Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:6 Issue: 4, Autumn 2021

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are comprised of hierarchically-organized subpopulations of cells with  distinguished phenotypes and tumorigenic capabilities that concrete to metastasis and cancer recurrence. According to related studies, their presence stands as the main reason of cancer associated fatalities. The fundamental feature of these cells is their ability to provide resistance towards conventional treatments or facilitate escaping routes, which include the overexpression of multifunctional ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporter gene family, metabolism reprogramming, and activation of survivance pathways . Conventional therapies are mainly capable of annihilating cancer cells, while lacking the ability to remove vital CSCs. The recurrence of tumors can be impeded through the targeting of CSCs by different therapies. Nanoparticles with unique properties have emerged as a promising approach for combating stem cancer cells. Therefore, the exertion of nanoparticles, especially metal nanoparticles ‐ based drug delivery systems in cancer imaging and remedial treatment, can surpass the obstacles of conventional treatments. Therefore, the possibility of achieving nonspecific toxicities through the administration of lower but more accurate targeted doses can be provided by the  production of theranostic metal nanoparticles and the incorporation of payload drugs into metal nanoparticles carriers, which requires a particular focus on the significance of biomarker targeting for remedial purposes and the unique contrast‐enhancing features of theranostic metal nanoparticles for facilitating image‐guided delivery. Despite the benefits of using nanoparticles for treating cancer stem cells, yet it is necessary to surpass the numerous challenges and further conduct comprehensive researches.

There are strong proofs for the therapeutic benefits of dental implants utility in regards to the replacement of dental elements throughout the treatment of complete or partial edentulism. Many materials were used for the manufacturing of dental implants throughout the history of this field. Hydroxyapatite is one of the popular structures due to being highly biocompatible, however, its poor stability fences its application. Therefore, the approach of doping with other structures, such as metal nanoparticles, can be proposed to circumvent this obstacle. Various metal nanoparticles are exerted in the role of dopants, which include manganese, silver, magnesium ,cobalt, zinc, silicon, strontium, lithium,cerium, yttrium, neodymium, hafnium, erbium, and cadmium. According to available evidences, the doping of metal nanoparticles with hydroxyapatite can improve the obtained mechanical stability, biocompatibility, osteoinductivity, osteoinductivity, the integrity of bone tissues, antibacterial properties, and other features, which is effective in increasing their potential applications. Apart from the offered benefits, the process of doping metal nanoparticles in dental implants is still in its infancy and struggles with several challenges.

Current research had successfully encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) with selective estrogen receptor drug tamoxifen citrate (TAM) using Poly (d,l-lactice-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA 75:25) via oil in water emulsion technique. TAM is a good example of a drug that is difficult to dissolve. TAM is currently approved for the treatment of hormone-sensitive and early-stage breast cancer as an adjuvant endocrine therapy. The majority of the prescription medicine in today market is made up of poorly soluble, bioavailable, and quickly metabolized and eliminated drug which is a continuously challenges up to these days. Therefore, it is imperative to overcome this disadvantages by encapsulating TAM inside PLGA together with MNP for improved drug delivery. The MNP coated with oleic acid (OA) was synthesized using co-precipitation method and it is known as OAMNP. The fabricated nanohybrid is known as TAM-PLGA-OAMNP where the TAM was encapsulated together with OAMNP within PLGA. XRD results showed that OAMNP is Fe3O4. FTIR spectra revealed that the TAM was successfully encased into the PLGA structure. TAM-PLGA-OAMNP average size is about 131 ± 28 nm as shown in TEM results. The nanohybrid nanoparticles showed the absence of hysteresis loop indicative of superparamagnetic properties.

The unfavorable physicochemical properties of well recognized antioxidant phytoactive sesamol limits its oral bioavailability as well as use as an effective therapeutic agent. Thus present study was started with aim to fabricate sesamol loaded hyaluronic acid anchored phospholipid nanovesicles to minimize limitations associated with conventional delivery of sesamol and to enhance its antioxidant potential. Drug encapsulated hyalurosomes were formulated using thin film hydration technique and evaluated with respect to particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release behavior and DPPH radical scavenging assay. The selected technique was found to be effective for preparation of phospholipid nanovesicles with particle size 200 ± 10.173 nm and zeta potential -29.8 ± 4.16 mV. The drug loaded hyalurosomes revealed significantly better radical scavenging potential compared to free sesamol and unloaded hyalurosomes. Hyaluronic acid functionalized phospholipid nanovesicles is novel phospholipid based carrier for delivery of phytoactives. Thus formulated phospholipid based system could be promising alternative to deliver sesamol with improved antioxidant potential.

Schiff bases compounds are typically containing a nitrogen analogue of an aldehyde or ketone, in which the carbonyl group is substituted by an imine or azomethine group. These complexes are useful for various industrial goals, catalysis of chemical reactions, and have the capability of using as therapeutic compounds such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative. Herein, we report the surface modification of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles by a synthesized Schiff-base, named 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole. Various characterization techniques including, XRD, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, SEM, and EDXRF were employed to survey the functional and structural features of the compound. Average particle size for the prepared Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was calculated as about 12nm. SEM confirmed the spherical morphology of magnetic nanoparticles. Moreover, the coated Fe3O4 NPs with Schiff base displayed the desired anti-Escherichia coli and anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity. The herein method is beneficial for the application in diverse fields such as drug delivery, industry, and water treatment.

