نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

In order to investigate allelopathic effects of aqueous licorice leaf and root extract on germination properties and some enzymes activity of wheat and chickpea seedlings, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted out in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman laboratory in 2017. Treatments were leaf and root extracts of licorice (25%, 50%, 75% w/v) and distilled water as a control. Increasing leaf extracts concentration caused the greatest reduction in germination percentage and rate (97.2% and 97.3%) of wheat, and root and stem length (92.2% and 67.8%) of chickpea. Meanwhile, increasing root extracts concentration caused the greatest reduction in germination percentage and rate (56.6% and 74.8%) of wheat, and root and stem length (93.6% and 66.7%) in chickpea. Although the malondialdehyde concentrations of wheat and chickpea seedlings were significantly increased (66.3% and 24.2% in wheat and chickpea affected with leaf extract, and 63.1% and 15.8% in wheat and chickpea affected with root extract, respectively), wheat seedling showed higher sensitivity. Catalase activity showed significant decrease in treatments (91% and 46% in wheat and chickpea affected with leaf extract, and 95% and 54% in wheat and chickpea affected with root extract, respectively). This enzyme activity showed more decline in wheat than chickpea. These results also indicated that the leaves aqueous extract has more allelopathic inhibitory effects than the roots.

Safflower is an important drought and salt tolerant plant adapted to the climate conditions of Iran. Multi-environment trials play an important role in crop breeding programs to identify genotypes with high and stable yield. In the present study, yield stability of 17 safflower genotypes were tested under the rainfed condition in a three years trials based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station during 2004-2006 cropping seasons. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that main effects of genotype and environment on the stability of Safflower Seed Yield were significant at 1%, and GEI was significant at 5% probability level. The results of analysis of variance showed that 45.2% of total variation was due to environment while 26.0% of variation was belonged to genotype and G×E interaction. GGE (G plus GE) biplot model was used to evaluate seed yield stability in safflower genotypes. The first two principle components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 94.2% of the total variability, therefore most of the information could be graphically displayed in the PC1 vs. PC2 biplot. The biplot of comparison of the safflower genotypes with the ideal genotype revealed that Sina, Syrian, Cyprus Bergon and Cw-4440 were the closest genotypes to the ideal cultivar, and Esfahan, Cw-74 and Hartman had the most distance from the ideal cultivar.

Every year new cultivars of Chrysanthemums modified with a high economic value. In order to study the genetic variation of some chrysanthemum cultivars using morphological markers, 17 quantitative trait were evaluated 20 varieties of chrysanthemums accordance with standard methods. The results of the data analysis for morphological traits showed that studied cultivars in most traits were significant differences in the level of one percent. The average comparison showed that "Elika" cultivar had a highest plant high, "Ramtin" cultivar had a highest number of flowers and "Gol-Giss" cultivar had a highest flower head diameter. Principal component analysis showed five main factors that had Eigen values greater than one, could be 77/10% of the total variation. Cluster analysis to determine how far and near these were drawn that into two main groups were divided, the "Farid", "Nadia 2" and "bolur" and "Ramtin" highest genetic similarity in the first group and also the "Fariba 2" and " kimia 3" in the second group had the highest genetic similarity. The results of this study showed that the number of lateral branches, number of flowers and leaves during the length of the petiole highest diversity was observed. The results showed that cultivars diversity of these figures are very high and can be used in programs of breeding chrysanthemums in the future.

Usually, effects of three or four levels of independent variables (here, nitrogen fertilizer and planting density) on the dependent variables (here, leaf and seed performances) are investigated and the best levels of the independent variables are found by comparing the resulting average values. However, such results may be inaccurate. The aim of the present investigation is to find accurate optimal values of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density via interpolation (optimization), so as to enhance leaf and seed performances of woad, using artificial neural network (as a complementary analysis). In a farming test with split plot design at the research farm of Jiroft Branch of Islamic Azad University (Jiroft, Iran), the effects of four planting densities (primary factor, 10, 15, 25, and 35 plants per sq. meter) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (secondary factor, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg per hectare) on the weights of leaf and seed of woad were investigated. The obtained results from the analysis of the data indicated that the neural network structure based on 4 neurons was the most appropriate structure. Optimal levels of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer were found to be 32 plants per sq. meter and about 70 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare, respectively, which could increase the leaf and seed performances by 6.3% and 7.7%, respectively.

