نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 51 (بهار 1401)

The world of short stories includes the characters and events in which they are created, and the ultimate goal of any writer is to persuade the reader to enter this creative world. The entrance that opens the way for the reader to enter and be drawn to this imaginary world is the threshold of the story. Bozorg Alavi is one of the storytellers who has played a significant role in the evolution of short stories and the spread of critical realism insight, and in this regard, he has tried, especially in his early stories, to pay attention to modern storytelling techniques, including paying informed artists. Drawing on elements such as mystery and ambiguity, dialogue, conflict and indicative scenes evoke the reader's attention and interest. In the present study, the author, after a brief analysis of the theories presented in the field of storytelling, seeks to rely on Robert Funk's theory and add adverbs to it, using a descriptive-analytical method, after determining the beginning and end of the threshold of great short stories. Alavi and the mechanisms of their beginning, examine the initial sentences of the stories and, if necessary, point out their strengths and weaknesses. The results indicate that the great Alavi in his stories paid special attention to the combination of beginning and beginning with staging, and most of his storytelling skills were reflected in the initial staging section. Also, among the tricks of how to finish the threshold, he paid the most attention to the details of the story, which is the central focus of the narrative "clarity", but in this way, due to the rupture between the threshold and the middle of the story, he did not act very craftily.

the semantic sign analysis of the Paris school examines the relationship between linguistic signs in discursive system and the study of two narrative and semantic structures in two levels of structured and profound construction. This analysis shows that a sign in relation to other discriminant signs goes through a process that has a special meaning. In the study of surface structure of elements such as the external and internal forms of discourse, the dynamic dimension of the word, the role of effective verbs, actors, action, the relationship of elements in the axis of substitution and association, features and isotopes, and the like, and in the deep study of the semantic square and its relationship with the narrative structure and the semantic role of effective verbs in theology and in the interactive level of discourse, the study of the dimensions of cognitive, action, and emotional, are effective tools in semantic analysis. In this descriptive – analytical study, we tried to examine the structure of narrative syntax in the story of “entekhab” by Simin Daneshvar by studing the elements of narrative syntax, we show discursive signs in many stories of such a process to lead to the formation of the meaning of the story.

This analytical-descriptive study aimed to determine the behavioral pattern of two prominent characters in the story of Fereydoun and Zahhak after clarifying the relationship between basic human needs and the process of developing myths while relying on the educational function of myths and Glasser’s choice theory. The scale for the real world and the favorable world is in the context of ancient Iranian thought and epic characteristics, which can be recited by a narrator. Zahhak is the pattern of characters who have ineffective and irresponsible behavior to balance the images of the favorable world and what they perceive. Accepting the killing of his father and then self-indulgence and self-praise of Zahhak are two back wheels of emotion and physiology in behavior machine. Therefore, he has received a saddening message and his cycle of behavior continues for supplying the need for power. In addition, he is deprived of a meaningful and emotional relationship. On the other hand, Fereydoun is the pattern of characters who have more effective and responsible behavior after receiving a saddening message while maintaining its meaningful and emotional relationship with others to meet his need for power with the help of others. Moreover, his behavior is the domination of two front wheels (i.e., thought and action) over the other two components .The comparison and conflict of the perceptual world, the favorable world and choosing the behavior of these two while considering four cognitive, interpersonal, personal and emotional realms determine the ability of the educational role of the story.

Iranian Contemporary poetry has undergone various developments and has undergone various currents. One of these poetic currents created in the 70th decades is the postmodern poetry that has been developing along with other new trends since the beginning 70th decades to the present day, Ali Baba chahi, a contemporary poet and critic, entered the postmodern poetry by nam nam baran, and aghl azabam midahad. At first he started the work of a poet under influenced by Nima and his followers, whose realism and objectivism formed the basis of their work. But gradually, the course of his poetry evolved, and along of this transformation, the titles of his poems also undergone a transformation. In this article, we are looking at the titles of Ali Baba Chahi's poetry from the modernism to postmodernism. If the course of the title of his poetry was examined from the beginning, when he was following Nima until his second poetry era, the postmodern period, we would notice the major changes to these titles. The writers' effort in this study is to answer these questions, what is the quality of relationship between the title of Ali Baba Chahi's lyrics and the lyrics of his poems and is it possible to track and follow his thought and mentality from modernism to postmodernism by the titles of his poetry?

