فصلنامه پژوهش های ژئومورفولوژی کمی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 38، پاییز 1400)

Geomorphic and topographic landscapes are not only effective in dispersion or selection of human activities, but also one of the effective factors in the formation of physical structures of space structures. Analysis of urbanization can be influenced by the conceptualization of phenomenology, because in this view, the basis for the development of a human settlement is first of space identity. According to the theory of "4th-era lakes, the crystallization and expansion of civilization in Iran", lakes have been considered as identity-making components of urbanism in Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to supplement other geomorphologic studies in this field by focusing on Yazd basin, located in the great catchment area of Yazd-Meybod-Siahkooh. This research has been carried out with a phenomenological view based on a set of archaeological, geomorphologic, sedimentological, Space syntax analysis and field visits. The findings indicate that: 1-There are separate lakes in Yazd-Meybod-Siahkooh catchment area, of which Yazd Lake is one. During the glacial periods, the lakes were connected and ended up in the Siahkooh desert. 2- Yazd, (Meybod and Ardakan) owes its urbanism to its space identity, namely the existence of these lakes. 3- Small cities such as Islamabad (Farasha), Taft, Khezrabad and Mehriz take their space identity from the Water-Ice equilibrium line.

For thousands of years, mangrove forests have played a significant role in the economy and sustainable livelihoods of human societies. Therefore, identifying and measuring changes in the boundaries of mangroves over time can play an important role in planning and conducting effective protection measures and reducing the vulnerability of mangroves to natural and human hazards. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in mangrove forests and the relationship between these changes and marine hydrodynamics and coastal morphology in parts of the north and east of the Strait of Hormuz over a period of 47 years.

In this study, Landsat satellite images, MSS, TM, ETM +, OLI sensors from 1972 to 2019 were used to monitoring mangrove forests changes in the west of the Hormuz strait. In the next step, the necessary preprocesses (radiometric and atmospheric corrections) were applied to the images in ENVI 5.3 software. And the classification of images was done by SVM, MLC and ANN methods, and considering that in order to finalize the land use map, all classification accuracy indicators should be adjusted with one or more valid statistical indicators. The kappa index and general accuracy are among the statistical methods used. Post-processing operations also included the integration of classes that were applied to make the land use map more eloquent and eliminate single pixels on different classes. In the next step, the Change Detection method was used to detect changes and tell the results of the classifications. The next step is to convert the classified image to polygon and transfer it to the Arc GIS environment to manage the classes. Of course, the class that is most important to us here is the Mangrove Forest class, which was examined in the period 1972-2019. After the changes in the mangrove forests were identified, with the help of 1: 25000 topographic maps, contours of 2 meters of the range was prepared and the slope map was prepared using DEM images of the area. Also, using the half-hour tide data, the minimum, maximum and average tide rates of Jask, Shahid Rajaee, Hormoz and Sirik stations were calculated and finally these data and maps were prepared to examine the development potential of mangrove forests, Was examined.

Land use maps were developed using Landsat images using three pixel-based classification algorithms (MLC, SVM, ANN) and the accuracy of the results was assessed using random points. The results showed that the highest overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were 99.44 and 0.99 for region A, and 98.41, 0.97, for region B, for SVM, respectively. Our study showed that SVM could be the most appropriate classification method for this study area. Therefore, SVM land use maps were prepared for the study area for 1972, 1987, 2002 and 2019. After preparing the land use change map, it was stated that mangrove forests in region A accounted for 55.84% and in region B for 36.18%, tidal areas in region A accounted for 27.63% and in Area B is 36.58 percent, Water Areas A is 3.04 percent, Area B is 1.78 percent, dry land is 15.37 percent and region B is 99.99. 7% have changed over the past 47 years. To explore the potential for the expansion of mangrove forests, we examined the slope of the region and its relationship with the average tide in the region. Comparing the results of the increasingand decreasing trend of mangrove forests with curves corresponding to the average tidal level and morphological features of the region, we conclude that the study area is about the hydrodynamic characteristics of the sea such as the average tidal area and extent. The catchment area, the height of the waves and the coastal morphology such as slope and sediments and the water entering the areas from the Hasanlangi River and the Gaz and Hivi rivers have a very high potential for further development of mangrove forests.

The results show that in the northern part of the Strait of Hormuz, the area of mangrove forests has increased in all the years, but in the eastern part of the study, we have always faced a decreasing and increasing trend and We don't see this part significant development during these 47 years in mangroves.. However, according to the study of the geomorphic features of the region such as slope, topography and the presence of sabkha and Firth and sediments from the rivers of Hassan Langi, Gaz and Hivi, as well as the average tide of the region and the vast area it covers, The study has the potential to develop mangrove forests. The results of this study can provide significant information about the progress or regression of mangroves in different coastal areas, can significantly help to implement protection measures and rehabilitate Iranian mangroves.

Rivers, as a dynamic system, constantly change their morphological characteristics over time to achieve their equilibrium. Stream bank erosion can be a major source of sediment to a stream and possibly threaten nearby lands, bridges, and other facilities. Numerous watershed management practices are introduced to mitigate such potential damages. By the way, to select proper strategies and appropriate activities, it is necessary to select the best practices using the improvement of our knowledge on river condition, morphological changes and trends, and stream bank erosion and sedimentation. Therefore, this study tries to put a figure on the stream bank erosion in Tarwal River.

Tarwal River, one of the main tributaries of Sefidrud basin, is located in the eastern Kurdistan province. In this case study, the upstream area of Hassan Khan gauging station in Tarwal watershed is considered as the study area. It is located between 47 6' 38״ to 47 46' 21״ E and 35 2' 22״ to 35 35' 55״ N. Several methods have so far been introduced for assessing stream bank erosion, but most of them are too complex and it is not easy to apply them in the field. BEHI (The Bank Erosion Hazard Index) as a well-known method introduced by Rosgen (2001) uses stream cross section geometry and field observations, to evaluate stream bank erosion. In this study, stream bank erosion was assessed by complete and modified BEHI in 67 cross sections. These two versions of BEHI index were calculated by assigning point values to some aspects of bank condition using standard table, and an overall score of BEHI index were calculated by summing the scores for each individual metric. BEHI values of all assessed cross sections can be used to prioritize eroding banks for remedial actions, etc. The complete BEHI procedure consists of the following metrics:1. Ratio of bank height to bankfull height 2. Ratio of root depth to bank height 3. Root density, in percent 4. Bank angle, in degrees 5. Surface protection, in percent Modified BEHI procedure uses four of five above-mentioned metrics and does not involve “Ratio of bank height to bankfull height“.

