site, sustainable infrastructure design, mechanisms for income generation, management and monitoring visitors and naturalist guides.
Discussion and

Conditions will provide for potential empowerment of areas for ecotourism as a force in order to protect environment and sustainable development by the result of implementing each of these management strategies in a visited area and these will be fruitful for managers of visited areas and as well as other agencies such as, tour operator and hotel developers.

Despite the importance of urban green spaces in order to achieve sustainable development goals with growth and urbanization, green spaces have been severely damaged in the physical structure of cities. Rules and regulations are always considered the most important legal instruments for governments to protect the environment. In our country, despite numerous environmental rules and regulations, the trend of the destruction of green spaces continues through change of land use, and so on. This study tries to address the strengths and weaknesses of executive guarantees in the current laws of the country in the field of urban private green space. The research method in this paper is descriptive - analytical. this article deals with the rules and regulations related to urban green space, in relation to the existing legal challenges in current laws and offering solutions. According to the analysis of legal guarantees in the field of urban private green space, despite several existences in this field such as financial crimes, imprisonment and ... perhaps one of the most important missing points in this guarantee, they are in the implementation stage, which means that there may be good guarantees in the rules but they are not implemented or neglected by the executors in the implementation phase. The results of this study indicate that the laws related to green space in Iran are old and have many criticisms but in some cases can not meet the needs of support and also the preservation of urban green space. Perhaps it can be said that the missing link in these laws is the incorrect implementation of the legal and penal guarantees provided in the laws.

Making eco cities help minimizing energy consumption, reuse, recycle and reproduce, and increase per capita green space to improve the living and health of the citizens through integrated urban management and planning. Furthermore, it can be a good solution to environmental problems. The objective of this study is to determine the criteria for assessing the ecological characteristics of urban green areas based on ecological cities approach.
Material and

The research methodology is based on analytical-descriptive practices. The case studies have been analyzed using descriptive approach and design criteria have been extracted as basic principles. In order to measure the proximity of the studied area to ecological city concept, several successful examples of the neighborhood and ecological cities have been investigated and after extracting the criteria AHP model have been used for converting the weight of the criteria into quantitative indicators. One of the areas that complies with the green development is Sevom-e- Shaaban Quarter in the City of Dezful. This place with detached houses, large green yards and open spaces, has been studied and analyzed from the perspective of Ecocity.

The findings of the research show that among the criteria of the ecological city, Sevom-e- Shaaban Quarter in Dezful; with 66.6% for land use and transportation and 6.25% for waste management, has the highest proximity to the standards of the area that has ecological features.
Discussion and

According to the studies, this area; due to the appropriate shape and size, per capita and high availability of green space, considering main characteristics of ecological cities - such as use of public transportation and renewable energy and water resources management can become a successful ecological area.

Biochar is a recalcitrant soil amendment that is being used to carbon sequestrates and also enhances soil fertility. This research was done to study the effect of corn and sugarcane biochar as organic amendment on some soil biological properties and CO2 emission.
Material and

Corn and sugarcane residues were air dried and then pyrolised in handmade furnace. Biochar was added to the soil according to the treatments (0, 1 and 2 percent). The samples were stored 100 days at 25oC and their moisture content was kept at 60% of field capacity. After this period microbial respiration by titration with hydrochloric acid, microbial biomass carbon by fumigation-extraction method, ammonium emission by titration with sulfuric acid and nitrification by colorimetric method was measured. Then microbial and metabolic quotient and carbon sequestration were calculated.

The results showed significant effect of biochar on microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial and metabolic quotient, ammonium emission and carbon sequestration (P<0/001), but that effect was not significant on soil nitrification. The highest amount of microbial respiration (27/31 mg CO2-C/100g soil), microbial biomass carbon (37/05 mg Cmic/100g soil) and carbon sequestration (13/67 mg/kg) was obtained in soil treated with 2 percent of sugarcane biochar and the highest ammonia emission (18/8 % N) was the most in the samples containing one percent of corn biochar.
Discussion and

The results showed that sugrecane biochar had more effect on carbon-dependence biological properties of soil due to more carbon content.

Due to the increasing use of nano-materials, especially nano silver because of the anti-bacterial inevitable is used in various industries, it will entry into the ecosystems, so in this study, the toxic response of nano silver on goldfish was studied.
Material and

To determine the toxicity of nano-silver, O.E.C.D standard method number 203 was used. Mortality recorded was daily basis over a period of 96 hours and after records, to determine the lethal toxicity in the 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, probit software was used. Finally, the maximum allowable concentration and degree of toxicity was found.

