نشریه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1400)

Extensively expansionary monetary policy has posed serious challenges to Iran's economy in recent decades. In this regard, we can point to the elimination of public tendency to supply of Qarz-ol-Hasna deposits. So that the share of Gharz -ol-Hasna deposits in total bank deposits has decreased and has reached almost its lowest level in the last four decades. Among these, one of the most important reasons has been monetary policy indiscipline during this period which has been led to a sharp increase in liquidity and inflation rate and consequently increased opportunity cost of money or time value of money and has caused the Qarz -ol-Hasna deposit (in the form of Qarz-ol-Hasna deposits in the banking system), to decline. However, Qarz-ol-Hasna has been highly emphasized in the Qur'an and Islamic sources and many economic and social functions can be imagined for it. In this article by reviewing monetary authority's performance through monetary and inflation indices tried to pathologies the decreasing trend of Qarz -ol-Hasna deposits, focusing on monetary policies role.

Qard al-Hasan is one of the Islamic banking contracts that is being paid by banks and credit institutions after interest-free banking in the country. In this article, using statistical evidence and Johansen-Juselus cointegration  method over the period 1984-2019, it is shown that  gross domestic product, the rate of bank facilities and the number of registered marriages affect the qard al-hasan facilities issued by banks, so that with the increase of GDP and bank interest rates, the share of Qard al-Hasan facilities  from the total ganted facilities decrease and the marriage rate has a positive effect on Qard al-Hasan facilitiies.

The purpose of debt from both domestic and foreign sources is to bridge the resource gap between savings and investment. But not paying attention to debt and its role in the process of economic growth and development, may lead to adverse effects of debt on economic growth and also affect development programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of public debt on economic growth in selected Islamic countries. For this purpose, data from 12 selected Islamic countries during the period 2000-2019 were used. Then, using panel data-based methods such as panel cointegration techniques, the best estimation model was selected. The results of estimated model showed that in general, the variables of financial development index, inflation, population growth, quality of institutions and life expectancy increased GDP per capita or in other words, economic growth in selected Islamic countries. The results also showed that the variables of public debt and gross fixed capital formation have a negative and significant effect on economic growth in selected Islamic countries.

In the current situation, contracts and obligations have been severely affected by the economic conditions of the country, and the increasing price and instability in the market has led to severe losses to the obligor, which must compensate. However, sometimes it is not possible to accurately fulfill the commitment due to the passage of time and unpredictable changes. It may put the obligor in unbearable difficulty and plunge him into the abyss of economic collapse. The question now is whether the commitment of these people is still binding in the face of severe economic fluctuations, or whether it can be changed in the face of changing circumstances. In some cases, sharp price fluctuations make it impossible for contracts to survive, and due to the unfair possession of the other party, it is a good basis for modifying the contract, and given that in the Iranian legal system, the principle of necessity of contracts prevails, we can Jurisprudential principles such as the rule of hardship, the rule of no harm and the rule of gross fraud reviewed the provisions of the contract concluded between the parties. However, in some courts, this process is considered a conversion of an obligation and its modification is not allowed; However, due to unpredictable events, the provisions of the contract can be reviewed and a clear and explicit solution can be provided in these cases based on jurisprudential rules, and the contract can be adjusted due to significant benefits, including compliance with the partieschr('39') wishes and commercial realities in long contracts. Duration is preferable to termination. Certainly, the judge also considers the unjust loss to the obligor, which has caused unconventional difficulties and hardships with the implementation of the contract. Therefore, in such cases, the implementation of jurisprudential rules is a suitable solution to maintain and modify the contract or in some cases to terminate the contract.

