مجله دانشکده پزشکی اصفهان
پیاپی 646 (هفته دوم دی 1400)

Previous studies have shown that people with a family history are more likely to develop multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between positive familial history and disability rates based on the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) among the patients with MS.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 320 patients with MS referred to MS Clinic in Kashani hospital, Isfahan, ran, who were randomly selected and divided into two groups with and without familial history. Data related to patients' demographic characteristics and data related to age of onset, number of attacks per year, and EDSS were supplemented by face-to-face interviews and examinations performed by a physician. The EDSS ranking criterion was determined based on neurological function and functional systems (cerebral, pyramidal, brainstem, etc.).

There was no significant difference between the average number of attacks per year in both groups of with or without positive family history. In addition, there was no significant difference in the mean of primary and secondary EDSS between two study groups.

Our study showed that the age of patients with familial type of MS was significantly lower than the age of patients with non-familial type. However, there was no significant difference in the degree of disability between the group of patients with or without familial history.

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and the most common malignancy in women. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene that reduces in breast cancer. This gene is a phosphatase, and by its lipid phosphatase capacity separates a phosphate from PIP3, and produces PIP2. So, it tends to inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) pathway and a break in its cellular cycle in phase G1, increase in apoptosis, and decrease in proliferation of cancer cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene is activated by phospho/AKT, and its expression increases in many cancers. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) gene also acts as an oncogene and its expression increases in various types of human cancers, including breast cancer. Grape seed extract (GSE) is a reach source of natural antioxidants, and treatment with it can tend to inhibition of cell cycle and finally, inhibition of cancer progression. This study aimed to assess the expression of PTEN, CDK4, and mTOR genes and cell proliferation in breast cancer cell line (T47D) under GSE treatment.

T47D cells were purchased and cultured and treated with GSE of a concentration of 60 μg/ml. MTT and real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to evaluate cell viability and gene expression. Colony survival assay method was used to assess colony formation.

The amount of cell life in the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group. Moreover, the results of real time PCR showed that the relative expression of PTEN gene was significantly higher than the control group, and also the expression of mTOR and CDK4 genes reduced.

The use of GSE can significantly increase the expression of PTEN tumor suppressor gene, and ultimately cause the death of T47D cancer cells.

Coronavirus has a high transmissibility, and there are various ways to transmit it. Health forces must consider all possible routes of transmission. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of environmental factors in the spread of coronavirus.

This study was a systematic review. The articles were first selected according to the title related to the research objectives; then the abstract of the study articles and related articles were separated. Finally, after a thorough review of the articles, research related to the objectives of this study was selected. A total of 245 review sources were selected, and finally 63 sources were entered the study.

The coronavirus can be transmitted in different ways. Inanimate surfaces, water and sewage, air, and contaminated hands are important in this regard. The corona virus may remain in the contaminated water of the carrier for days to weeks. The highest concentration of corona virus was in the room air of infected patients. The coronavirus stays in the water contaminated with the corona carrier for a long time, and may be transmitted to other people.

Proper ventilation, disinfection of public places, observance of social distance, attention to water and waste hygiene, and personal hygiene should be considered to prevent the spread of coronavirus. Attention to prevention is the main concern of healthcare workers, and more attention should be paid to the role of them as the main lever in prevention.