Standard table of BEHI consists of six hazard categories for stream bank erosion; vary from “very low“ to “extreme”. The results of our study show that most stream reaches of Tarwal watershed were taken place in the erosion hazard category of “moderate” and “high”. Stream banks located in the upstream tributaries tend to show higher bank erosion rates while stream banks located in the lower part, where the stream is mainly stable, tend to have the lowest erosion rates. In other words, hot spot reaches for stream bank erosion are mainly located in the upstream areas. These results are in the line with the previous studies of Khaledian and Khedri tarzhan (2005), Ahmadi and Khanjani (2013), Zandi (2015), and Osmani (2015). Vegetation rehabilitation and improvement using native plants with strong roots in stream banks and streambeds are highly recommended to enhance stream bank stabilization and mitigate stream bank erosion. It also could improve stream water quality by reducing the concentration of pollutants and sediments.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of five metrics used to calculate complete BEHI indices proved that the means of metric scores for “ratio of bank height to bankfull height”, “ratio of root depth to bank height”, “root density” and “surface protection” were significantly different between BEHI erosion hazard categories (p< 0.01) while it was not statistically significant for “bank angle” values.

In this study, we assessed stream bank erosion by complete and modified BEHI procedures in 67 cross sections. Most of the reaches are subjected to moderate-high stream bank erosion hazards. The results of our study showed that complete and modified BEHI indices are useful procedures to quantify stream bank erosion. These procedures can be used for zoning vulnerable reaches of the Tarwal River on the way to take urgent remediation measures for controlling stream bank erosion.Accurate determination of bankfull indicators, as the main challenge of using complete BEHI procedure, requires great experience. Therefore, the modified BEHI is proposed for use by researchers who do not have enough experience in identifying bankfull dimensions.hese procedures can be used for zoning vulnerable reaches of the Tarwal River on the way to take urgent remediation measures for controlling stream bank erosion.Accurate determination of bankfull indicators, as the main challenge of using complete BEHI procedure, requires great experience. Therefore, the modified BEHI is proposed for use by researchers who do not have enough experience in identifying bankfull dimensions

Knowledge of the erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold and knowledge of the factors affecting it is essential to provide a management solution to delay the occurrence and reduce the amount of runoff. By focusing and converting water repelling to annual floods, in addition to life and financial damages to industrial, urban and rural centers, it causes washing and transferring fertile soil. Therefore, estimation of erosion and runoff threshold leads to optimal use and management of atmospheric precipitation. By determining the erosion and runoff threshold by rain simulator, it is possible to estimate the amount of precipitation that causes runoff in different conditions with higher speed and accuracy and lower cost. One of the most eridibility of Iran is the Gahsaran formation. Gahsaran formation has a thickness of about 1600 meters. A viewpoint of lithology is consisting of salt, anhydrite, colorful lime, and some shale. Gahsaran formation age is lower Miocene.

In this study, in order to determine the relationship between the erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold and soil chemical properties in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation deposits, a part of the 1202-hectare Kuhe Gach watershed of Izeh city was selected. In this study in other to determine the relationship between erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold and soil chemical properties in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation was performed using univariate regression. Then, sampling of erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold at 6 points with 3 replicates and at different rainfall intensities of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm/min in three land uses of the range, residential area and agricultural lands with the help of the rain simulator was done. In addition, the same number of runoff and erosion threshold sampling was performed sampling of soil chemical properties such as organic matter, soil salinity, soil acidity and carbonate calcium. SPSS and EXCEL software were used for statistical analysis. In this study, Kamphorst rainfall simulator was used. This rainfall simulator to plot size of 625 cm2 designed, it is portable. This rainfall simulator to determine the characteristics of soil, erosion, water infiltration used and it is suitable for soil research.

The results showed that in total in Gachsaran Formation and in all three rangeland, agricultural and residential land uses and in all three intensities of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mm/min, soil organic matter in three cases had a negative relationship and in six cases had the relationship Positive with the erosion and runoff threshold. Soil salinity showed a negative relationship in nine cases and soil acidity had a negative relationship in seven cases and a positive relationship in two cases, and soil carbonate calcium had a negative relationship in six cases and a positive relationship in three cases with erosion and runoff threshold.

by determining the exact relationships between erosion and runoff threshold and soil chemical properties, it was tried to express the importance of determining erosion and runoff threshold in comprehensive management of watersheds and to lead further researches on of erosion and runoff simultaneous threshold in preventing severe erosion and devastating floods.This research also showed that by examining the exact details of the relationship between water and soil, better planning can be done for water and soil resources of the country.

During the last two decades, Landslide susceptibility mapping is very important for landslide hazard assessment and has become an effective method (Zhao et al. 2016 and 2015). So that now the results of landslides prepared for landslide management and mitigation are widely used in the world. Ildoromi et al. (2017) by examining the effective factors and landslide hazard zoning using surface density model, hierarchical analysis (AHP) and logistic regression in Ashvand watershed showed that regression logistic and AHP models are suitable models of land hazard zoning Slips are in the area. Bravo et al. (2019) in assessing landslides using sensitivity models and comparing them in the western continent, India, by measuring the cameras had that landslides in the region under the influence of a set of conditions and factors such as altitude, slope, lithology, And geomorphology occurs, etc. In addition to external factors, precipitation, tectonics and human activity are also very effective on the frequency of landslides. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the statistical models of landslide hazard zoning in the watershed of Kurdistan Dam.