Satureja sahendica, a perennial plant and endemic in Iran is belonge to Lamiaceae family is one of the most important medicinal plants. In this study due to importance of Satureja sahendica in traditional medicine and endemism of this plant in Iran, morphological traits of plant, essential oils content and components of this medicinal plant was evaluated and identified. For this purpose, the morphological traits measured in situ and then aerial parts including leaves and flowers were collected from five natural habitats of Satureja in Bostan-Abad from east Azebaijan province and then dried materials were used for essential oils extraction. Data in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) were analyzed. Chemical composition of essential oils identified by using Gas Chromatograph (GC) and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) instruments. Based on the results the average essential oils content of plants aerial parts with three replications according to the dried weights of herbal substance varied from 0.46 to 1.44 Percent of dry weight in Atbatan and Abriz habitat respectively. The results showed that there was variation in some of the morphological traits of the studied habitats. Therefore, it is possible to identify the populations with the desired characteristics in terms of breeding programs of this plant using morphological traits to some extent. Overall, 34 compounds were identified from different habitats essential oil samples. According to the major constituents of the essential oils can be pointed to four chemotypes: 1. Pulegone–Piperitone, 2. Pulegone-1, 8-Cineole, 3. Thymol-Pulegone-Borneol and 4. Pulegone-γ-terpinene chemotypes from Abriz, Atbatan, Janbehan and Chinibulaghi habitats, respectively.  The highest correlation (0.99) was found between leaf length / width ratio and essential oil percentage.

In order to evaluate phenological characteristics of 7 olive cultivars an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design during 2007-2009 in Dallaho olive research station. Trees were planted in 2000. Cultivars were consisting of Rowghani, Zard, Shengeh, Mari, Sevillano, Baladi and Koroneiki. In order to determine the phenological stages of cultivars, 6 trees were selected for each cultivar and checked every three days from February 2007. Results showed that phonological stages of olive varieties were different in the years depending on the weather conditions. Different stages of developmental activities, include of growth start, inflorescence emergence, flower bud swelling, flower opening, full bloom, petal falling, fruit set, fruit enlargement, pit hardening, fruit verasion and harvest index were different based on year environmental fluctuations, so that some of them happened early or late in different years. Harvest index for Baladi was 3-3.5 to harvest in late of November, for Rowghani was 3.3-4 to harvest in early of November, for Zard was 3.2-4 harvest in mid of November, for Koroneiki was 2.45-2.86 and for Sevillano 2.86-3.43 to harvest in early of December. Therefore, the harvest of varieties was different, and some of the late cultivars and some early dates were not suitable for oil harvesting. Based on the results, the best harvest time for different cultivars, depending on the variety was from mid-November to mid-December.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of amino acid on growth, yield and biochemical characteristics of squash bitter under field conditions. Amino acid was applied in four levels )0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 ml.L-1) of a commercial compound containing amino acid (Tecamin Max) during three stages of foliar spraying (before flowering, flowering and fruit set time).The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design with three replications at university of Birjand. Amino acid rate increasing affected significantly plant vegetative growth (fresh and dry weight and leaf area). Amino acid fertilizer affected photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b and total chl). The highest amount of chl a, b and total chl (4.94, 6.06 and 11.10 mg. g-1f.w) were obtained in plants treated with 4.5 ml.L-1 amino acid, while the lowest values were recorded in the control. It was observed that amino acid improved on quantitative characteristics of bush, so that the highest bush length and number of lateral branches were obtained at the highest level of the amino acid. Application of different levels of amino acid had a positive effect on the yield indices (fruit weight,  fruit length, number of fruits and yield) and biochemical characteristics of fruit (antioxidants activity and total phenol). The highest yield (4740.3 kg. ha-1), total phenol (8.68 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (68.48%) were obtained in plants treated with 4.5 ml.L-1amino acid. Results showed that amino acid had strongly influenced vegetative and reproductive growth of bitter squash.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid on growth characteristics of tomato under deficit irrigation conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a CRB design with three replications. Factors included irrigation at field capacity (FC), irrigation in half of the field capacity (1/2FC) and irrigation in two-thirds field capacity (2/3FC) and three levels of humic acid (0, 1000 and 2000 mg/L) was applied. The results showed that chlorophyll index, relative water content of leaf, shoot weight, root dry and fresh weight, photosynthesis, total fruit and fruit weight decreased with irrigation reduction. The level of ion leakage, fruit TSS and percentage of fruit rot in low irrigation treatments showed a significant increase compared to control.The lowest shoot loss was observed in the treatment of 2000 ppm × 2/3FC humic acid at 10% relative to control. Root weights in the 2000 ppm humic acid treatment decreased at all irrigation levels and dry weight without using humic acid decreased in both irrigation treatments. Fresh weight of fruits decreased by 1/2FC and 2000 ppm of humic acid, and the dry weight of fruit was decreased in 1/2FC and all humic acid levels. RWC of leaves decreased with reduction of irrigation in all humic acid treatments compared to FC and ion leakage increased. The number of green fruits decreased by 1/2FC with zero and 2000ppm humicacid.The number of fruit with the blossom end rot in 1/2FC treatment increased in all humic acid concentrations and was lower in other treatments.

