اندیش نامه معماری
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The Historiography of Iranian architecture is deemed to appear as a field of inquiry around the beginning of the 20th century. Among the various factors giving rise to it, the modern Iranian historiography has an outstanding role. In this article we seek to clarify this role by analyzing the way the first generation of the modern Iranian historians regarded architecture. To this end, we have investigated a selection of modern histories, written during the second half the Qajar era, using the interpretative methods. We have traced the changes in the perception of architecture in these texts and its implications for the subject, as it gradually undertook different roles in historiographies, moving from a mere material evidence towards a technical, independent field of academic research. In pre-Modern histories, built environment was only addressed to provide a setting for the events the historians intended to describe and writing about architecture was a way to appraise the achievement of kings and rulers. This study pinpoints the first instances where this tradition gave way to a new manner of regarding architecture in Iranian historiography. With the outset of modern historiography “Ancient Persia” emerged as a dominant narrative. The historians also started to gradually base their work on reliable facts and evidence, which included material remnants of ancient times such as coins and decorative objects, and later on, more prominent archaeological findings like buildings. Ancient architecture had become a source for obtaining knowledge of the past, although the scale it was perceived didn’t surpass the inscriptions or ornaments of the structures. As the scope of the general histories expanded to cover a wide range of historical subjects complementary to political chronologies, freestanding chapters were allocated to architecture. The historians consulted the western architectural surveys and even ventured the historical sites to study and measure the buildings. The architectural works in their writings were represented in their entirety and they utilized an almost technical terminology to describe the physical and spatial aspects of the buildings. Illustrations and detailed plans were also used to provide further information. This approach presented architecture to the Persian audience as a subject of historical inquiry and thus, paved the way for a new generation of researchers to view history of architecture as an independent field of study. The first pieces on history of Iranian architecture, independent from general histories, were articles written by art historians or archaeologist, working as delegates for western research centers, and were introduced to Iranians through the activities of newly-founded cultural institutes such as Anjoman-e-Athar-e-Melli. The accumulation of these efforts during the next decades finally lead to the publication of the first surveys of Iranian architecture.

Numbers have both quantitative and qualitative aspects, and based on an attitude that has been popular in the past, it is their qualitative aspect that makes the Meaningful content in formal geometry. Numbers are not meaningful lonely. Sometimes they have a symbolic role based on the cultural or popular beliefs of the ethnicities or people and sometimes they have a meaning in relation to the words or letters. The second type can be studied in the field of Ilm-Al- Huruf in which, each number has a letter equivalent. The main aim of this research is to explain the latent aspects of numbers in interaction with words (divine attributes and names) in Islamic architecture, and to determine its extent, species and the most common use in order to open a discussion to clarify the symbolic role of numbers in Islamic architecture. An important part of the data of this research is obtained directly from books and papers in this field, and they are recognizable in an epistemological so, interpolation, analysis and description will help interpret the data. according to the main aim and defined questions, this study seeks to provide the necessary context these kind of researches; Therefore, in terms of outcome, it will be in the category of fundamental-theoretical research. The nature of the latent aspects of numbers and its relation to words, especially sacred names in interaction with its various applications in Islamic architecture, is the subject of this study; Therefore, in terms of the implementation process, it will be classified in the category of qualitative research with an interpretive and historical approach that tries to clarify the answers with inferential and allegorical logic. Finally, the status of architecture in interaction with science and especially mathematics has been determined and by exploring the texts, the ratio of mathematicians and architects other than the early Islamic centuries, has been evaluated Insignificant and the relationship between numbers and divine names and attributes in Islamic architecture has become clear. It is approved in the engraving inscriptions and then in the design of some elements of the building and its relation with the Peymon system (dimensional arrangement of spaces) is rejected.

Nowadays, the importance of the design process has reached a point where many experts say that the importance of the design process is equal to the design product. Design is often considered subjective and inspired, and observing the process that architects go through to achieve the ossification of a design always remains in a state of ambiguity. In this way, answers to questions such as Where do the designs come from? Or how can the design process emerge through an objective approach? It is simply not possible, and even diagrams and ideograms, despite expressing some ideas, are incomplete in their full realization. The possibility of visual reading of hidden ideas in the mind is one of the most important issues facing architects and the shapes grammar as a kind of law-based systems based on geometric changes, causes the analysis and production of multiple answers by extracting visual rules and developing them in different stages. The present study, with the help of data collected from library studies and comparing this data with the process used to produce the design, tries to introduce the shapes grammar as a type of rule-based design processes, which have the ability to generate various answers. Suggest analytical methods in shapes grammar to understand the design path and observe the process of project formation. In order to better answer this question, first the fields of introduction of grammatical attitudes into the academic and the architectural profession are discussed, then the process and steps of using shapes grammar are mentioned along with examples of analysis of architectural works. Finally, among the three approaches, analytical, design and combination, the analytical approach to the shapes grammar will be introduced as a rule-based process in architectural design and a method for visual representation and objective emergence of design formation process. Also, if the design approach to the shapes grammar is combined with analysis and the rules extracted from a particular place or style are changed, and then the foundation of a new style is laid, a combinatorial approach is formed. We will be able to produce a new grammar by relying on the existing grammar and changing its rules. This attitude can also be effective in developing existing designs.