Kurdistan Dam watershed with an area of 120.15 Km2 is located in the northeast of Saqez city.
In this study, after determining the study area, 9 landslides occurred, location and landslide distribution map were prepared. In the next step, the factors affecting the landslide occurrence in the region, including geology, precipitation, land use, distance from the river, distance from the fault, slope, altitude were identified and then a map of these factors was prepared to prepare their information provinces. Then, by scoring the effective factors, and using each of the statistical models of information value, surface density, frequency ratio and LNRF, the final landslide hazard zoning map by 10.2 software, Arc / map and Arc / GIS10 3. Prepared in the Kurdistan Dam watershed. Also, in order to evaluate the accuracy and comparative comparison for landslide hazard prediction in the basin in the models, three criteria, landslide index, accuracy of predicted results and compression ratio have been used and the most suitable model for the watershed has been introduced and selected .

Based on the computational results using evaluation indicators and comparison of landslide hazard assessment models in the watershed of Kurdistan Dam, it is inferred that in the information value model, the value of Li index is 72.32, in level 30 density, LNRF 81.65 and At a frequency ratio of 49.4%, the basin is in the high hazard category. The results of the total quality of Qs in the models also show that LNRF models have presented the frequency ratio, surface density and correct information value or seismic hazard segregation in the watershed of Kurdistan Dam with differences. So that information value and LNRF models with values of 2.41 and 2.89, respectively, have better and more accurate performance in landslide hazard zoning of the basin than frequency ratio models with value of 0.304 and surface density with 1.11. The results of compaction of density ratio values show that LNRF models and information value in the separation between hazard categories with density ratio index, respectively, have the highest desirability and accuracy compared to frequency ratio models and surface density in terms of methods used in the basin. In general, the results of P index study show that among the models used in this study, information value models with a P value of 0.81 and in the LNRF of 0.89 are appropriate models in accordance with the study area. And surface density and frequency ratio models are less accurate.

Currently, few studies have been conducted on the use of comparative methods in relation to landslide assessment and zoning and increasing the accuracy of landslide hazard maps. In this study, using statistical models of frequency ratio, information value, surface density and LNRF, final landslide hazard zoning maps in Kurdistan dam basin were prepared and the accuracy of the models, with landslide index, accuracy of predicted results and ratio Compression was assessed. The results of field studies and analysis of basin zoning maps show that statistical models show that a significant percentage of the basin area is in the high hazard category.The results of evaluation and comparison of landslide hazard assessment models using indicators show the upward trend of all models and especially the upward trend of compression ratio index indicates better separation of hazard classes in information value models and LNRF compared to surface density models and The ratio is abundant. One of the reasons is the adaptation of geological, geomorphological and climatic characteristics of Kurdistan dam basin with effective factors in statistical models of information value and LNRF compared to surface density models and frequency ratio. In general, the results of P index study show that among the models used in this study, information value models with a P value of 0.81 and in the LNRF of 0.89 are appropriate models in accordance with the study area. Due to the complex and nonlinear behavior of the variables involved in landslides in the study area, it is recommended to use geomorphometric indicators such as the effect of curvature, cross-curvature, surface curvature and Gaussian and tectonic curvature to complete the results of these studies.dunes. The stability model was involving the input and output of energy and material in the barchan system that eventually is formed a flow structure. This structure is representing the stability and equilibrium of barchan system in time. Also, the obtained results from investigation of steady state index show the barchan dunes, with annual displacement rate more than 12 meters, have the maximum number and highest rates of displacement, and have the lowest steady state. Thus this group is demanding the more attention and planning requirements for stabilization of quicksand and environmental management of mobile barchan dunes.

Extensive scientific studies in the field of geodiversity are underway today, reminding the international community of the growing importance of identifying and protecting these geological heritages. Therefore, the expansion of studies related to geodiversity, especially in Iran, which has a lot of geological and geomorphological richness, can open a new window in the field of recognizing natural potentials. Watersheds and mountainous areas dominated by salt lakes and Hoz-e-Sultan are among the areas that have a very diverse geological and geomorphological diversity, so studies of these areas with geodiversity approaches and valuation of these areas using the index In addition to creating a new approach to natural studies in these areas, geodiversity measures as well as land use metrics allow planners to maintain well-planned planning, as well as development planning, especially tourism and Educationally design appropriate decision-making for these areas. Study area The study area includes catchments and elevations overlooking Hoz-e- Soltan and Namak lakes. Which includes the heights of the northwest of the region and overlooking the Sultan Basin (Unit 1). Unit 2 is located southwest of Salt Lake. Unit 3 includes the heights of the southeast of the Salt Lake and includes three separate sections, and the Yakhab heights are one of the most important areas in this section. The fourth unit is located east and northeast of Salt Lake and consists of two units.

This research is descriptive and analytical. The boundaries of the catchments of the studied units were prepared using the Alos-Plasar digital elevation model with a spatial resolution of 12.5 m and using the ArcHydro plugin in ArcGis10.7 software. In this study, six criteria were used to assess geodiversity: geology, fault, topographic position index (TPI). In order to analyze the geodiversity in the study area, a set of quantitative methods of geodiversity indicators and land use measurements were used. In the analysis of geodiversity index (GD), the method of Serrano et al. 2009 was used. In calculating the Landscape metrics, seven indicators used in this research including the roughness density of each piece (PRD), Simpson roughness index (SIEI), Shannon N roughness index (HEI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), Simpson diversity index (SIDI), index Modified Simpson N (SIEI), Simpson Modified Diversion Index (MSIDI).

the average geodiversity index results show that the values of the highest average geodiversity among the studied units belong to units 4-1 with a geodiversity value of 2.85, followed by 1-3 with 2.6 and 3-3 with 2.47, respectively. the lowest average value among the units belongs to unit 1-1 with 0.156. If we consider each unit as a whole and zone, we can say that in the catchments overlooking the Salt Lake and Sultan Basin, unit 4 with an average geodiversity value of 2.55 has the highest value and then respectively Unit 3 with a decrease of 2.496, Unit 1 with a value of 1.25 and finally Unit 2 with a value of 0.66 are in the next ranks. In order to rank the units from the perspective of land use metrics, the average of all variables in each unit was calculated (Table, 6). Based on this, from the PRD measurement point, unit 1-1 with an average of 0.329 has the highest value. In the scales, SHDI (1.640) and MSDI (1.366) and in the RPR scale, the highest values belong to unit 2 (22) and unit 3-3 in the scales 0.814 (SIEI), SHEI (0.862, and MSIEI0.721) ) And in the SIDI scale (0.66) the highest values belong to units 1-4. In general, according to the study of the average of each zone, Zone 2 with the highest values in the RPR, SHDI, SIDI and MSIDI scales from the point of view of land use scales has the highest score and then Zone 3 with two SHDI and MSIEI and Zone 1 in PRD and Unit 4 in SIEI are one in the next ranks.