The existence of various financial instruments in the securities market increases the motivation and participation of the people in financing long-term economic activities. There are different ways to finance business activities that different organizations can use to finance them. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate new financing tools and implementation strategies in Islamic Azad University development projects. The statistical population is all employees in the field of staff, financial management, credit management, investment department, managers and deputies of the Islamic Azad University, which in the time frame of the research in 1399 was conducted in a probabilistic manner and was estimated at 145 people. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used which confirmed the face validity and reliability of 93.9% and was analyzed by SPSS and PLS software. According to the experts, the results of the rank and importance of new financing instruments, respectively, participation bonds, derivatives, futures contracts, sukuk, mortgage bonds and certificates of deposit, as well as the results of the structural model of sukuk have the highest direct effect and futures contract have the least effect. It is about financing the construction projects of Islamic Azad University. The results of the research hypotheses indicate the impact and significant role of participation bonds, derivative instruments, futures contracts, sukuk, mortgage bonds and certificates of deposit in the development projects of Islamic Azad University.

In this study, using the financial information of 70 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2009-2017, the relationship between momentum and inverse profits with the size and ratio of book value to the market value of the company and the volume of transactions using multivariate regression models. Based on combined data has been studied. The research findings indicate that there is no significant relationship between company size and momentum profits and there is no significant relationship between company size and inverse profits except for a 24-month maintenance period. There is no significant relationship between the ratio of book value to market value (BV / MV) and momentum profits in all maintenance and formation periods, but between the ratio of book value to market value (BV / MV) and inverse profits in all maintenance and formation periods. Apart from 6-month maintenance and formation periods, there is a significant relationship. Regarding the company s trading volume, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between trading volume and momentum profits in 6-month formation and maintenance periods, and this relationship in 12- and 24-month formation periods. Maintenance is not significant, while there is a significant relationship between the company s trading volume and inverse profits in the 24-month formation and maintenance periods. And there is no significant relationship in the formation and maintenance periods of 6 and 12 months.

Because VAT is collected from different stages of production and can cover all goods and services, it has a broad tax base and generates a lot of revenue for the government. In fact, the VAT system is a kind of tax restructuring that is mostly to increase revenues and equip financial resources to finance government expenditures. The introduction of value added tax in recent years has been one of the important pillars of tax reform in different countries of the world. The main purpose of this study was to identify the criteria and criteria for evaluating the VAT policy of the industrial sector. The purpose of the present study was applied research and sampling method was stratified random sampling using Cochran's formula. The results of the analysis of variance values ​​extracted from the hidden variables of the study showed that all variables were 0.561. Convergent validity of the measuring instruments was confirmed using the extracted mean variance index. The results showed Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.899 and composite reliability of 0.919, so the reliability of measuring instruments using these two indicators was also confirmed. Factor analysis was used to reach the final criteria and metrics of the research. Exploratory factor analysis was then used to ensure that the metrics of the VAT assessment of the industrial sector were correctly categorized. The results of sampling adequacy test met the first purpose of factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the conformity between the theoretical structure and the experimental structure of the research model.

The non-usury law approved in 1983 is in agreement with the divine law which forbids usury. Regardless of how the loan applicant will use the financial facilities, usury banking grants loan to the households to buy their consumers' goods, and to the corporates to make investment. In contrast, the Islamic banking system  grants loan based on a specific mechanism, which is the main advantage of such a type of banking. The question is "to what extent do bank employees know about Islamic Banking contracts?" The present study is aimed at assessing the extent to which the bank employees, who are working within the non-usury banking framework, are aware of the  definitions, concepts, and the applications of Islamic banking contracts .The study used a field research method, and the statistical  population  was made up of 9707 emplyees working in a private bank. Finally, a sample of 369 employees was selected using  Cochran formula. The data were collected using a questionnaire with confirmed relaibity nad vadility.The results were anyalsedm using SPSS. The results showed that only 3% of the bank employees had knowledge of the concepts and  application of Islamic banking contracts. Given these results,  it is likely that the banking executives have no knowledge of  contracts, resorting to forging false documents and misusing Islamic contracts. Therefore, employees should participate  in relevant training courses to  understand banking contracts.