Poets and writers for empowering and enrichment of poems and for stating their view points,they use olden texts in different style of literal or figurative language which today is called intertexual, intertexual is a new theory in texual critic studies.According to intertexual theory, not any piece of writing is independent and self-made of any writer because any text has used preceding texts and it has been arisen inly from previous texts and contributes coming texts and meaning intertexual text evolves in different texts.Therfore, it helps the reader in deeper comprehension and better understanding of a text. the aim of this study is investigating the relationship of intertextual between lyrics of Hafiz and Romi which is expressing library and Analytica descriptive method for investigating the symbols of intertextualinvolving inliric two poets. studies show that hafiz is a poet who by using the works of the antecedents and by artistic repossessions has expressed them sweeter, more pleasant and conciser. In this field he has used mostly religious and theosophical sources. One of these theosophical sources Romi`s works especially lyrics of shams. subject matter and the results showed the existence of intertextual relationship in the poems of these to poets.

Formulaic speech is an integral part of any language. This speech, with its two permissive qualities and depth of meaning, transmits the narrator's content more clearly to the audience. This kind of speach is more expressed in the spoken language and is rooted in the community and culture of each language community. It has several kind, one of them is Metonymy. It has its own function both linguistically and semantically. Metonymy in "Charand o' Parand" has a very high frequency. Examining this kind of formulaic speech, in addition to recognizing the author's style, will be culturally and socially useful and effective. And it can better reveal the hidden angles of the text and the hidden meanings it contains. The present study is a qualitative (descriptive-analytical) study of metaphor and its application in Dehkhoda's "nonsense" articles. The results of this study show that Dehkhoda has used language linguistics more frequently in his articles. Many of his quotes are invented or non-Persian in origin and have cultural, social and religious backgrounds. He has also used this form of discourse to ridicule, protest, criticize, expose, authorize, depict society, objectify the characters of his articles, and bring prose to the language of the people.

Realism means realism, and its purpose is to show the real, objective, and external world, and to narrate and analyze phenomena, looking at cause and effect through a precise recreation of the details of life in a specific sense to refer to the nineteenth-century French literary movement. General refers to a literary style that still persists in fiction.One of the school's most iconic manifestations is "Climate Story," which is often realistic in nature, as evidenced by the fact that the main raw materials and foundations in the construction and weaving of a literary work go back to the author's climatic origins.Among Iranian novelists, Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers whose novels encounter high frequencies of realist authors. As one of the most influential figures in the advancement of climate literature, he has published most of his novels, especially The Story of a City, in a completely indigenous geography under the school of realism.With a descriptive-analytical approach, this research introduces practical issues in the field of realism and explores how to reflect the components of indigenous realism in the southern climate in the novel in the two fields of structure (form) and content. The findings show that Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the most realistic climbers in the world due to his great interest in history and mentioning the realities of modern society, as well as his prejudiced love and attachment to the south and climatic manifestations.

Structuralism is a theory that is devoted to the knowledge, study and evaluation of narrations based on rules and models that have created their fundamental structure. Plot in every story is part of the most important narrative elements which is studied in the analyses of Structuralists. Jaap Lintvelt (2018) believes that in every story there is a narrative discourse focused on the aspects of narration. In Mostamli Bokhari’s Sharh-e-Tarruf relying on the audience status three types of narration with different messages have taken form in the world of story of Sharh Tarruf. Accordingly, in the present study we seek to analyze the structure and meaning of the world of story of the parables of this book relying on Jaap Lintvelt’s model and focusing on the audience story status. The results of current study that has been conducted based on a descriptive-analytic method taking advantage of the library sources show that by relying on the theory of Lintvelt in the world of story there are three types of narration in this book insofar as each one of them has a special narrative discourse.