One of the most important advantages of the geodiversity index compared to land use measurements can be considered as segmentation of different areas of a map based on the unit of cell, which allows better display of geodiversity value of each cell. Each unit allows the zoning of different parts of a unit from a geodiversity perspective and provides researchers with a more detailed analysis of the geodiversity values in each unit, while considering the land features of a unit as a whole. And provides only the ability to provide geodiversity values for a unit. In addition, considering the roughness coefficient in the geodiversity index simultaneously with the studied element, can enter the equation of the role of topographic factor in better geodiversity analysis of each cell and provide a better evaluation of the land landscape measure.

Describing geomorphological environments according to identification and extraction of landform elements is essential in landscape analyses and modeling. In fact, identification of landform elements is the key element of the geomorphological analyses. This process leads to the classification of landforms on a large scale, and extracting patterns and elements, which is the first step towards identification of landforms. Information about landforms is obtained through various models that incorporate visual analysis and quantitative techniques such as geoecosystem techniques. In fact, all these models and techniques are based on finding key elements of the landscape benefitting from geomorphometric science. Identification of landforms on a large scale requires a method for extracting patterns and elements. Because pattern recognition is the first essential step in identifying landforms. Landform classification and extraction extentended their application of DEM in the 1990s. In this study, a novel method for the extraction of landform elements from a DEM based on the principle of pattern recognition is introduced and discussed in detail. At the core of the method is the concept of geomorphon (geomorphologic phonotypes). A general-purpose geomorphometric map — an interpreted map of topography — obtained by generalizing all geomorphon to a small number of the most common landform elements.

In order to examine the practical application of the introduced geomorphon method, it was used to generate a geomorphometric map of Halberd watershed, located in the south of Alborz mountain between latitudes 35-57-22 N and longitudes 83-8-53 E positioned between Semnan and Tehran provinces. A DEM ALOSPOL SAR 12.5-2010-as input and landsat8 image -29-06-2019 were used respectively and observations were filed as the following step. This process is applied in SAGA7.5 and ArcGIS10.5 software and Google Earth. The results state that using geomorphon to map landscapes has some desirable properties. First, it must calculate differential geometry-based terrain. Second, the method can identify specific landforms having different sizes and it establishes a finite, absolute set of possible landforms so no landform is too rare to be found. Finally, geomorphon is calculated using a scale-flexible procedure. This map was obtained through generalizing all geomorphon to the most common landform elements. The pattern arises from a comparison of a focus pixel with its eight neighbors. Starting from the one located to the east and continuing counterclockwise. For example, a tuple [+,-,-,-, 0, +, +, +] describes one possible pattern of relative measures, {higher, lower, lower, lower, equal, higher, higher, higher} for pixels surrounding the focus pixel. It is important to stress that the neighboring entities are not immediate neighbors of the focus pixel in the grid. But, pixels are determined from the line-of-sight principle along the eight principal directions. The results are defined according to the values of two parameters: search radius (L) and relief threshold (d). The search radius is also defined as the allowable distance for the calculation of zenith and nadir study. Subsequently, the resulting geomorphon map was adapted to the photos taken from the field.

Geomorphon map includes the 10 most common landform elements namely: peak, ridge, shoulder, spur, slope, hollow, foot slope, valley, pit, and flat obtained from 498 patterns. In the geomorphon map, a pattern of various landscapes has been created. Due to the distribution of landforms, Hablehroud catchment has different features such as steep valleys and narrow flood plains in the northern, central and southern parts. According to the results, the greatest percentage of extraction of landform element was related to the slope and the least percentage to the flat. In the next step, the compliance of the geomorphon map extracted from the images of the conducted field study. The results showed a match between landform elements and the surface. The location of a pit within the valley and the density of hollows on the slope have also shown a good adaptation.

Geomorphon was introduced and examined as a novel perspective on how to approach quantitative terrain analysis. The method grew from our desire to develop a robust and efficient tool for identification and extraction of landform elements from DEMs. Investigation of geomorphometric variables in Hableroud watershed showed that Geomorphon identifies both earth properties and landforms with a single scan of the DEM. The results of this study revealed the landform and the nature of the processes that has been present or are currently active in this area. It was shown that the evolution of unevenness in Shoulder, Spur, Hollow on the slope are more advanced on Ridge and valley. In addition, in geomorphon comprising complex shapes, the evolution of the elements was determined to be more. Thus, the automatic extraction of landform elements lead to a pattern of roughness. Furthermore, the identification of their elements, in turn, have expressed the differences, similarities and instabilities of the roughness.

Fluvial geomorphology is the study of the interactions between river channel forms and processes at a range of space and time scales (Charlton, 2008). The last two decades or so have seen a major focus in fluvial geomorphology on developing topographic monitoring and modelling techniques to better quantify channel and floodplain morphology and morphological change in three dimensions (Rumsby, 2007). Morphological change in river channels primarily consists of adjustments to channel width, depth, local channel slope, and planform (Labbe, 2011). Several studies have documented the complexity and variation in the causes and rates of lateral movement in alluvial rivers. Depending on the input conditions and planform geometry, lateral movement can take different forms including meander migration Hooke l980; Bradley and Smith 1984; Nanson and Hickin 1986; Thorne 1991; Lawler 1993; Richardson 2002, width changes Surian 1999; Winterbottom 2000; Buhman et al. 2002; Chitale 2003, and wandering, avulsion, and cutoffs in the case of braided rivers Coleman 1969; Klaassen and Masselink 1992; Warburton et al. 1993; Xu 1996; Cao et al. 2002. During the past tens or hundreds of years, in many fluvial systems, river dynamics have been significantly affected by human disturbances such as land use changes, urbanization, channelization, dams, diversions, gravel and sand mining (Surian, 2002). In this study, lateral changes of the Gara-Sou river channel have been investigated in during the last 12 years.