During the period of 24 to 96 hours with increasing concentrations of nano silver, mortality of fish was increased. The mortality rate at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg after 24 hours were 0,0,0,0, 4, 11 and 21 respectively, in concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg after 96 hours, mortality rates were 0,0,0, 10, 21, 21 and 21, respectively. Based on these results, the lethal concentration (LC50) of nano silver on goldfish in time 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were obtained 2.31 and 1.48 and 0.995 and 0.53 ppm respectively.

In general, the results show that the toxicity of silver nano is very high during the finger period and its side effects should not be ignored with the increasing spread of this substance. It is also necessary to compare the results with silver ions when evaluating the toxic effects of nano-silver.

Rivers are a small part of the world's running water and one of the main sources of water supply for various uses, including agriculture, drinking and industry. In this study, in order to investigate the quality status of part of the water of Shavar River located in Khuzestan province using water quality indicators 4 (NSFWQI), 5 (IRWQI) and (BCWQI) 6 in the study period from Hamzeh village to Shavar dam.
Material and

Sampling of 5 selected stations along the river route was performed during six periods of winter of 1994 and spring of 1995 and after transferring the samples to the laboratory, the values ​​of quality parameters to calculate water quality indicators including: BOD5, COD, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and other qualitative parameters were determined by standard methods.

According to the NSFWQI calculation results, for all stations during the sampling periods are between 40-36 and indicate poor water quality. Also, the index calculation results (IRWQI) for all stations during the sampling periods are between the values ​​of 46-43 and indicate relatively poor water quality. For the index (BCWQI) for all stations during the sampling period is between the values ​​of 27-39 and indicates the appropriate quality for agricultural use.

River water quality in all sampling periods is at a low quality level that water use is only suitable for agricultural purposes. Also, the inflow of drainage from agricultural fields containing chemical fertilizers, domestic wastewater is one of the main reasons for the decline in water quality. In determining river water quality, the index (IRWQI) is better than other indicators in Iran.

The removal of heavy hydrocarbons and biological wastewater is generally difficult. Finding a suitable way to eliminate or reduce these factors is one of the goals of this research. Materials and

Although there are special processes for removing or reducing the hydrocarbon and biological load of water, but in industrial wastewater containing hydrocarbon, the evaluation of advanced oxidation processes can reduce not only the burden of the wastewater but also reduce the Biological bad effects. Therefore, in the present study, an experimental study of COD, BOD and O & G reduction using Fenton reaction with ultra-violet irridiation has been investigated.

A sample of industrial waste from one of the refineries was prepared. According to the results, the optimal conditions for COD removal was observed as follow: irradiation time 30 minutes, pH=3, temperature=35°C, water content=85 ml of oxygen dissolved in water than 250 ml of wastewater and COD removal was observed up to 45.44%. The optimal conditions for removing O&G were: 23 min, pH=3, temperature 35°C, dissolved oxygen content of 85 ml, compared to 250 ml of wastewater. Also O&G was eliminated to 89.8%. The optimal conditions for removing BOD were: the irradiation time is 20 minutes, pH=4, the temperature is 25°C, the soluble oxygen content is 65 ml, compared to 250 ml of the wastewater and the removal of BOD was observed to be 49.82%. Discussion and

Laboratory study of COD, BOD and O&G reduction in wastewater was investigated by using Fenton reaction with ultraviolet irridiation. It was found that the Fenton method with ultraviolet irridiation is a suitable method for the removal or reduction of COD, BOD and O&G in refinery wastewater.

In order to achieve national services, the strategy of industrialization undoubtedly plays an important role in protecting the special and natural resources of its particular environment. It has been described to this extent and can be customized.
Material and

The purpose of this research is applied based on purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Tehran. Questionnaire, observation and interview were used for data collection. SPSS software and one-group T-test were used for data analysis.

The results show that there is a significant relationship between the development of industry in Tehran and environmental pollution (increased electronic and non-electronic waste, air pollution, etc.) and informal housing, but with social inequality (social class conflict, opportunity inequality, gender equality) has no significant relationship.
Discussion and

As the industry evolves, environmental and social consequences also emerge over time. As soon as developing countries adopt western technology, social structures change and the region's environment is affected by this development. Consideration of environmental and social impacts is widely needed in developing countries because of the underdeveloped economy and lack of appropriate scientific and technological infrastructure; development plans in these countries have a significant negative impact on biodiversity and the environment.