Kimiya-yi Sa'ādat (Alchemy of Happiness) by Abu Hamid Mohammad Al-Ghazali (c. 505 A.D.) and Makātib (Correspondence) by Abdullah Qutb (c. 909 A.D. ) are deemed to be among treasured works of Sufism. The present survey conducts a comparative-contrastive study of the perspectives held by these two mystics pertaining to the mystical stages presented in the aforementioned masterpieces. The results demonstrate that unlike some mystics, both Al-Ghazali and Abdullah Qutb did not partition and categorize mystical stages and statuses in their works. Moreover, Abdullah Qutb was influenced by Al-Ghazali in subjects such the pillars of conduct, solitude, trust, asceticism and mystical destitute. Taken together, Al-Ghazali presents his perspectives in a more systematic and coherent approach. It is noteworthy that Abdullah Qutb's Makātib (Correspondence) lacks the order and arrangement existing in Al-Ghazali’s Kimiya-yi Sa'ādat.The methodology of this research is descriptive – analytical and baced on library studies.

Lyric is a common format for expressing the themes of love and mysticism. Sometimes the poet uses this poem to criticize the community. In the meantime, the nezami is one of the poets who, with the revelation of the content and content of the lyric, express their fundamental and critical concepts to the hypocrites of Sufis and eremites. This reminds us of the Qur'anic poetry. Poetry qalandaraneh with the Sanayee, and after the nezami, the idea of Hafez and Attar is perfected. In this regard, the kezami introduces new values to the society of its age by describing wine and persuading audiences to wine and wine, which opens up a new way in the field of critical literature by breaking the repentance and opposition of holy and unholy places. By rejecting the manifestations of shari'a and criticizing false Sufism, he pretends to worship and preach the preachers and Sufis who, with Rand and the Qalandar of his reading, separate his path from the wool. The nezami, using stylistic stories on the themes of the Qalandari, inviting for happiness and happiness, used the vibrant weight in sonnets to highlight the contents of the Qalandar in his poems and to present himself as a poet of the kingdom among other poets of this genre of critical poetry. Which is a real and hidden secret of the khumsah. This research has been conducted with an analytical method and descriptive evidence, for example, of the lyric Divan, in order to introduce a systemic and critical thought to him along with other Qalandar scholars.

Discursive semiotics is the outcome of construct-oriented semiotics and anecdotes system of semantic studies. This view believes that the flow of "semantic production" is subject to a process in which sign-semantic factors are involved. Semiotics of discourse, in the form of processes and in different aspects of cognitive, sensory-perceptual, emotional and aesthetic, etc. It's raised.The aim of this study was to investigate the semantic signs of Hadigheh al-Haqigheh anecdotals using library research method and descriptive-analytical analysis. It was concluded that in the study of discourse systems in Hadigheh al-Haqqeh, different types of these systems, including Intelligent and Shushi, can be seen that the dominant discourse systems are hadigheh. Cognitive discourse has a more important position in hadigheh anecdote as a mystical discourse, and according to the approach of such discourse, the cognitive process takes a different and sometimes different path in hadigheh anecdote. In the cognitive discourses of Hadigheh Sanaee, factors such as the relationship between effective verb knowing and believing with the question of cognition are discussed and also the relationship between the angle of vision and cognition is discussed. We also concluded that in some haddigheh anecdote, the production of meaning in the context of schema fusion leads to cognition.

From the past until now, the position and image of women in Persian literature has not been the same and in different historical periods, manifestations of feminism and misogyny can be seen in literary works. Jami, as one of the poets of the Timurid period, has introduced different manifestations of women in his poems. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, the contradictory view of Jami's view about the appearance of women in the two Masnavi of Lily and Majnoon and Salaman and Absal is investigated. The purpose of this article is to analyze femininity (Lily and Majnoon) and misogyny (Salaman and Absal) in Jami's poems. Examining the image of women in these two Masnavi shows two opposing views in Jami's works, as in Lily and Majnoon it presents a positive image of the characteristics of women such as the manifestation of the divine spirit, wisdom, loyalty, chastity, etc., and in Salaman and Absal, the woman. He has introduced a deceitful being, imperfect of intellect, a means of seeking men, unfaithful, an infidel of blessings, ill-tempered and ignorant. Although sometimes in Lily and Majnoon we rarely see misogyny from the language of slanderers against Lily; This can be both the political, social and cultural context of the Jami period and his personal views on misogyny and the glorification of storytelling and symbolism.