The most important data of the present study include topographic map scale of 1: 2000 (Ardabil Regional Water Authority), Topographic map scale of 1: 50,000 and 1: 25,000, geological maps scale of 1: 100,000, Satellite images of Sentinel (2017), IRS (2005, 2017) and Google Earth. In this study, GIS & RS software includes Google Earth, ENVI and Arc GIS software with HEC-GeoRAS and Planform Statistics extensions was used. In this research, field studies are basis for geomorphological analysis. The methodology and models used in this study can be summarized in processed satellite images to study changes river channel, the extraction of vegetation and land use; Geomorphometric indices for quantitative analysis of planform and lateral changes in the river channel.

To measure the dynamics of the Gara-Sou river channel using quantitative Geomorphometric indicators of GIS techniques were used. Therefore 271 cross sections was drawn on 31 km from the Gara-Sou river channel. The four indices of lateral movement begin with a gross measurement of total bankline change, then break down the lateral movement into width change and migration. The indices are as follows: 1: Total bankline change, E (m/year) 2: Normalized lateral movement, N (% width/year) 3: Width change, dW (m/year) 4: True migration, M (m/year). Lateral stability is measured by quantifying how much the active channel area changes with time and how much of the active channel area remains in the same place. Total movement of the channel banks (E), incorporates width change and lateral migration of the channel. The index value (E) for the first reach, 0.86, second reach, 1 and for the three reach, 0.89 was calculated. The high value of the index (E) indicates the narrowing of the channel. The normalized lateral movement rates (N) were computed by dividing the average of the right and left bank change by the active channel width averaged over the time period. This value was then divided by the number of years in the time period to get an annual rate. This Index for the first reach, 0.048%, second period, 0.2% and for the three reach, 0.057%, was calculated. Narrowing of Gara-Sou River channel, which is primarily due to reduced lateral dynamics channel. This leads to the deposition processes of erosion processes have been overcome. Occupation and establish natural vegetation on the active point bar and encroaching agricultural land to near river land and river flood plains from other important factors are narrowing of Gara-Sou river. Also the morphology of Gara-Sou River are controlled by anthropogenic variables.

In this study, lateral dynamics of Gara-Sou river channel in the recent 12 years were investigated. For this purpose, a collection of Geomorphometric quantitative variables was combined with field results. High mobility in Total Bank Line Change (E) Normalized Lateral Movement Rates (N) Gara-Sou River channel is not related to the True migration but has a strong correlation with the changes in the width of channel. The true migration rate for Gara-Sou River during the last 12 years in the study area was about 0.36 meters per year. This study tries to quantify the changes through new approaches for studies fluvial Geomorphology.

Landslides are catastrophic and widespread, causing significant damage in many parts of the world (Hawk et al., 676: 2019; Rossi et al., 3: 2019). Massive landslides cause natural and external active factors, including natural geological factors (lithology or soil type, structural cohesion, shear strength of materials, groundwater conditions and its effect), slope geometry ( Slope, direction, height and curvature) and land or ground cover as well as external factors that generally cause landslides include rainfall, seismicity and human activities such as construction activities and soil preparation for agriculture in mountainous areas (Surbi And Farrokhnia, 36: 2018). Nir County, in terms of the special situation of the region, such as topography (having a mountainous face), steep slope, the presence of loose and unstable surface materials on resistant formations and climatic conditions (especially due to spring rains and snowmelt in spring) from It has a high potential for landslides and the most accident-prone area in the province is landslides.

In this study, first the factors affecting landslides (including: slope, elevation, lithology, land use, soil, precipitation, distance through communication, distance from waterway and distance from fault), according to the natural and human conditions of the region. Was identified. In the next step, information layers related to each of the factors were prepared in the geographic information system environment. The information layers of Mizan curved lines, communication channels and waterway network were obtained by digitization from the topographic map of the city with a scale of 1: 50,000 and the slope and slope layers were prepared using a digital height model. The object-oriented classification and algorithm algorithm were then classified in the Ecognition software, and the results of the classification of users in the present study, both in terms of single-use and in terms of total accuracy and statistics, are acceptable (greater than 85%), is related to the information produced. In order to prepare the soil map, the soil map of Ardabil province with a scale of 1: 50,000 has been used. The city rainfall map was prepared using meteorological and rain gauge station data and by obtaining the equation of Gradian precipitation P = 0.224 H-83.54) and also the use of altitude digital model.

In order to further document the validity of landslide potential zoning maps using ANP and MABAC methods, an attempt has been made in this section. According to the established criteria. Definitely adapting these standardized scores to the actual values recorded from the criteria obtained according to the digital maps will give a more tangible understanding of the result of the significant contribution. According to the table for the study of high-risk pixels, high-risk areas are mainly on the slope of 20 to 35 percent, and in this amount of slope, surface and generally fine materials that are prone to slip by absorbing water and increasing moisture to They reach a flooding level and begin to move as the shear stresses and material ruptures in the range increase. The study of land use criteria also indicates that agricultural and rangeland use has the highest percentage of risky areas, which due to non-compliance with crop rotation, cultivation on sloping lands and increasing soil moisture through irrigation and infiltration. Giving more water to the ground is acceptable. In addition, local people, by over-grazing their livestock in pastures, are destroying vegetation and accelerating the landslide process after torrential rains. Also, the high-risk lands introduced by the research method show that the high-risk lands are relatively close to the road, river and fault. In this regard, it can be said that the road factor has a very important role in creating slippery movements due to the overlap and removal of the heel of the slope and the change in the slope of the slopes. Because most road construction activities in the city (especially in rural and nomadic areas) are unprincipled and without regard to engineering principles, the construction of roads on the one hand due to the creation of trenches and weight change due to excavation and soil Lowering, overlapping the domain and destroying the domain support leads to landslides.

In this study, the risk of landslides in Nir County., using a combination of ANP and MABAC methods, has been investigated. The results of the study showed that land use factors, lithology, elevation and slope classes with the values of 0.152, 0.151, 0.13 and 0.132, respectively, had the highest weight coefficient and according to the study of the role and The importance of each of the factors involved in the formation of the landslide and also the results of using the final research and analysis method using the MACAC method, as one of the multi-criteria decision analysis methods, are 14.05 and 25.52%, respectively. Studies are on very high-risk and high-risk classes. Due to the landslide zoning plan of Nayr city, very high-risk and high-risk areas are mainly on the slope of 20 to 35%. It can also be said that the results of this study indicate the high power of Nir County in terms of the occurrence of sliding movements.

