فصلنامه برنامه ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی
پیاپی 50 (بهار 1401)

Changes in the Everyday Life of the Older persons during the Covid-19 Pandemic; A Qualitative StudyShiva Parvaei[1]Majid Koosheshi[2] AbstractIn this study, the lived experience of the older persons in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic as a social and risk experience was analyzed and the most important changes in the everyday life of the elderly were discovered. The method of this study is based on a qualitative research design. To data collection has been used from semi-structured interviews with the elderly (or their children) and thematic analysis technique to analyze qualitative data. The results show that older persons have experienced multiple changes in their everyday life. These changes have been in economic dimensions, physical health, mental health and family and social relations. The results indicate that the issues of the elderly in the Covid-19 pandemic period are not only individual but also family and social issues. This matter refers to the importance of family and intergenerational interactions in the everyday life of the elderly. In addition, the consequences of this period on the everyday life of the older persons include not only direct effects but also indirect consequences. In this regard, we can point to the economic consequences of Covid-19 on the working life of youth and adult children, which not only led to a decrease in children's support for older parents but also led to their anxiety and worry. In addition, we can point to a decline in the health capital of the older persons and deaths which is due to the delay in following up on health status and treatment. Ageing is a social and unequal experience and these studies are very useful for the social policy of ageing and family. Keywords: Older Persons, Everyday Life, Risk society, Social Changes, Ageing Studies, Family Studies.    [1] . PhD in Sociology, , Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran.[2] . Assistant Professor of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran.

Although poverty is a common phenomenon, no group suffers as much from the negative effects of poverty as children. The main question of the article is to ascertain whether the experience of poverty differs between girls and boys? In this article, an ethnographic method is used to collect information from 30 children (16 girls and 14 boys) aged 10 to 17 who have experienced a life of poverty. Data analysis was performed using conventional qualitative content analysis. Findings show that girls and boys experience similar and different experiences of poverty at the same time. While the lack of clothing, housing, and food is similarly experienced and perceived by girls and boys, the fact that girls work at home, their lack of access to public space becomes extra challenges for them. Prolonged stay at home makes access to private space at home more important for girls. On the other hand, the division of gender labor in early childhood is strictly applied to girls and boys in poor families. As boys gain access to money, the resources available to them inside and outside the home increase, but waged labor from an early age increases the physical and psychological stress for boys. A better understanding of child poverty due to gender characteristics can lead to more effective welfare and protection policies.

Quality life and the need to pay attention to it, one of the main issues is how to study biosociality. The impact of various economic factors, the quality of social and cultural relations have been able to affect the quality of life, in the meantime, religiosity is considered as one of the influential sources in the quality of life. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of religiosity on the quality of life of citizens of Pardisan region of Qom through mediators of trust and social participation.This research was conducted by using survey method and questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included all urban households of Pardisan Qom with 200,000 people. The sampling method was performed in a multi-stage cluster method among 384 urban households and the data of the questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS24 and AMOS24 statistical softwares.The results of structural equation modeling showed the effect of religiosity on social participation equal to 0.47, on social trust equal to 0.18, social participation on quality of life equal to 0.29, social trust on quality of life equal to 0.55, the effect of religiosity through mediation, if social participation on quality of life is estimated at 0.14, and through social trust at 0.099. Therefore, research hypotheses except for the direct impact of religiosity on quality of life have been confirmed.

The purpose of this study is spatial analysis of urban poverty at the level of statistical blocks of Bijar city. The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied according to its purpose. Data were extracted from the statistical blocks of the Statistics Center and Gis software was used to classify the data. Also, due to the fact that the studied indicators were negative and positive, depending on the direction of each indicator, the positive or negative relationship of the fuzzy scaling method in Excel software was used. First, 12 indicators of economic poverty were scaled by fuzzy method and called in Gis software environment and spatially analyzed by hot spot method and Moran autocorrelation. According to the zoning map produced, it can be said that 259 urban blocks, which account for 27.80% of the city's population, are located in a very prosperous urban area, 279 blocks with 33.16% of the urban population in the area Prosperous, 497 blocks and 37.31 percent of the population in the middle zone and finally the poor and very poor zone with a total of 274 blocks and 1.7 percent of the population. Based on the results of Moran's autocorrelation method, it can be said that the distribution of poverty indicators is a cluster pattern, so that strong areas of urban poverty have shifted to the northeast.

The aim of this study was to identify the adaptation policies of people without identity documents living in informal settlements in Mashhad in the field of access to education, health, housing, employment and social security. present study, the contextual theory method, which is one of the methods of qualitative data analysis, has been used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the study was the study of all people without identity documents living in informal settlements in the municipal areas of Mashhad , who had lived in these areas for at least five years. Findings showed that the problems and deprivations of people without identity cards are summed up in "their low ability to take advantage of the opportunities that society has provided for members with an identity card." The lack of education and formal marriage, lack of community welfare facilities and services, unsustainable employment and turning to low-income and manual jobs are among the most important deprivations and problems in the lives of people without identity documents; As a result, individuals without identity documents have formed a skeptical community due to their structural position and in order to solve their problems and deprivations. These people have been able to create a situation in this community to solve their problems and apply various welfare policies in different areas in order to improve their welfare.

One of the most important issues in the cultural and social field is performance appraisal. Because the nature of cultural and social activities is intangible and intertwined with abstraction, it is inherently difficult to evaluate its results and effects. Defining this issue in a bureaucratic context such as Tehran Municipality is associated with double difficulty in the field of implementation. The effectiveness of cultural and social activities in Tehran Municipality with other missions of this executive body such as municipal services, technical and civil services and the like, according to existing experiences has weakened the cultural and social field and labeled inefficient activities in this field. Due to this fact, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the quality of services of the cultural and social deputy of Tehran Municipality in the field of culture and art and its impact on citizens' satisfaction. The research method is a descriptive-survey research in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection. In line with the purpose of the research, after extracting the effective factors in the quality of services of the cultural and social deputy of Tehran Municipality, a questionnaire was prepared using the literature.

Social security of immigrants and citizens after entering the Iranian society has created challenges for them and the Social Security Organization.Therefore.Qualitative research method and the study population were all citizens referring to the General Department of Social Security in West Tehran.The sample was selected in a "targeted" and "theoretical" way, which after interviewing 50 of them, the theoretical saturation was obtained.By analyzing the data and analyzing the data, 425 primary codes, 97 sub-categories and 14 main categories were extracted.The central phenomenon of"poverty of knowledge of laws and services"is social security.The causal conditions governing the central phenomenon are"deprivation of labor/ employer rights, weakness of job status and ambiguity in the status quo".Existing areas are"inequality in the provision of insurance services,weak financial means of citizens and strict immigration laws", which are influenced by the intervening conditions of"poor assessment/performance of the Social Security Organization, inferiority and negative self-concept of citizenship and politics."Expert evaluations"affect the central phenomenon.Strategies adopted by citizens are"equivalent communication and actions and survival security policy" with consequences such as"incompatibility of citizens/laws, equal protection of social security and identification of citizens."are. The results of this study show that paying attention to the evaluation/performance of relevant organizations in order to eliminate discrimination against citizens and provide knowledge packages in order to raise their awareness of social security rights and regulations can be part of their challenges.