Readability is an effective quality in making and recording our mental image of environment that has been regarded in psychology, architecture, urban design and other interdisciplinary sciences. The cognitionof affective factors on the readable mental image can facilitate the process of perception, mindfulness, andconsequently familiarity with the environment and result in the emotional satisfaction of environment. Therefore, the aim of this paper is identifying and understanding the affective factors on legible mentalimage in the perception process. The statistic community for this research have been chosen among the students in architecture and interior architecture master of University of Art. The place to study is the zone of their daily travels (the zone of university entrance, from the south-east side of National Garden's main entrance to the Facultyof Architecture, located in the south of university of Art). In general view this zone seems to be a legible space, but the factors affecting the perception as a readable space are questioned in this study. The research method is qualitative and experimental. First, the main criteria related to environmental readabilitywere identified in according to Kevin Lynch's theory about readability in the field of urban and environmental psychology, then sub-criteria were identified in the other researchers' theories. In the next phase, the drawncognitive maps of students were analyzed and interpreted by these criteria -physical and qualitative. Findings of the research show that the readability of students' mental maps is most affected by the edgeparameter. Also, the criteria rankings show the most impact of students from the rhythm and harmony in the districtparameter. The next rank has been the other criteria of district and edge parameters. Also, a comparative study between students in two disciplines reveals differences in the recording of readability of mental maps.

Place attachment is among the most important bonds between person and place. In recent decades, various researchers have carried out quantitative and qualitative studies in this area, trying to find solutions for creating a sense of attachment to place. Although many efforts have been made and are being made to explain the factors influencing place attachment, the achievements of research in this field have been presented in a scattered and fragmented manner and in this situation, it is not possible for architects and designers to ameliorate the attribute of attachment to space. Among main concerns of this research are: finding aspects, intervening variables and measurement tools for place attachment as well as answering how to create a place to which a person can attach. This research aims to help designers recognize and use factors in creating and enhancing the concept of place attachment. This qualitative research will be undertaken by reviewing the theoretical literature in various sciences, environmental psychology, philosophy, and literature. Discovering void in previous researches, it will establish a new model of place attachment and introduce three motives: Background, Middle-ground and Distant view. The findings show that we face a complicated structure in the process of place attachment, in which the first stimulus or background speaks of the intra-mental connection before the present moment, faces that are processed in the mind and create mental images that human beings use to understand the environment, The second stimulus of this structure is the setting that speaks of the reality or the moment of human presence in the place where it is possible to gather things at that moment. The moment of presence in the place is a mixture of mentality and objectivity and is different from the background stimulus since it is rooted in the presence of the factor of human perception and feeling, and The third stimulus or foreground is the reality that emerges from the gradual emergence of the background and setting, along with the person's wishes and requests at that time, in which a complete perception (uniformity) is formed. A concept that cannot be easily broken down into geometry, activities, and emotions. These three, then, create an atmosphere where all elements have a role which is regarded as the main factor affecting one's judgment about the place.

Balconies and terraces are part of the interface spaces in the facades of buildings that allow internal and external communication, but these days we are witnessing poor performance and even the removal of these spaces from residential buildings. Paying attention to the effective factors in the formation of balconies (cultural factors, social factors, artistic factors, economic factors, environmental factors, and functional factors) and their optimal design can have a great impact on improving the quality of life of residents and their satisfaction. It is one of the new apartment complexes. Therefore, the design of these interfaces should be tailored to the needs of residents and existing conditions, but the needs of residents and existing conditions are not always constant and may change; So these interfaces need to be flexible and Variable. Convertible balconies can be a good alternative to the current fixed balcony. These balconies can meet the needs of residents in different conditions and are compatible with the environment, so that they open when needed and create the necessary space and shrink when they are not needed.In this research, first, issues related to balconies, including: definition of balconies and types of balconies and examples of balconies with special design have been raised. The following are issues with variability and examples of convertible balconies. Examining the case examples of balconies and variable facades and the connections used in them, eight models of variable balconies have been proposed, which show how they are placed in the facade and how they are opened and closed. The proposed criteria are evaluated based on specific criteria (such as: how to open and close the structure mechanically and manually, the cost of structure and connections, access for future service and repair, occupant safety at the time of use, etc.) to determine their superiority. Finally, different modes of the selected balcony are shown that change according to the wishes and needs of the residents. When these balconies open and close, they create different spatial qualities for the occupants, giving them the right to choose how to use these interface spaces, and allowing them to access the outdoor space at any time.