Severe drought events can endanger part of the community, it is important to develop a comprehensive and spatial framework for mapping drought-prone areas and reducing risk systems (Beyaztas et al., 2018). Drought is related to hydrology and meteorology. Various environmental parameters and activities related to agriculture, vegetation, human life, wildlife, and local and national economies are affected, and the effects are often intensified by agricultural, livestock, industrial and other human activities. There are various studies conducted in the field of drought, which can be found in Aher et al., 2017; Azevedo Reis et al., 2020; and Sivakumar et al., 2020. Studies have used only climatic parameters to study droughts in these studies. Other parameters such as vegetation, soil, and topography are also affected by drought. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze drought using these factors in the south and east of Fars province using fuzzy methods and hierarchical analysis models. Using the Geomorphon mapping method, the topography and landforms within the study area are determined. After that, the relationship between the amount of drought and the type of landform is determined. Using a relationship between landform and the amount of drought, it is possible to determine which Delandforms will be vulnerable to drought. So, the objective of this study is to determine the degree of drought in the eastern and southern parts of Fars province and to determine the type of landforms within this region by using the geomorphon method. One of the innovations of this study is how it predicted a relationship between the type of landform and the amount of drought.

The study area is between longitudes 52 degrees and 66 minutes and 54 degrees and 18 minutes and latitudes 28 degrees and 1 minute and 30 degrees and 18 minutes. The study area covers an area of 23139.98 square kilometers. The maximum and minimum heights of the study area are respectively 3235 and 765 meters.For this study, the landforms in the region were mapped using a geomorphon method. The fuzzy method and hierarchical analysis model were also used to determine the drought status of the study area. The incremental membership functionwere used to prepare a fuzzy map for each of the parameters. The incremental membership function was used to prepare the fuzzy map for the parameters Altitude, slope, groundwater depth, land use, precipitation days, precipitation, soil texture. So values greater than the critical limit n get one and values less than m get 0, and between m and n they get x-m / n-m. For the aridity index, erosion, PET, soil salinity, and distance to river parameters, the reduction membership function was used. The values above the critical limit n were 0 and below the critical limit m were 1. The values between m and n were n-x / n-m.Then each layer was weighed using the AHP method. Weighting was done using the AHP method because each characteristic has a different effect on drought. The AHP method makes it easy to weigh parameters. AHP relies on pairwise comparisons of each parameter. Each of the factors is in the range of 1 to 9 that (Saaty & Vargas, 2001).

The results of this study showed that most areas are at risk of erosion, and most of the land use in the study area is for pasture. There is more rainfall in the western part of the study area and the drought index is higher in the eastern part. Elevations are highest in the northern half of the region while evaporation is highest in the southern parts. In the southern part, groundwater depth is highest, and rainiest days are in the western part. The soil texture in most areas is loamy clay. Using pairwise comparisons of each parameter, the results revealed rainfall and groundwater depth with weights of 0.28 and 0.01 are the most and least important parameters in determining drought-prone areas in the study area, respectively. Based on the results of fuzzy and AHP methods, areas to the east and southeast are prone to drought.

Drought forecasting is important because the annual drought causes a lot of damage in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and leads to reduced yields of agricultural products as well as reduced drinking water and irrigation. Thus, when identifying the vulnerable areas, including the Eastern parts (eastern regions), the necessary measures must be considered, including the cultivation of low water plants, management of dams, etc.

Plant species that make up nebkas are important elements that stabilize quicksands and have the ability to survive under wind sedimentshe aim of this study was to statistically analyze the geomorphological characteristics and sediments of Nebka sediments in order to stabilize quicksands in the Sirik region of Hormozgan province. In the present study, 3 regions, in each region, 5 representative regions and in each representative region, 10 transects of 1000 meters with a distance of 500 meters from each other and perpendicular to each other were placed in each linear transect. In each nebka, nebka height, nebka length and base of nebka, canopy diameter, nebka volume, nebka base diameter and nebka sand stabilization area were measured. Also, to determine the amount of geomorphological changes of the sampled nebkas during the 30-year period, Landsat satellite images of OLI sensor from 1990 and 2020 were used. Then, using ENVI 5.3 software, the area's wells and other existing uses were determined. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the variables in the three regions at the level of 95%. With the increase of plant height in Sirik from 1.7 to 2.2 meters, the volume of sediment dune increases from 15 to 72 cubic meters and in Mishi region with increasing plant height from 1.65 to 3.5 meters, the volume of sediment from 15 to 45 Cubic meters has increased. Also, the study of changes in the area of nebkas in the region during the last 30 years using satellite image processing showed that the area of nebkas in the region has decreased from about 67 hectares in 1369 to about 59 hectares in 1399. Due to the importance of nebkas, efforts should be made to protect them and these destroyed areas should be rehabilitated with salvadora persica seedlings.

The most important parameter in determining the magnitude of the impact of climate change on glaciers is ELA. It has been widely used to infer current and pas climatic conditions. In general, ELA depend on the accumulation of snow during the winter and melting during summer. Determining the equilibrium line altitude is one of the important environmental thresholds in glacial studies. This glacial threshold is used for temperature reconstruction as well as determining the performance of glacial basins and adjacent glaciers, and it is widely used in studies of glacial geomorphology. In the present study, the lie’s and regression methods have been used to determine the equilibrium line altitude of climatic temperature-precipitation. This paper uses relationships that can perform theoretical calculations for altitude of instantaneous glaciations (AIG), glacier built-up sensitivity (GBS) and temperature-precipitation equilibrium line altitude (TP-ELA). These are calculated based on the records of the average seasonal temperature, melting and winter precipitation from meteorological stations, that has been calculated with adiabatic lapse rate and combined with the method of changing precipitation, height basis and topography. In this regard, the rugged units of the margins Isfahan-Sirjan holes were selected for calculations.

