نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1400)

The present study aims at identifying and explaining the criteria of the Locationing model of sports uses in Mashhad upon a passive defense approach. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes 33 university management professors majoring in sports management and urban management professors and a number of experts in charge of the passive defense organization and the municipal and the statistical population of the quantitative section includes all managers, experts, coaches and athletes using Mashhad sports complexes by means of objective sampling method, 33 experts including university management professors majoring in sports management and urban management professors and a number of experts in charge of passive defense organization and municipality were objectively selected. Likewise, a total of 200 managers, experts, coaches and athletes, using sports complexes in Mashhad, were selected as a small community. In this research, the researcher prepared a researcher-made questionnaire including 78 items and 8 dimensions using the Thematic Technique. In the qualitative section, it was found that the criteria of factors related to emergency and medical measures, safety factors related to the stadium, factors related to access, factors related to law enforcement and security measures, factors related to video surveillance, factors related to services and urban affairs, factors related to the neighborhood and factors related to the principles of urban architecture are effective in the location of sports uses in Mashhad with a passive defense approach. In the quantitative section, by studying 11 sports complexes, it was determined that Imam Reza (AS), Mehran and Misaq sports complexes regarding passive defense criteria in a are suitable condition and Samen, Takhti, Sajjad, Kazemian, Kargaran, Beheshti and the Mojha-ye-Abi and Khorushan are in a bad situation regarding the standards of passive defense. Unfortunately, today, in Iran, many sports venues could be named, which are out of service because of this reason and they have been built only on the basis of an order by the senior manager in the first level, regardless of the needs and structure of the region, as well as the pointless interventions of some people to gain advantage.

Due to relative distance to the interior internal home, the border areas suffer from double deprivation as compared to the more inland areas. In Iran, this situation is more intense and deeper. Sistan and Baluchestan province, in terms of deprivation index, is one of the most deprived provinces in the country. In Iranian eastern regions, the combination of the act of God with the human violence caused by terrorism has created a fertile ground for the actions of evildoers and the overshadowing law and order, as well as threats including illegal immigration, drug and illicit arms trafficking, and organized crime, the importation of prohibited goods, insecurity in border areas and attacks on border checkpoints, as well as secessionist conspiracies, specially after the war in Afghanistan, have endangered the security of Iran’s eastern borders. In the same vein, in this descriptive study, first, the factors of strength, weakness, threat and opportunity were collected through the SWOT Model through the Delphi Method, and then the components of the research were identified and analyzed in a combined method upon the AHP Model. As a result of this research, a defensive strategy with a measured value of 4.087 is considered the superior strategy and then an offensive strategy with a value of 3.895 as a complementary strategy, which shows the effect of pairwise comparisons of the items in the model.

Social Media are a new platform of human life at the disposal of the enemies of the Islamic Revolution to achieve their goals, such as the events of 2009, Dec. 2017 and Nov. 2019. In this study, the researcher seeks to develop the threats of this technology and the consequences of these threats with a realistic view devoid of the clamor by means of scientific and library resources and the opinion of elites, experts and senior officials in charge of social and defense networks to be used in the Iranian macro-planning. This research with the independent variable of “social media”, and the dependent variable of “people-centered cyber threats” seeks to use the method of exploratory factor analysis based on a qualitative approach of the exploratory type in the period from 2015 to 2019 and based on findings from scientific sources and in-depth interviews with 6 elites and experts in the field of social, cultural and defense media and officials of the 1st or 2nd categories of concerned organizations, and answer two main questions to achieve the two main objectives of the research. The findings of the study indicate that social media threats in the clandestine layers of governance and culture, along with its apparent layer - social movements and current issues of social media threats - and in 9 types, the most important of which is the enemy’s intelligence dominance on society, mobilizing and guiding public opinion, non-government actors, creating and intensifying crises, and changing norms and values. The consequences of these threats include the challenge of governance, cultural aggression and security implications, as well as economic implications.

In the process of change and transformation of the world, which is derived from communication and information technology, social media, as the main basis for ease of communication between users, have taken over the world as an important factor in communication behaviors. Meanwhile, one of the most successful social media is Instagram in which the present study uses Qualitative Content Analysis Method with Inductive Approach to identify human communication. The target population of Iranian users are members of this social media, a sample of which has been selected to participate in the research. The technique of data collection is interview with 50 participants, reading 1000 posts in different fields and analyzing the data with the seven-step method of Klaizi. By creating a focus group consisting of 10 professors and experts, together with in-depth interviews, their opinions on the study were taken and the structure of the research was reviewed. The findings of the study included the identification and configuration of six major categories of human communication (emotional communication, free communication, contextual communication, interpersonal communication, search engine communication and logical communication) and 28 sub-categories that lead to communication between users on Instagram.

The growth of the world’s urban population in the last century and the environmental changes resulting from urbanization and urbanism have led to unbalanced urban development and disintegration of natural habitats, which has led to climate change and the environment, increasing the frequency and severity of accidents and intensifying natural disasters like earthquake in cities. Therefore, it is essential for cities to rely on their potential to be sustainable and resilient to the world’s environmental change for sustainable life and growth. However, the spatial form and structure of cities may be immutable and inflexible, and its properties such as the size and pattern of urban development and the extent of distribution of urban facilities have a direct impact on social and economic changes and the urban environment and ultimately resilience. In the same vein, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological changes in Qom over time on a large scale and the effect of these changes on the physical resilience of this city. This research is a combined research (quantitative and qualitative); to achieve the objectives of the research, the qualitative data have been examined through GIS and satellite images, and also the quantitative data have been examined through statistical analysis using Shannon and Holdern Entropy Models and Gini and Moran coefficients. The results of this study indicate that the uncontrolled growth of population and body of Qom in recent decades, along with the concentration of urban facilities in certain urban areas, causes scattered and isolated urban development and unbalanced morphological changes in Qom metropolitan scale, particularly in areas 1, 3, 5 and 8, which has finally reduced the flexibility and physical resilience of Qom.

Opportunities usually arise from the threat or from its heart, in which, a virus called Covid -19 known as Corona virus in 2020 could be included in. Although the virus poses a threat to human society, it has opportunities at its heart that need to be addressed. The purpose of this article is to identify the threats and opportunities of Covid -19 for the IRA system as a question. To that end, the paper hypothesis is presented as follows: the threats and opportunities of Covid-19 during the corona and post-corona virus are different and are subject to national and transnational developments. The research method is descriptive-analytical, an applied-fundamental study in type which uses library and documentary tools. The result suggests that the successful passage of coronavirus threats and the proper use of opportunities depends on the ability of government and society. While during the outbreak, the most important threat is human casualties and the most important opportunity is to strengthen the sense of national convergence, in the post-corona period, the most important threat is socio-political crisis due to recession, rising inflation, and unemployment and the most important opportunity is to strengthen the principle of self-sufficiency and opportunities arising from that for scientific advances in various fields of education, medicine, military and nanotechnology.