With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international treatises are an important source of international law. Moreover, more than a thousand of bilateral or multilateral treatises and agreements on international environmental law show the place of the international treatise in international environmental law system. In this context, developing the indicators of environmental damages, in addition to prevent the environmental pollutions aims to establish the international responsibility in the environmental damages. Therefore, this study tries to analyze the possibility of developing indicators of environmental damage in international treatise, which is Important to improve the state's international responsibility in environmental damage cases.

Nitrate contamination in drinking and agricultural water is increasing in the Kabudrahng plain. Farmer's Tendency to use a variety of animal and chemical fertilizers has increased the amount of nitrate in groundwater in this region. This study aims to determine the most appropriate geostatistical methods to analyze the spatial variation of nitrate and electrical conductivity of the Kabudrahng groundwater plain.

The trend of nitrate changes and groundwater electrical conductivity in 41 and 152 wells were investigated using MNITAB16.2 software and the most suitable geostatistical method was determined with ARCGIS9.3 software. To determine the most appropriate geostatistical methods for zoning nitrate and groundwater electrical conductivity used the ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK) and the specific methods include the inverse distance, weights (ID(, radial basis functions (RBF), global polynomial interpolator (GPI) and local polynomial interpolator (LPI) with ARCGIS9.3.

The results showed that the best method for zoning the electrical conductivity was the RBF method with RMSE=837.07, MAE= 548.01 and R=0.841 and simple kriging (SK) with RMSE=900.68, MAE=581.8 and R=0.699 and the best way to zoning the nitrate was the RBF method with RMSE=3.76, MAE=2.42 and R=0.351 and ordinary kriging (OK) with RMSE=3.86, MAE=2.51 and R=0.372.

According to the standard of California, 8 percent of the plain area had an electrical conductivity less than 700 μmho/cm, 77 percent between 700 to 3000 μmho/cm, and 15 percent above 3000 μmho/cm. The distribution of nitrate concentrations showed that about 85.57% of the area was lower than 5 mg/liter, 14.43% between 5-30 mg/l,  and there was no severe pollution in the plain. The spatial distribution pattern indicated that high levels of electrical conductivity were observed in the western and southwestern parts of the plain. The amount of nitrate in groundwater was in the good range, but in southern and southwestern plains was higher than the standard.

Communication and collaboration with customers to achieve performance improvement through Green Supply Chain Management practices are essential. This research was conducted to investigate the role of customer relationship goverance in the relationship between green supply chain management and environmental and economic performance of the company in Shiraz industrial towns.

Methodologically, this research is a correlation research. To measure the variables of the research, Zhou et al.'s questionnaire was used. The statistical population of this research is all managers and experts of Shiraz industrial city. The questionnaire was distributed randomly among managers and experts of Shiraz industrial towns and 205 questionnaires were selected for statistical analysis. In order to investigate the research hypotheses using Smart-PLS software, structural equation analysis and path analysis using partial least squares (PLS) were used.According to the results of the path coefficient and t statistics, Customer relational governance correlates the relationship between green supply chain management and the company's environmental and economic performance. Also, considering the path coefficient, it can be said that the effect of green supply chain management on the environmental and economic performance of the company is positive and significant due to the mediating role of customer relationship management, since the path coefficient is positive.

The results of the research show that Customer relational governance moderates and mediates the relationship between green supply chain management and environmental and economic performance of the company. Therefore, the efforts of companies to utilize green supply chain management to improve their environmental and economic performance are crucial for intelligent and informed choices for the proper development of customer relationship management mechanisms.

In recent years, the use of smart mobile devices due to easy access, portability and also simpler user interface, compared to desktop computers has been met with unparalleled acceptance by Iranian users, managers and sellers of goods. That's why application development for smart devices in the internet businesses has become essential. The aim of this study is to find a solution based on location awareness to provide smart targeted advertising and services to users.

This study provides a model that first handles and categorizes information from some service centers and quickly exchanges data between smart media (such as mobile, tablet) and data centers based upon online map services (Google Maps). Second, based on the components of location-based services (LBS), in order to provide effective advertising to users, the components of selecting the service center and advertising and navigation of the user to it were put on the agenda based on loose coupling strategy.

In order to have the features of recommendation, three criteria of desirability, namely the introduction of the final option based on the shortest route in the transportation network, or based on user scores or based on scores allocated by the relevant service unit class were considered.  Finally, the "Location Finder" application was implemented under the Android operating system using the new technologies of the mobile and web-based spatial information system through the proposed model.