Mosque, Mirror of Islam (1985) is one of the most comprehensive and important books of the famous French philosopher Roger Garaudy on Islamic art and architecture and the mosques of the Islamic world, in the position of the full manifestation of Islamic beliefs. The characteristics of this book have given it a special and unique place in such researchs. However, this work, like many other works, is not free from ambiguities and content criticism. The present study intends to study and critique the content of the book through descriptive-analytical methods and documentary studies. The results of this study emphasize on the richness of the book in observing and interpreting details, and trying to explain the Islamic art in line with the concepts of the Holy Bible of Islam, the Quran, and also provide reviews in various sections of the book, and open new perspectives in the mind of the reader towards its chapters.

The Relationship Between Architecture And Nature Has Undergone Various Changes Throughout History; Hence, Different Approaches Have Been Formed Between The Two. In Recent Decades, Two Important Approaches To Sustainability And Bionics Have Been Formed Regarding The Relationship Between Architecture And Nature. The Sustainability Approach Emphasizes The Preservation Of Nature And Peaceful Coexistence With It, And The Bionic Approach Considers Nature As A Source Of Inspiration And Uses The Laws Contained In It In Architecture. Given The Relationship Between Both Approaches And Nature, The Question Arises That What Is The Relationship Between The Two Approaches? Therefore, The Purpose Of This Study Is To Investigate The Relationship Between Sustainability And Bionic Approaches As Two Important Architectural Approaches In Relation To Nature. For This Purpose, This Research Uses A Descriptive-Analytical Method And By Studying The Sources Of Libraries, Including Books, Dissertations, Articles, Etc., Explains The Approach To Sustainability In Architecture And Its Relationship With Nature. Then, It Examines The Bionic Approach In Architecture And Its Relationship With Nature, And Finally, Using The Method Of Logical Reasoning And Relying On Research Findings, Presents The Relationship Between The Two Approaches Of Sustainable Architecture And Bionic. According To The Results Of Research In The Approach Of Architectural Sustainability Is The Cause Of Creating A Sustainable Environment And Nature Conservation, So That It Can Be Achieved By Applying The Four Principles Of Sustainable Architecture In Ecological, Social, Cultural And Economic Systems. Contrary To This View, In The Bionic Approach, Nature Is The Cause Of The Creation Of Desirable Architecture, So That By Modeling Nature At Three Levels Of Organism, Behavior And Ecosystem And Influencing The Domains Of Form, Materials, Structure, Function, and Process The Desired Architecture Can Be Achieved.

The late architect, Farhad Ahmadi, should be known and understood through hisWorks.Throughout his professional career, he demonstrated a partiality towardsthe relation of Persian Architecture and the Contemporary Architecture of theWorld.His architectural approach can be comprehended in the design of a Cultural Centre in Isfahan: A prominent aspect of the Design Method is the concentration onthe Traditional Spatial Organization. In addition, the detachment of ArchitecturalElements, concludes in their singularity. This manifests a Modern Expression

Benefiting digital fabrication technologies in architectural education is a recent and rapidly evolving phenomenon. Digital fabrication labs not, common in standard architectural education curriculums until recently, are nowadays widespread in architectural schools. Although the first two experimental applications of digital fabrication, including ”prototyping“ and ”modeling“, have been developed exclusively in laboratories that existed in the faculties of mechanical engineering, since the late 1990s, a new type of laboratory has been established and dedicated to these activities in most of the world-leading architectural schools. These laboratories were called ”Rapid Prototyping Laboratories“ at first and then renamed to ”Digital Fabrication Laboratories“. Due to the growing popularity of the new generation of laboratories in the faculties of architecture, and the need to familiarize and promote these technological and educational environments, considering the growing and evolving needs of the construction industry, this article introduces ”Comprehensive Laboratory of Applied Sciences“ in the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design at the Tehran University of Art.

The present article tries to identify the capabilities and activate available data for urban planners and designers on social media and the internet by asking what Tehran looks like on this kind of network. This present study is a form of a ”case study“ in an experimental field, surveys, Citizens’ lived experiences in the context of their daily lives. The purpose of this initial survey is to pave the way for further in-depth research and to explain the relationship between the phenomenon )Emerging social connections( and the context )city(. The findings of the study include the initial identification of various issues and forms of emergence and registration of the city of Tehran in the minds of citizens and the degree of manifestation and importance of each of these issues.