نشریه اقتصاد و تجارت نوین
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 51، تابستان 1400)

It is important to answer the question of how countries should design their financial and banking structures to achieve low stable inflation rates. This paper investigates the effects of financial and banking structures on inflation in Iranian economy from 1987 to 2016 using FMOLS method. Our findings reveal that the effect of bank-based financial structure on inflation is negative. From different indices for banking structure, deposit money bank assets can reduce inflation significantly. Moreover, the one-to-one relationship between liquidity and inflation, as monetarists claim, is applied only when the impact of financial structure and banking structure is considered in regression. These findings, generally, are in the support of designing a less unbalanced financial structure and promoting the financial strength of banks in order to lowering the inflation.

in this study, the elasticity of Iran's trade balance is investigated through terms of trade in a nonlinear and asymmetric format in the period 1978-2018. Based on the evidence, contrary to the results of linear estimation of ARDL, which showed that the terms of trade has a positive effect on the trade balance in the short and long term, examining the non-linear model of NARDL, terms of trade and oil prices showed asymmetric effects on the trade balance. The additive effect of terms of trade on the trade balance is observed in the short term equal to -0.531 and in the long term equal to 1.922, which are significant. On the other hand, the decreasing effect of terms of trade on the trade balance in the short term is equal to 2.4330 and is not significant; While in the long run, it is reported to be -0.3412 and significant. So that the increasing effect of terms of trade in the short run is associated with a decrease in the trade balance and in the long run with an improvement in the balance. Therefore, terms of trade have asymmetric effects on the trade balance in the short-term and long-term and the existence of S-curve and J-curve is confirmed in the Iranian economy. Other results show that increases in oil prices have a positive effect on the trade balance in the short term and a negative effect on the long term; But the reductions do not have a significant effect. In a way, the improvement of oil prices in the short run will increase the trade balance; But in the long run, it will reduce the trade balance. This situation confirms the phenomenon of Dutch disease in Iran.

In the present study, the effect of financial inclusion on financial efficiency and financial sustainability in the period 2004-2018 for developing countries was studied using the multidimensional indexing method and two-stage GMM. Among domestic studies, no research has been done on the relationship between financial inclusion and financial efficiency and sustainability, and the present study is the first study, and there are limited related studies abroad due to the novelty of the subject.In this context, the results showed that financial inclusion has a positive and significant effect on financial sustainability (coefficient equal 0.009) and a negative and significant effect on financial efficiency (coefficient equal 0.009). Based on research empirical evidence, financial sustainability and financial inclusion can be achieved in the form of a common goal setting. In other words, policymakers, while maintaining the stability of the financial system, can achieve goals in which more people benefit from financial services. In contrast, the findings showed that measures and programs to develop financial inclusion can have side effects in the form of reduced financial efficiency. This is due to increased participation in financial markets, which ultimately leads to increased social costs of institutional deficits in each country.

To have a strong presence in the gas export market during the 2000s, Iran had designed projects to export more than 70 million tons of LNG per year. If these plans came to fruition, Iran would now be one of the largest exporters of LNG in the world. But so far, none of these projects have been put into operation, and with the existing conditions in the future, it will not be possible to use them. This delay represents a loss of access to South Pars' shared resources and millions of dollars in foreign exchange earnings. Failure to use a proper business structure as a reason for past projects' failure shows the need for structural reform.The purpose of this study, which was conducted from 2019 to 2020, is to identify the optimal structure for the country's projects. In this regard, by evaluating a wide range of criteria by experts in the oil and gas industry and using the ELECTRE-TRI technique, we classify the existing structures and introduce the optimal structure. The results show that the optimal structure will be achieved by using the IPC contract in the upstream sector and combining it with the participation of the upstream partner in the construction of the liquefaction facility. This structure, by the domestic laws and regulations and by attracting foreign investors by ensuring a long-term presence in the upstream and downstream sectors, can counteract international sanctions, increase efficiency, and speed up the implementation of projects. Provide.

The purpose this study is to estimate the effect of exchange rate Overshooting and vehicle currency on Iran's trade with the Caspian Basin countries based on data from1995-2018and using the Panel Star soft threshold (PSTR) approach. The results of the model estimate show; The variables of GDP per capita, trade agreement, population, distance between the capital and the common border have a positive effect and the variables of central bank intervention, carrier currency and exchange rate jumps have a negative effect on Iran's trade volume with Caspian countries. Artificial pricing of the exchange rate in the years before the crisis and preventing its adjustment in accordance with economic conditions is one of the main reasons for the recent currency crisis in the country. Also, the calculation of the foreign exchange market pressure index and central bank interventions indicate that the highest numbers obtained for this index are related to the time when the gap between the free exchange rate and the official exchange rate has widened. the country's international competitiveness. Creating economic security and a safe environment for investment, expanding and diversifying markets and financial institutions, moving to an open economy and trade agreements, and using foreign investment and changing capital market regulations to increase transparency and stability to increase savings And investment can provide the basis for increasing the country's exports.

This paper examines the asymmetric relationship between economic growth and energy consumption, considering the role of the informal economy. For this purpose, three indicators of official GDP, true GDP (sum of formal and informal GDP), and the relative size of the unofficial sector are considered to examine the growth-energy relationship in the three models and nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) and the Hatemi-J asymmetric causality (2012), is used during the period 1967-2018. The results of the NARDL model show that in the long-run, positive and negative shocks to official GDP, true GDP, and the relative size of the unofficial economy will increase energy consumption. Also, in the short-run, positive and negative shocks to official GDP and true GDP in the current period will increase energy consumption. While the only positive shock of the unofficial economy in the current period increases energy consumption. The results of asymmetric causality show that there is a bilateral causality between energy consumption and the size of unofficial sector. While there is the unilateral causality from true GDP to energy consumption and there is a bilateral causality between the positive shocks of formal GDP, true GDP, and energy consumption. Therefore, energy protection and efficient use of energy in various economic activities can play a major role in controlling the unofficial economy and directing activities to the formal sector.