The results of the questionnaire were statistically analyzed using the frequency of the respondents and significantly showed the users' satisfaction with the program, with 55 percent rating it as a great choice for quality, and its compliance with the set goals so that it could fill part of the gap caused by the advertising software.

The study growth performance of afforestation and adaptation species planting in the new region increasing succes the future afforestation. The aim of this study is growth performance of Pinus brutia Ten in the plantation stand (ca. 41 ha and 2×3 m spacing) located in the north part of the khoramabad city.

For this purpose, 5 pine trees were randomly selected and cut. current annual increment volume obtained by trunk analysis. 35 samples were taken from Pinus Brutia trees at breast height by increment borer for closer examination. in the study area and according to regression analysis, the annual volume increment of these 35 samples were obtained and finally the data of annual increment were extracted from 40 Pinus Brutia trees.

Results showed in comparison to Pinus Bruttia afforestation of origin (Turkey), Annual growth volume in hectare less growth Volume and Average growth volume and Dominant Height (DH) more. Generally, region located between good and medium site conditions. Also in the study Mean annual increment Pinus Brutia befor 30 years is 11.95 m3/ha.

This growth performance showes fast growing and adaptation species to ecological conditions region. Therefore, regions with same ecological conditions can be considered as suitable sites for, pinus brutia plantation for the industrial wood production and paper industry suppliers to avoid excessive outflow of currency from the country.

Consumption of plastic bags, apart from environmental, health and social problems that it creates, leads to many economic consequences. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the educational status, attitude, preferences and behavior of those referring to Tehran Central Fruit and Vegetable Market about the use of plastic bags in Tehran.

The study population of this descriptive cross-sectional study was 1220 men and women aged 18 years and older referring to Tehran Central Fruit and Vegetable Market in 22 districts of Tehran. Sampling method was stratified cluster sampling. Using a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire, the research population was randomly selected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

The most common consensus about the reasons for the increase in plastic bags in Iran was the ease of use of these bags (56%) and the lack of suitable alternatives (53.7%). The most consensus about the best solution to reduce plastic bag consumption, education and culture (51.3%) and the availability of suitable alternatives (45.3%) and the least consensus about it, proper packaging (0.5%) and increase in production and consumption taxes on plastic bags (2.5%). The majority of people were inclined to receive training as well as to use alternative shopping bags. Overall, the attitude of the participants in the study was good and was reflected in their behavior. The majority of customers (97.1%) agreed that educating the people about the better consumption of plastic bags was the best solution of reducing the consumption of plastic bags followed by 96.1% who agreed with better management systems.

The high readiness of people to help solving the problem of increasing the plastic bag consumption should be taken into account by managers. It seems that people are not yet properly prepared to accept legal and economic interventions to reduce the consumption of plastic bags and have focused more on more education and easy access.

Over the past decade, the decline phenomenon has affected the valuable forests of this tree in the Zagros region in western Iran. Persian Oak as the most important tree species has been damaged more than any other species. On the other hand, many parameters are involved in this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to identify areas with high potential for deterioration and determine the most important parameters affecting it.

For this purpose, in this study, using multi-criteria evaluation methods based on GIS - TOPSIS method - and fuzzy logic, in June 2019 the zoning map of decline potential was prepared for the two selected stand of Dalab and Chaghasabz in Ilam city to reveal areas with high risk of decline. Hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of the parameters.

The results showed that in Dalab %25 and in Choghasbz about %60 of the stand area as the center of potential for decline, but both selected stands had the potential for decline at all levels. Chaghasabz is more prone to decline due to socio-economic problems. Also rainfall, pests and diseases and socioeconomic parameters have the greatest impact on Oak decline.

These results confirm the need for greater focus of area management on the design of strategic protection plans.

Guilan vernacular houses have always been subject of research from a variety of aspects in architectural fields. According to fundamental role that Ivan element plays in Guilan architecture with different usages and appearance in a specific region and function, in this article Ivan space will be studied utilizing space syntax theory.

As case study samples, four traditional mansions that are remains of Iran national heritage have been selected through non-probabilistic purposive sampling. They are located in plain area of Guilan and all are referred to the end of Qajar era and beginning of first Pahlavi epoch. Integration value and penetration of Ivan could be studied by space syntax indicators, j-graphs, mathematics and analyses calculated based on data derived from A graph software specifically assembled for this theory. A descriptive comparative methodology has been employed, in order to study occurrence of spatial configurations and Ivan positions.