There are several methods for estimating the equilibrium, some of which are related to past glacial environments and some of the related to current climatic conditions. Most methods used to estimate the current equilibrium line are based on the correlation between temperature and altitude. But in this research, lie’s method is used to estimate three component; AIG, GBS and TP-ELA which were finally calculated using the mentioned components, glaciation-sensitive altitude, and the height of the temperature-precipitation equilibrium line. To calculated these three components, the statistics and information of 45 selected stations with an average period 30 years were selected. Component AIG glaciation sensitivity was calculated by using the following equation:AIG= H_Station+ (h ×100) The following equation was used to calculated GBS based on Lie’s research GBS= [t_0- ∆t × ((H- H_Station)/100)]- [ln [(p_0 × (1+ ∆p)^((H- H_Station)/100))/0.915]/0.339] × 100/∆t(GBS ≠ <0) To calculated CTP-ELA; the value obtained from the above equation must be added to the height of the earth’s topography.〖CTP〗_ELA=H+GBS (GBS ≠ <0)

According to the relationships presented by lie’s et al (2003) and based on the data of meteorological stations int the study area, the glacial built-up sensitivity (GBS), climatic temperature-precipitation equilibrium line altitude (CTP-ELA) and altitude of instantanious glacial were calculated in the elevation units of central Iran and three component maps were drawn using interpolation mehods.To study the results of using Lie’s method and the results of temperature and altitude regression method, the whole study area was divided into 5 rugged units; Ghom, Kahak, Karkas, Marshenan, heights of Yazd and units of Kerman, and the altitude of the current equilibrium line and snow boundary was calculated.Based on correlation between temperature and altitude, the values obtained for (Karkas, Marshenan, Shirkooh, Kheibar, Jupar, Lalezar, Hazar, Polvar, Bidkhan, Ghom and Kahak) are 4835m 4180, 4347, 4428, 4936, meters respectively, that none of these rugged units can currently be frozen based on these data and stations. But according to the Lie’s method, the Altitude equilibrium line of current temperature-precipitation int study area for selected rugged units is 4843, 4854, 4991, 5238, 5335 and 4868 meters for (Karkas, Marshenan – Shirkooh, Kheibar – Jupar, Lalezar, Hazar, Polvar and Bidkhan, Ghom, Kahak) respectively. Infact, it should be said that the altitude equilirium line in both methods in higher than the current altitude and don’t have favorable climatic conditions for glaciations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the most important factor in determining the altitude equilibrium line in this part of Iran is the change in latitude so that, with decreasing the latitude in central Iran, the amount of all three environmental statistics were increased.

According to lie’s method, the altitude of the current temperature-precipitation glacial equilibrium line is 5070 meters and the instantaneous height of the glacier is 4922 meters. However all of these elevation units are located in central Iran and have less moisture nutrition than the northern and western heights of Iran. However, differences in the magnitude of these values indicate a significant effect of latitude. In general, the northern half of the study area had more favorable conditions for maintaining glacial conditions and feeding glacial circuses throughout the year, climatically, it has a lower glacial equilibrium line altitude than the middle and southern parts. The reason for this can be considered in increasing the angle of solar radiation in the southern regions and the location of the southern rugged. Units of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. In addition, the southern heights will be affected by the local heat of these areas due to the proximity to thermal and super-thermal centers of Lut and low holes.

The importance of words and their role in drawing the intellectual space is not hidden from anyone. Changes in the basic and theoretical concepts of science create the opportunity for new attitudes and the creation of new theoretical concepts in a scientific order. On the other hand, changing the basic concepts requires changing the terminology to prevent the mentality of the scientific community from interfering and overlapping with the previous concepts. The creation of new concepts that are the result of scientific advances in various fields requires a redefinition of the terminology system in that branch of science. Due to the current situation of research in the field of geomorphology, which is mainly focused on the applied sectors and less development of the basic principles has been done, fundamental research and terminological development and the development of the fundamentals of this branch of science are felt. In this research, with the aim of terminological development and development of theoretical roots of geomorphology in the form of a basic research and in general order to provide a redefinition of the hierarchical structure of morphology in the field of geomorphology, the research has been planned. Different branches of science face different phases during their growth and development. In this study, two main phases that affect scientific networks in different periods called static terminological phase and dynamic terminological phase are explained. From a brief overview of the research trends governing the science of geomorphology, infertility in the creation of new concepts and meanings can be inferred that can be attributed to the terms of the static phase of terminology. Coming out of static terminological conditions and entering dynamic conditions requires more attention to fundamental studies and redefining pre-existing concepts in the form of new terminology. In this regard, the basic morphological structure in geomorphology (including 7 levels: Land concept, Land space, Landscape, Landform, Land Feature, Land Object), relationship structures (Hierarchical or non-hierarchical relationships, intra and inter-level relationships, one-way and two-way relationship), scale levels (including: universal, global, regional, zonal, focal, local, pointwise), and flow of energy are explained.

Different branches of science face different phases during their growth and development. Two main phases that affect scientific networks in different periods, in this research, are named and explained Dynamic Terminological Phase (DTP) and Static Terminological Phase (STP). Given that the theoretical development of different branches of science is associated with terminological development and this relationship is a kind of interrelated relationship, in the dynamic phase of terminology, different branches of science, are more dynamic which this would be reflected in the terminological production volume. In the other phase, the volume of terminological production is reduced and is a kind of response to scientific stagnation, which is called the static phase of terminology, and is an indicator of fundamental stagnation and scientific development in that branch of science. Formerly, form units in geomorphology have been considered based on units of landscape, land view, land form and land feature (Ramesht, 1384, 15). In the classification presented in this research, the resolution of the classification system and their leveling is presented in a different way. The distinctive feature of the recently proposed structure is its higher resolution as well as its semantic nature.In this hierarchical system, each form unit can contain a number of sub-units. From the combination of seven hierarchical units of form, the structure of modern morphology in geomorphology is formulated, the largest unit of morphology unit in this structure is land concept and the smallest unit is land-object. In this structure the land concept, land space, land context, landscape, landform, land feature, land object, have universal, global, regional, zonal, focal, local, and point-wise scales, respectively. The scale levels are also classified into four Major classes: Mega, Macro, Meso, and Micro. In the proposed formulation structure, 10 different types of interaction and relationship that are related to the structure of this structure, are explained. These relationships can be hierarchical or non-hierarchical, intra-level or inter-level, one-way or two-way. From the combination of the above states, ten relations are created. morphic relations in this form structure can be divided and classified into two main groups: vertical and horizontal.

