فصلنامه علوم خبری
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1400)

Development journalism has been adorned since the 1980s with qualities such as nation-state founder, government partner, government-strengthening agents, transparency watchdogs and observers. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of development journalism in the process of democratization in Turkey and the interaction of government-media relations on the process of development journalism as well. In this research, methodologically, the "process tracking" method from the sub-case analysis subsets has been used. In Turkey, "development journalism" has essentially played the role of a professional intellectual who provides the energy needed for social movements and helps to raise awareness of the need for action. This trend was felt almost during the Second World War and after the establishment of a multi-party political system in this country in 1945, despite extensive obstacles, including the intervention and rule of the military, and has continued to this day with its own ups and downs. With the entry into the multiparty system in 1945, changes in social and political systems and in legal and economic spheres were also reflected in the media. With the emergence of the Democratic Party as the first elected party in the history of Turkey, the expectation of dramatic changes in the press wasformed, but the practice of "authoritarian benevolence" which believes in the need for cooperation between newspapers and governments during nation-building and in the social, economic and political processes, it was not realized in this period. In the 1960s, due to the military coup and the adoption of a new constitution, the main and determining element of government-media relations was the governing style and politics of the ruling structure. In the 1970s, one of the most critical periods of political and social change in Turkey, the press and media failed to provide much energy for social movements, and fundamentally new forms of protest and new concepts of politics were not produced. In the 1980s, the authoritarian form of the Turkish political system did not allow the development of the Turkish journalism to continue its upward trend. It was drawn towards commercialization and consumerism. In the 1990s, like the political system that underwent a coalition structure full of ups and downs, the press experienced a period of monopoly and fragmentation, and so the Turkish press, including journalism, was declining. In the 21st century, when the Islamist Justice Party came to power and is still in power, we can call this period as the process of gradually democratizing and purposefully changing some provisions of the constitution and finally changing the political system from parliamentary to presidential. In this period gradually The "benevolence of authoritarianism" fades and we see the practice of totalitarianism, which has greatly limited the space for growth and development of development journalism.

The purpose of this research, which has been done with the Delphi method, is to identify and identify changes in press law in the future due to the formation of citizen journalism. Citizens 'Reporter, the need to review and change the press law in Iran has been raised. In the current law, there is no chapter dedicated to journalists' rights.In this research, the researcher, through three stages of in-depth interviews and inquiries, succeeded in identifying 18 statements that explain the agreement between the leaders of press rights, journalists and university professors.The most important findings indicate that the current press law should be changed. The best legal system for the Iranian press is the punitive system.In this study, based on the opinion of Iranian press leaders, it was determined: even if the law is changed but there is no executive guarantee, nothing will change. Therefore, legalism and its implementation is an important principle that law changers should pay attention to. Another change in the press law is the adoption of a comprehensive law on the country's media system, which includes all media, whether written, audio, video or multimedia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of national media tactics in the creation of citizens from citizens' views in the area of ​​northern, southern, eastern and west of Tehran was among 384 patients with multistage cluster and researcher questionnaire. The findings show that most respondents in women are 35 years old, in Tehran and unemployed, when the use of media throughout the day is one hour and less than an hour according to health and health issues. Inferential findings also show that the use of psychological tactics, including transparency and magnification and type of programs, provides false news, reliability of television, among Tehrani citizens and the creation of fear of Corona. These tactics have a moderate amount of isolation, depression, disorders and sleep disorders for citizens, which can lead to an escape audience.

In the era of globalization, which is facing rapid developments in the new era and the arrival and influence of new information and communication technologies, managers of media organizations are forced to use new information and communication technologies to survive and be a leader in the existing highly competitive space. Although these technologies have made a serious change in the market of media organizations, as with the acceptance of any new thing, it is also difficult and complicated.  The purpose of this paper is to identify the preventive factors in accepting new information and communication technologies among managers of media organizations. The results were assessed by Delphi method and through in-depth interviews with 23 managers of media organizations with exploratory strategy and in terms of purpose, it is an applied research. Consequently, in addition to individual factors, demographic differences such as age, gender, experience and mental capabilities of individuals, along with organizational factors and cultural contexts, affect acceptance or rejection and use of new information and communication technologies. Bringing is of great importance. Computer anxiety, subjective perception of increased financial costs, security risk and lack of necessary technical support are also preventive factors in the use of new information and communication technologies

in this study, while examining the business of Iranian podcasts, by identifying the dimensions of business model analysis and identifying the main components related to each dimension, an image of each level is presented and as a result, conceptual modeling is done. Data analysis of interviews with podcast activists was performed using content analysis and coding by MAXQDA software, and the results showed that the concept of podcast business model has many potentials that have not yet been explored. The podcast industry in Iran does not generate much revenue because a large number of producers and activists in this industry produce podcasts for purposes other than revenue generation. According to the results of the study, a small number of podcasts that have made money in this field, often earn money through sponsorship and advertising. Most of the cost of a podcast is related to the host and the host, followed by some of the tasks outsourced by the podcast, such as poster design, voice editing, text writing, and management of podcast virtual network accounts. The main and most common revenue channel for podcasts is having a sponsor. It seems that the podcast industry in Iran needs credit management in the first place to be able to assess the perception of customers of the brand and improve the reputation of the podcast and maintain the loyalty of the audience and receive feedback from them. Gain fame and credibility to form a competitive market and generate revenue.

As our behaviors guide our "situations and roles", each person is thought to be capable of shaping what can happen at any given moment. In other words, "reality" is not a fixed thing that we can imagine. The phrase "social construction of reality" defines the process in which, people with their own creativity, shape reality through social interaction. This idea depends on the symbolic interactive paradigm of the Sociological Foundation. Social reality is continuously developed and addressed in the actions of individuals, conversations, and in face-to-face communication, or through the media or a combination of them, and has many effects. Childhood, adulthood, illness, healthiness, wife, husband, marriage, divorce, law, justice, news, media, newspapers, and many other topics, are socially developed, socially changing, and disappearing socially. ( (Dehghan, Alireza, Hamshahri Saturday, April 10, 2017) . This article is an attempt to define and explain the social creation and construction of reality and theory of social construction .