An endeavor to conforming vernacular building style and their way of construction has been made, utilizing space syntax software analyses, j-graphs and indicators like “depth”, “integration”, “ring” and “control value”.

Considering decorative and convenient aspects and financial sustainability of habitants of houses, Ivans are built with different features. They demonstrate an eclectic style of construction which will be compelling by distinct integration rate, control value and connection.

This article, demonstrate uses of Membrane Bio Reactors in municipal landfills. Because of daily increasing sweeping amounts and no balance between generation and recycling of them in the most part of the world, type of management and gathering of sweeping has challenged. Thus hygienic burial method for generated sweeping is one of the applied methods in many countries. Hence, monitoring and management of productive leachate of municipal landfills to prevent underground water and soil from pollutant is obligatory.

In this study, some modern Membrane Bio Reactors in municipal landfill were investigated. Then, advantages, defects, and application of each ones have been considered. Therefore, recent articles and researches about biodegrading of leachate were studied.

Among the various methods of biological treatment, complex system method is one of the effective and strong approaches to treatment and biodegrading of wastewaters. Finally, to showing active carbon action for prevention of membranes fouling, two aerobic pilots with equal conditions were compared. Also, clearing the important parameters of wastewater contaminants such as COD and NH3-N in the presence of granular activated carbon was compared.

In order to treatment of municipal landfills leachate lots of methods with strengths and weaknesses is used. With investigation and Feasibility of municipal landfill site, the most efficient and effective method in terms of performance and cost based on need can be selected.
.

One of the most important factors affecting the urban environment is the public spaces of the city. Considering to the physical and social dimension of urban public spaces can increase the quality of life for citizens and improve conditions and problems. Achieving such a space due to existing difficulties requires an approach that effectively defines relationships and uses social capital and resources in the right way. The main purpose of this study is to achieve the quality indicators of urban public spaces by emphasizing the approach of innovative urban governance and finding appropriate strategies to increase the quality of public spaces.

In this study, the status of the area was assessed with the help of a questionnaire corresponding to the research indicators. The statistical population of this research is residents and businesses in the area of ​​Imam Hossein Square and the sidewalk of 17 Shahrivar and the research is done in January 2019. SWOT technique has been used to achieve the required strategies, and finally, using the ANP method (Analytic network process), the area indicators related to SWOT have been examined and the best strategy to use has been determined.

In this study, the quality factors of public spaces with emphasis on innovative urban governance approach were identified by examining the study area and a were classified under the four indicators of physical environment quality, social environment quality, economic environment quality and quality of transportation and communications. After surveying the area using a questionnaire, the required strategies were extracted using the SWOT technique and their prioritization was determined using the ANP technique.

The results of this study first identified the quality indicators of public spaces by emphasizing the approach of innovative urban governance. Then, appropriate strategies to increase the quality of these spaces were extracted. Using ANP technique it was found that WO strategies with a significance coefficient of 0.378 are the most appropriate strategies to use. Then WT strategies with 0.238, SO with 0.192 and ST with 0.178 are suitable strategies.

Attention to social security is very important in the development of the province and cities as a whole. What is considered by experts and planners in social security is categorized in the form of city and province indicators. Sistan and Baluchestan province has not received enough attention in the discussion of security; therefore, the social security of this province is not at the desired level. The main issue in Sistan and Baluchestan province is achieving sustainable security in various dimensions. In this regard, to answer the research question entitled, "What is the zoning of Sistan and Baluchestan province and the situation of this province in the field of social security?" Been paid. The main goal of achieving sustainable security in Sistan and Baluchestan province is the micro-leveling of the cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province in the field of social security.

Based on the nature, descriptive-analytical method has been used for this research. The writing framework is based on the interrelationship of security indicators in the social dimension, data collection through library studies and field research (interview) and preparation of a questionnaire, which is used to analyze the data in this part of the analysis method and technique.

It indicates that the indicators of social security in the cities of Zahedan, Saravan, Iranshahr, Chabahar, Khash, respectively, have been more effective in creating danger and as a result of insecurity in these areas than other cities.

Based on the results obtained in the field of social security, the cities of Fanuj, Delgan, Qasr Ghand, Mehrestan (Zaboli) and Zahak have more security than other cities, respectively, and Zahedan, Saravan and Iranshahr have the lowest, respectively. They have security among the cities of the region.