فصلنامه پژوهش های حسابداری مالی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 49، پاییز 1400)

The emergence of a new theory of "Macroaccounting" with a new wave of accounting research over the last decade tries to explain and apply accounting information in economic forecasts. The Macroeconomic theory suggests that economists and macroeconomic forecasters use accounting aggregate information at the macroeconomic level. For example, from accounting earnings to forecast GDP, from cost stickiness to forecast unemployment, from the ratio of book value to market value to predict inflation, and from the pricing model of capital assets Used for economic growth. The present study investigates the accuracy of GDP forecasting based on the comparative information of inflated and non-inflated accounting earnings aggregate. The statistical population of this research includes all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Macro accounting emphasizes economists' view of seasonal accounting for financial accounting. So the data are collected seasonally and observations are 40 times (2007:Q1-2017:Q4). The method is multivariable time series model with rolling regression. Also, for estimating the prediction accuracy, the methods of mean error magnitude, mean squared error and mean error percentage criterion are used. Evidence show that accounting earnings aggregate as well as depreciated accounting earnings increase the accuracy of GDP forecasts over future periods. Another finding of the study is the efficiency of predicting the accuracy of accounting earnings aggregate relative to accounting earnings depreciation. As a result, the spread of aggregate accounting erning growth reduces the forecasting error of GDP and reduces the high-speed GDP. A one-unit increase in the standard deviation of the quarterly growth of quarterly accounting earnings forecasts 0.94 GDP for future periods. The results also showed that GDP forecasts using depreciated Ernings with 7% error and inflated ernings with 10% error are the most appropriate forecasts for GDP.

Corporate governance system is considered as the supervision and control process to guarantee performance of company’s management consistent with the shareholder’s interest. Corporate social responsibility is perceived as a community commitment towards most people in the society. However, their future paths and directions will be determined by the decisions made by managers at the core system of companies. This research was performed with the aim of studying the effects of perceptual and behavioral disorders on the mechanisms related to corporate governance system, as well as social responsibility, based on the criteria of overconfidence, optimism, and shortsightedness. The sample in this research included 110 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 2012-2019, which were studied via EViews 10 software package. The research results showed that the overconfidence of managing director had a significant negative effect on the independent audit; optimism while shortsightedness of managing director had no significant impacts on the independent audit; overconfidence and shortsightedness of managing director had no significant effect on the level of institutional ownership; optimism of managing director had a significant negative impact on the level of institutional ownership; overconfidence of managing director had a significant positive effect on the ownership concentration; optimism of managing director had a significant negative impact on the ownership concentration; shortsightedness of managing director had no significant effect on the ownership concentration; overconfidence and shortsightedness of managing director had significant negative impacts on social responsibility; and optimism of managing director had no significant effect on the social responsibility.

The future of coin market as one of the tools of the financial market established in 2008 aims to unify gold transactions and prevent imaginary transactions, prevalence of counterfeit coins, and risk of price fluctuations. Also, given the importance of gold trading in the country, future contracts can help transparency of information in this market, be effective in detecting prices, and attract some wandering capital of the economy. Yet, they can be achieved only if the market is efficient. Evaluating market efficiency helps to identify the existing constraints, correct future directions, and improve market efficiency. Thus, many studies have been done about the financial market in Iran. Despite the launch of Iran's future market, not much has been done in this regard. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate market efficiency by using the model of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Error Correction Model (ECM). For the long-term efficiency of the market, which was studied by using the OLS method, the required limitation was 5% and all the models had efficiency. Also, for its short-term efficiency, which was examined by using the ECM, the restrictions for all the models, with the exception of the model of 25-28 days before maturity, were not rejected at the level of 5%, indicating the models were effective.

The process of creating an innovative idea and presenting it requires planning and comprehensive attention to all the effective factors. This goal cannot be achieved without using a proper model. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a model to explain the relationship between the components of corporate characteristics and innovation indicators by using the Delphi method. The current research was performed by removing individual variables, adding new variables, and determining their importance in two stages. In the first stage, various studies and sources were reviewed in a library and the indicators commonly used in the evaluations were extracted. In the second stage, the Delphi method was utilized to compile and weight the indicators. The effective indicators were selected after these two stages. Also, using the sampling method, the data of 104 companies active in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during the period of 2011-2020 were assessed. To test the hypotheses, the multivariate regression model and combined data were employed. The findings indicated the positive and significant effects of profitability, profit quality, and firm size, as well as the inverse relationship of the variables of financial leverage, firm life, and dividend profit with the innovation indicators. In addition, no significant relationships of other variables of corporate characteristics, including profit stability, firm growth, risk, market risk (beta), stock returns, and liquidity with innovation were observed.

Auditors are always looking to identify factors that can be used for estimating the risk of material misstatement more accurately at the level of financial statements. In this regard, this study examined whether decisions to hire or fire the staffs that make an important part of the company's operations help to anticipate accounting misstatements and, consequently, whether this affect the timing of auditor's reporting of auditor's fee and resubmission of financial statements.The research period of 1392-1398 was considered, during which 105 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) were selected as the samples and the research hypotheses were tested by using Ordinary Least-Squares (OLS) regression and binary regression. The results of testing the research hypotheses indicated that the effect of abnormal investment in the staffs on the delay in submitting the auditor's report and restatement of financial statements was not accepted, but its effect on auditor's fee was accepted. Our results showed that the auditors of the sample companies were able to correctly estimate the risk of material misstatement caused by abnormal investment in labor and other factors and plan their proceedings to cover the risk of material misstatement through proper and timely planning. The results of this study provided evidence that auditors pay attention to red flags in financial reporting when reviewing financial statements.