Archetypal literary Criticism is one of the most important and widely used contemporary literary criticism methods, which examines the nature of archetypes and their role in literature. The views and opinions of contemporary psychologists and psychoanalysts open a new window on the reader and reveal the connection of literary works with other sciences. This insight reveals the hidden angles of a literary or mystical work. From Jung's point of view, the process of individuality is a kind of maturity and mental development of human beings; Achieving it requires the integrated interaction of all psychological dimensions of one's personality; A clear example of these archetypes of individuality in the spiritual Masnavi, which is one of the best examples of mystical works, , Is manifested. These concepts are presented in a body of allegories and symbols, which engages the conscious and unconscious mind of the reader, so Masnavi is a suitable platform for archetypal criticism. Jung and Rumi seek to map out the path to human perfection; The category that has been emphasized in this research. With the activation of archetypes, the sending of the call for unity and oneness into the conscious realm of the psyche begins and the process of individualization begins. In the story of the bankrupt prisoner from the second book of Masnavi, the components of the process of individuality are deciphered and it is shown how a harmony has been created between the conscious and the unconscious through the problems and shadows inside and the flexibility of the persona; Finally, by analyzing Rumi's codes with Jungian archetypes, the process of individuality and self-knowledge in the poor prisoner is shown. This article has been done analytically-descriptively using library studies.

Contemporary Iranian fiction manifests itself in the southwestern part of the country, Khuzestan, in a distinct way. Writers of this region are distinguished from others in terms of style on the strength of a cultural diversity and special geography and some scholars term this style ‘Khuzestan School’. From among new-generation story writers of Khuzestan, Nasim Marashi, the author of the “Haras” novel, can be cited. Having been well versed in indigenous elements of southwestern Iran, she tells her story. This paper studies regional literature’s criteria such as dialect, clothing, food, climate, customs and beliefs in Haras novel adopting an analytical-descriptive method. Results reveal that realism, geography, and regional identity account for Marashi’s success in telling the history of part of a territory which recalls the second-long war of the twentieth century in its memories. Accordingly, she has managed to add “writing about war” to the three types of southern regional literature (writing about sea, writing about an industrial area, and writing about a rural environment).

The present article studies the style of poems of Budagh Azhari Shirazi (B. 991 A.H.), who is an unknown poet of the Safavid era. Azharis’ collection of poems, which he called the treatise of Kamal, has about eleven thousand verses; but it has not been published yet. Our knowledge of him is limited to what can be deduced from his poems. The author with a descriptive-analytical approach tries answer these questions: which of the poetic styles does Azhari followed in his poems and what are the characteristics of his poems in three levels of language, literature and thought? She tries to prove that the poet tends to Khorasani poetry in linguistic features, and the literary aspects of his poems reflect the poetic features of the Iraqi style. Azhari has paid special attention to Khaghani and Anvari poems. Praise and eulogy, virtual love and sometimes Voqugui and Vasukhti, description of the beloved, lampoon, satire, and Saghinameh are the main themes of Azhari’s poetry. The use of ancient words, the ancient form  words, Arabic words and phrases, composition, ancient grammatical rules, the use of compound simile, preferential simile, implicit simile and implicit metaphors, that more of them are personification, and  imagery, allusion, phantastic etiology, oxymoron, congerise and palilogy are some of the remarkable features of his style, thus the author that corrected the  Azhari’s collection of poems tries to  explain the stylistic features of his poet and help  to know his impression in Persian poetry for the first time.

Transcendent literature is a display of artistic explanation. Rhetorical images and artistic descriptions has a constructive and influential role in creating the aesthetic parades of literary and dramatic texts. "Sheyx ‌Sharzin's Scroll" is the sample of a rich work of contemporary art that has been written in a poetic language and in format of a screenplay by the director and author owns the style and thought-well, Bahram Beizai, with his mental creations and visual rhetoric. In this study, the important and effective role of virtual images and highlighting elements of literary language in the formation of visual language, artistic and dramatic scenes of the work has been accomplished with descriptive-analytical method and according to literary stylistics. The application of virtual images in types of illustration images, metaphorical, allegorical, paradoxical, sensual, reversal (contrariwise) and nominative (ironic), have been major role in the spiritual enjoyment, convincing aesthetic pleasure and instilling the valued concepts the screenplay. Findings of the research displaying that the screenplay of "Sheyx Sharzin's Scroll" it has valuable cultural, social and moral themes, different kinds of virtual images and beautiful dramatic scenes and with a multi-layered indicator of artistic language in preserve and permanence of original Iranian culture, Persian language and literature and the aesthetic parades of dramatic literature, have earned a valuable position.