In recent years, nanomaterials with anti-bacterial activity have acted as antibiotics, and a new method of nanotechnology treatment is available. Nanoparticles (NPs) are effective against drug-resistant strains. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly porous composite materials with attractive applications. This material has attracted a lot of attention due to its unique properties such as anti-bacterial application. Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO) MOF is a Zn-MOF based organic framework (Zn-MOF) with various applications.

In the present study, this Zn-MOF was synthesized by solution at room temperature and solvothermal at 90 ºC methods. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS). Finally, the anti-bacterial activities of samples were investigated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) as gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as gram-positive bacteria.

FTIR and XRD results were evaluated functional groups and crystal structure respectively. DLS and zeta potential results were studied size and distribution diagram, and surface charge respectively. The morphology and size were observed by SEM images in the nanometer scale. The Ultraviolet (UV) protective property and band gap energy were investigated by DRS absorption. The antibacterial activity was confirmed against E. coli were and S. aureus.

This work showed that Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO) MOF can be a good candidate for medicinal applications.

In this research, chitosan Schiff base was prepared from the reaction of chitosan with carbonyl group of 4-nitro benzaldehyde. The gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared by the onion peels extract as reducing agent. The prepared AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM microscopy and XRD analysis. Polymer blends of Chitosan Schiff base, PVA and PVP were synthesis by solution casting method, Chitosan Schiff base / PVA / PVP Au and Ag nanocomposites were manufacture. the polymer blends and nano composites were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, DSC, and TGA, the blends and nano composites showed good activity against different gram +ve and gram -ve bacterium kinds, The antimicrobial activities toward the tested microorganisms, which can be attributed to chemical structure of Chitosan Schiff base, the presence of the Schiff-base molecule's imine group (C=N) with its 𝜋 - electrons is thought to improve the molecule's lipophilicity, making it easier for it to enter the microbe's cell membrane, the nano composites showed good results in inhibition of breast cancer cell line MCF7.

Particle size is an important parameter in determining quality of drug delivery systems. Electrospray is a novel and interesting approach to prepare polymeric nanoparticles. In this study, effect of four independent parameters on size of nanoparticles, prepared via electrospray, was investigated using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The parameters included concentration of polymer, applied voltage, humidity and temperature, of which, the last two were investigated for the first time in this study.The developed ANNs model showed that there is a complex and non-linear relation between the four input parameters and the size of prepared nanoparticles. The model also showed that applied voltage and temperature had small and reverse effects on the size. However, the dominant factors determining the size of the nanoparticles were humidity and polymer concentration: an optimum value was required for obtaining the smallest size. The values above or lower the optimum value made the particle size of generated nanoparticles larger.

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world which threatening the lives of millions of people every year. Common treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and radiotherapy, which have been limited and sometimes ineffective due to the adverse side effects, multidrug resistance, prolongation of the treatment period and, most importantly, the ineffectiveness of these treatments. The use of modern medical therapies based on nanotechnology is one of the noteworthy ways to overcome these therapeutic limitations. In this study, different formulations of PLGA polymer nanoparticles were synthesized using dual emulsion method (W1 / O / W2) and berberine was loaded into them. The optimal formula of PLGA containing berberine had 85.2% encapsulation efficiency, size 234 nm and surface charge -8.21. Also, the IC50 of PLGA containing berberine (42.39 μg / ml) compared to IC50 free drug (80.18 μg / ml) had higher cytotoxicity in killing cancer cells. The system had a slow release pattern and the maximum rate of release from nanoparticles was 61.46% in 48 hours. Also, the synthesized PLGA polymer system was approved for surface morphology and infrared spectroscopy.Our findings show that PLGA polymer systems containing berberine have the potential to stop the growth of breast cancer cells and promise a promising future and a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer.

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of rod-shape gold nanoshells over Fe3O4 nanorods. This hybrid nanostructure combines plasmonic properties of the gold nanoshells and magnetic behavior of the magnetite nanorods in a single platform which turns it into a promising choice for multi-purpose biomedical applications The Fe3O4 core was formed via hydrazine reduction of FeOOH rods synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method. The Fe3O4 core was then modified with APTES and underwent gold seeding and plating to form the final nanoshell. The formation of FeOOH and Fe3O4 particels were confirmed through x-ray diffraction analysis. The formed particles showed rode shape morphology based on scanning electron microscopy. The Fe3O4 core/Au shell particles showed two broad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peaks around 750 nm and 930 nm. Both SPR peaks are in the transmission window for biological entities (skin, tissue, and hemoglobin). These combined magnetic and optical properties suggest the rod-shaped gold nanoshell as a proper theranostic agent for biomedical applications.