On the one hand, the most important factor of social and family instability due to poverty and unemployment, individuals It has affected many human societies. On the other hand, religious aspects, especially zakat and khums, are recognized as an important financial sector in Islamic society, and with their proper management, a large part of social challenges, especially poverty and unemployment, will be reduced. Or zero. The present study, after evaluating the jurisprudential sources of zakat and khums, in addition to proving that the religious funds are in charge during the absence of the comprehensive Mujtahid, relying on value, jurisprudential and historical principles, examines the models of allocating religious funds with the characteristics of reducing inequality and increasing productivity. De-employment and job creation. Allocation of Sharia funds in two traditional and non-traditional models with the said indicators to be evaluated and finally, the desired pattern of allocation of Sharia funds is determined. The research method was conducted in a field method that by selecting the elites (30 doctoral students in economics with a focus on Islamic economics, 30 postgraduate students and 20 professors of economics with a focus on Islamic economics and economic jurisprudence) from among the indicators in the questionnaire, to select and weight the above indicators they have payed. The proposed models in the research are ranked using AHP (hierarchical analysis) technique, among which, the desired model; That is, the allocation of sharia funds in economic activities based on value, jurisprudential and economic principles is proposed; with this model, the following goals can be achieved: 1. The desired indicators of research are not only achieved through the allocation of religious funds in the traditional way; Rather, it leads to a greater dispersion of resources; 2. The allocation of Sharia funds, especially Zakat and Khums, in production and service activities is more compatible and appropriate with the spirit of legislation.

In Iran, cardiovascular diseases rank first in terms of mortality. Cardiovascular disease leads families to fall into the abyss of poverty and worsens the disease. Health policy makers need to be aware of the costs of these diseases in order to make decisions about the optimal allocation of resources. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in selected hospitals in Mashhad (Javadalameh Heart Hospital). This study was a descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study. In this study, the economic burden of cardiovascular diseases was estimated by the cost method of the disease and based on the human capital method. Costs of diseases by cost and drugs with a sample of 385 people were obtained by simple random sampling from the hospital records of angiographed patients in Javadalameh Heart Hospital in Mashhad. Data analysis was performed with Spss and Excel software. A total of 385 patients (files) were included in the study, of which 250 (64.9) were male and 135 (35.1) were female. The findings showed that cardiovascular disease imposes a significant economic burden on the Iranian economic system (case study). The total direct medical cost was 98241352823574 Rials for each patient. The average cost of lost time per day for male patients due to cardiovascular disease was estimated at 9333418 Rials and for women 1033239 Rials. Most of the medical costs were related to angioplasty costs (0.47) and the lowest amount was related to drug costs (1.15). The economic burden of cardiovascular diseases was 134996687871956 Rials. Cardiovascular diseases impose huge costs on society. The best way to deal with these diseases and thus reduce costs is to change and correct risky behaviors that make the patient invulnerable.

Islamic banking has attracted much attention in the financial economics literature due to its rapid growth. Islamic banking has emerged as an alternative to the conventional form of banking and has grown rapidly in Muslim and non-Muslim countries over the past three decades. Islamic banks have expanded their bases in more than 60 countries around the world, and Islamic banks are expected to receive a large share of savings in Muslim-majority countries, which play an important role in investing in these countries. Will have. Investment is an important component of macroeconomics and plays an important role in growth and transition from recession. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interest rates on the investment function in a selection of major countries with Islamic and conventional banking systems during the period 1995-2018 using the data panel method. The results of this study showed that in both groups of the country studied, the effect of per capita income on investment function was positive and significant. According to other results, in the sample Muslim countries, trading and prudent incentives were stronger than the speculative incentive, and it seems that Keynes' theory of investment demand was not necessarily confirmed in the sample Muslim countries studied for the period under review.

In this paper is attemped to examine increasing of nominal GNP according to momitarists and kenziyan approaches. In this research we have used time series Data collcted from Database of Iranian centeral Bank "between"1981 to 2015. Variables in this study are: Gross national Production (GNP) based on current prices, Supply of money, and Government Expenditures. Microsoft Eviwse.9 have used in this research. To examine the hypothises of monitarists and kenziyan, our presented model based on cent luise Framework. In this point, we have used two tests: Davidson& Mackinon (J) test and F test. Results shows, the null hypothesis of increseaing of nominal incom has rejected in both monetarists and kenziyan approaches in Iranian Economy. It means, in Iranian Economy increasing of nominal income have not depends to increasing of both Supply of Money and government Expenditures.