The nature of the current space governing the science of geomorphology, which is itself a function of the space of the scientific community as a whole, indicates a stagnation in the birth of concepts and being in a static terminological phase. Such conditions justify the need for such fundamental studies in order to open new spaces. With this explanation, monitoring the content and semantic space of geomorphology, it seems that this science, like many other sciences, is in a static phase of terminology. This issue can, over time, damage the meaning and spirit of a scientific discipline. In this research, the solution to get out of this space and try to enter the dynamic terminological phase, through the design of new meanings in the form of new terminology has been considered. In this regard, the basic formulation system that was proposed in geomorphology with a completely new structure and different hierarchical levels, has been configured and developed in the form of a new terminological design. This new system of morphology is presented in 7 different levels, including: Land Concept, Land Space, Land Context, Land scape, Land form, Land feature and Land object is Provided.In the proposed morphological structure, 10 different types of relationships and the relationship that these relationships have with the morphological structure are explained.Scale The studies at each of the hierarchical levels of the proposed morphological system are explained on a universal, global, regional, zonal, focal, local and point scale, respectively.

Climate geomorphology examines the effects of climate on earth surface processes and forms. Current landforms are shaped by different natural processes. External processes under the influence of climatic conditions of each region cause changes in the primary forms and create certain shapes. Morpho-climatic regions are the areas of the planet in which certain shapes and special patterns are formed under the influence of climate condition.Climate change is one of the main factors in shifting the boundaries of morpho-climatic areas. In recent decades, as a result of the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, it has affected different parts of the natural environment and made drastic changes in climatic conditions. These trends can lead to changes in morpho-climatic zones, including glacial areas, adjacent glaciers, temperate, arid, and semi-arid regions.In this study, the effect of climate change for the year 2100 in Alborz province has been investigated. This province is very important in terms of nature as well as social and economic conditions. Naturally, it has a high morphological diversity. four morpho-climatic regions including the semi-glacier, temperate, semi-arid, and arid areas are developed in the province. These morpho-climatic regions depend on climatic conditions, and climate change can alter these territories. Therefore, it is assumed that the morphological conditions and geomorphic processes prevailing in the study area until 2100 due to climate change will change the boundary of morpho-climatic areas. As the result of the changes, arid and semi-arid morpho-climatic areas would be replaced by semi-glacial and temperate morpho-climatic areas.

In this study, meteorological data of 8 synoptic stations around Alborz province have been selected as study area. They have been used in different scenarios to reconstruct these parameters. Other information and maps have been extracted and prepared from topographic maps, satellite images, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Morpho-climatic zoning is based on the Peltier method using average annual temperature and precipitation. In order to reconstruct the temperature and rainfall values of these areas and estimate them for the year 2100, we have used CanESM2 model. The information has been reconstructed as a raster layer based on correlation relations with DEM. One of the most widely used micro-scale models based on multiple regressions is the SDSM model for creating conditional data. In this model, regression predictor variables are initially selected as independent variables. Then, after calibrating the model, the model is evaluated to predict future scenarios. The morpho-climatic zones are determined according to the Peltier model using the average temperature and annual precipitation layers with the help of Python scripting based on a spatial application in ArcGIS10.7.1 software. Finally, precipitation and temperature data have been prepared for the period 2070 to 2100, and based on these data, a morpho-climatic zoning map have been prepared for 2100 in the study area.

Using total annual rainfall maps and average annual temperature, we initially developed the current state of the morpho-climatic areas, based on this map in Alborz province. Then, in the next step, the distribution maps of the total annual rainfall and the average annual temperature were prepared based on the climatic data reconstructed in the SDSM model for the year 2100 and based on three scenarios. Finally, we have made a zoning according to Peltier diagram based on spatial conditions in the region. The method helped determine the boundary of arid, semi-arid, temperate, semi-glacial and glacial morpho-climatic regions. In the three scenarios, in 2100, the area semi-arid and arid regions will be increased. The areas semi-glacier and temperate regions will be reduced respectively, in favor of expansion of the arid and semiarid areas. In three optimistic, moderate and pessimistic scenarios, 36, 47 and 49% of the area of the semi-glacier mopho-climatic zone and 2, 25 and 30% of the area of the moderate mopho-climatic zone have been reduced, respectively. In contrast, according to the optimistic, moderate and pessimistic scenarios, 1, 5 and 5% of the area of semi-arid mopho-climatic zone and 2, 5 and 7% of the area of arid mopho-climatic zone increased, respectively.In the current situation, the area of the morpho-climatic zone of the glacier is less than one percent of the total area in the moderate and pessimistic scenarios have significantly decreased. The largest change in the province is related to the temperate morpho-climatic zone, which is mainly accompanied by an increase in arid and semi-arid regions. According to the presented results, it is possible to predict the reduction of the morpho-climatic areas of the glacier and adjacent glaciers in favor of temperate areas for the desired time. In particular, it should be noted that the occurrence of scenario 8.5 is more likely. Therefore, the continuation of the existing conditions can cause remarkable natural damages.

In this study, using a microscale model, it has been determined that the annual temperature and precipitation trends will be more developed towards drought and decrease in rainfall and change in the zones. Based on two moderate and pessimistic scenarios, three morphoclimatic zones of semi-glacier, glacier, and temperate regions are mainly located in the Alborz highlands. The areas will be reduced by 2010 in favor of arid and semi-arid zones. Found. Therefore, in general, it can be stated that in Alborz province, arid and semi-arid areas are increasing and glacial areas and adjacent glaciers and temperate areas are decreasing. This trend could change the shape of the effective morpho-climatic zones in this province until 2100, according to the current trend. The findings of this study show that the climatic conditions of the natural environment of Alborz province in the next hundred years will be accompanied by further expansion of arid and semi-arid regions. These changes will lead to changes in the surface conditions of the earth, including the intensity and weakness of vegetation and erosion. This will be a factor in the need for change in human activities in agriculture and industry.