Lily (Lilium spp.) is one of the most popular geophyte ornamental plants of cut flowers in Iran and the world. The country’s dependence on the import of bulb and following that high price and lack of easy access to the quality bulbs are the main problems for producers of lilies cut flower in the country. For this purpose, the objective of this study was to optimize the production of bulblets as the first stage of bulb production. The factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications and eight scales per replicate. Experiments were as follow: (I) five levels of auxin [control (distilled water), 250 and 500 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid, 250 and 500 mg/l naphthalene acetic] for one hour, (II) Three levels of media culture [Cocopeat, Cocopeat + Perlite (1:1) and Black Peat moss]. The results showed; the maximum number of bulblet (2.07) in the treatment of indole-3- butyric acid 500 mg/l [Non significant difference with treatment 250 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid], more the highest bulblet weight (0.81 g) and bulblet diameter (1.32 cm) in the control treatment, the maximum number of root (4.37) and root weight (0.60 g) in the treatment indole-3-butric acid 250 mg/l, the highest bulblet production percentage (75.55%) [Non significant difference with treatment control] were obtained.

Increasing population growth along with the freshwater resources global crisis necessitates the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest freshwater consumption, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. In this study, Four Quality of water is evaluated on morphological properties and water productivity of Radish (CV. Cherry Bell). the research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in Greenhouse conditions, during 2017-2018. In this study, four irrigation regimes existed (freshwater, urban treated wastewater, half alternate, and alternate urban treated wastewater and freshwater). The results showed that effect of different quality of water on a shoot and root fresh weight and Water productivity was significant at 1 percent level (P<0.01), but plant height, root length, root volume, root diameter, and root area was significant at 5 percent level (P<0.05). in this study, all of this parameter increased significantly with irrigation by urban treated wastewater. Half alternate, alternate of urban treated wastewater and freshwater and wastewater has resulted to increase of yield (12.1, 24.9, and 33.7 percent), tuber fresh weight (117.2, 96.6, and 90.6 percent), shoot fresh weight (40.3, 12.7, and 63.5 percent), physical water productivity (70.7, 45.6, and 74.0 percent), but in this treatment, firmness has a decreased (6.6, 2.1, and 14.6 percent), respectively.

In order to investigate the interaction effect of vermicompost and sodium chloride on some characteristics of fennel as a medicinal plant, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in the greenhouse conditions. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of salinity (0, 40, 80 and 120mM sodium chloride) and two levels of vermicompost (0 and 5% volumetric), which were applied to four fennel landraces of Urmia, Shiraz, Bushehr and Mashhad. Plants were harvested five weeks after planting and then some of their traits were measured. According to the results of this experiment, vermicompost application induced a significant increase in the dry weight of shoot, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, magnesium, iron, phosphate, nitrate, membrane stability index, relative water content, and a decrease in the malondialdehyde and other aldehydes of shoot in most studied fennel landraces. In contrast, under salt stress condition (without vermicompost), reverse results were obtained. The highest and the lowest effects of 120 mM sodium chloride on shoot dry weight in the studied fennel landraces were observed in Mashhad (more than two fold) and Shiraz (about 58 percent) landraces, respectively. Nevertheless, the results of interaction between vermicompost and salinity showed that dry weight of shoot, photosynthetic pigments, mineral elements, membrane stability index and relative water content of fennel were significantly increased in the presence of some salinity levels under vermicompost treatment. Malondialdehyde and other aldehydes were also reduced in these conditions. Under combined application of vermicompost and 120 mM sodium chloride, shoot dry weight of Shiraz landrace was increased more than two fold, the highest increase of this trait among the fennel landraces.

The most important factors affecting the blossoming of trees in temperate regions is the amount of temperature received by the buds. In order to evaluation of chill and heat requirement in flower buds of three cultivars of sweet cherry (Zard mash-had, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar) and one genotype of sour cherry, an experiment was conducted at the flower biology laboratory of faculty of agriculture, Tabriz University in 2015.From the 3rd of Aban, branches of one year old with diameter and length of about 1 and 30 cm recpectively, each week after harvest from the tree were transferred to the growth chamber. The weight changes of buds during the dormancy were evaluated weekly and analyzed in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications so that each cultivar was selected as a main plot and four varieties and different sampling dates were selected as sub factor.5 different models were used for estimating of chilling requirement and also GDH model was the basis for determining the heat requirement of the bud. In all models sour cherry had the lowest (752 hours) and Siah Shabestar (961 hours) had the highest chilling requirement, and also Zoodras and Zard Mash-had were 780 and 867 hours. Sour Cherry and Siah Shabestar had the least and the most heat requirement (4053 and 5458 GDH) respectively and the value of this feature was 5421 and 4614 respectively, for Zard Mash-had and Zoodras. Also the highest and lowest fresh and dry weights before and after placement in the growth chamber were observed in Siah Shabestar and sour cherry respectively.