Masnavi Golshan Raz is the most important and famous work of poetry by Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari, which contains his mystical thoughts. Despite its small size, this book is one of the most valuable relics of ancient Persian mystical literature, in which the expression of Sufi concepts is accompanied by passion and enthusiasm. Shabestari composed this Masnavi in response to the questions of Amir Hossein Heravi. Shabestari composed this Masnavi in response to the questions of Amir Hossein Heravi. On the 17th of Shawwal, 717 AH, an envoy from Khorasan quotes problems and issues related to understanding and explaining some of the mysteries of mystical allusions in the form of poetic letters in a meeting with Shabestari, in which Shabestari has responded. Golshan-e-Raz's poem has the beauty of words and expressions, it is based on reason and wisdom more than it originates from imagination. In fact, the contents of this poem are a summary of the conquests of Mecca and even Ibn Arabi's Fusus. The degree of familiarity and mastery of Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari, the great mystic, over the Qur'an and hadiths to some extent in expressing his mystical secrets in the form of guarantee, he uses allusions to the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet to prove his views. Blessed and noble hadiths. This article tries to show the rhetorical effect of literary techniques and lexical effectiveness on the use of the Qur'an and Hadith in a (descriptive-analytical) method. Page and bit number.

Children's literature is a beautiful example of literature that plays a major role in children's cultural and intellectual development. Children's poetry is an essential part of this type of literature and provides the ground for the development of children's individual and social skills and the development of their mental talents. The world of the child is a sensitive and important world in terms of educational and moral impact and poetry, as one of the educational tools in this plays an important role. "Empathy" is one of the prominent and researchable educational concepts in the field of children's poetry that has been widely reflected in children's and adolescent literature and has long been the focus of children's poets. This article descriptively-analytically and based on library data examines the concept of empathy in children's poetry "AfsanehShabannejad", "Jafar Ebrahimi", "Assadollah Shabani" and "Nasser Keshavarz" are prominent poets in the field of children's literature and Teen pays. The research findings show that the studied poets pay attention to educational concepts, especially the component of empathy in their works.

To present a democratic reading of The Qur’an, Derrida introduces it as a book of hospitality and unconditional forgiveness. However, he considers The Prophet (PBUH) an exemption from this rule of hospitality. His reading of The Qur’an has not yet been examined by the scholars. The aim of this study is to investigate the reason for Derrida’s reading of The Qur'an and its separation from The Prophet (PBUH). In this descriptive-analytical- comparative method, the concepts considered by Derrida in the text of The Qur'an are examined and the epistemological status of The Prophet is analyzed on the base of the text itself. In this regard, "ontological" reading of the text of The Qur'an is used, which considers the text independent of the reader and writer. This reading is comparable to Derrida’s “deconstructive” reading since deconstruction emerged from ontological approach. This approach is similar to Allameh Tabatabai’s “Quran to Qur’an” approach which is suitable for Qur’anic studies. To avoid reducing the text of The holy Qur’an to a literary text the findings of the study in compared with the learned exegesis of Ayatollah Javadi Amuli. The findings of this study demonstrates that Derrida has ignored evidences in the text contradicting his reading, and as a result he has found the actions of The Prophet (PBUH) contrary to The Qur’an.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of teachers' collaboration in an online platform designed to assist in their professional development by enhancing their collective efficacy. As such, and as a possible contribution to the field of language teachers’ education, the purpose of the present study is to provide insights into the promotion of professional development for teachers. The participants underwent a quasi-experimental design consisting of three phases of a pretest, an educational treatment phase, and a posttest. The findings showed that collaboration in the social networking medium significantly increased teachers' collective efficacy which in turn contributed to their professional development.  According to the results, participation in collaborative, professional and critical discussion circles enhanced collective efficacy component of language teachers’ professional development, and that teachers’ gender, age, and level of education differentially affected their professional development. The results of the study are discussed within the social-constructivist and activity theories.