نشریه اقتصاد شهری
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Vacant houses are one of the most important forms of speculation in the housing sector, in which owners of the vacant houses refuse to supply their houses. This has led to fluctuations in housing prices and an increase in vacancy rates relative to the normal state. One of the tools to control profitability and increase the supply of vacant housing is to impose a tax on these units at optimal rates. In this regard, this study identifies the factors affecting the tax rate on vacant housing by using the “Interpretive Structural Modeling” (ISM) method. In the hierarchical system, the variables that are in the third level have the greatest effect on the variables of levels two and one. Level two variables are affected by the third level variables and affect the first level variables. The first level variables themselves are more affected than other variables. In the obtained hierarchical system, variables also affected the tax rate on vacant housing at three levels. The variables of liquidity changes, real exchange rate, interest rate on loans granted by the housing sector, at the most basic level, affect the variables of higher levels and have a greater impact on the tax rate on vacant houses. Competitive housing markets, including the coin market and the stock market, along with price variables including inflation, housing price index, and land price changes, are at the first level and are themselves more affected by fundamental macro variables.JEL Classification: H39, H71, R38

Polycentric structure is more appropriate with the physical, economy and situation of current cities, especially metropolises. This structure is closer to the concept of justice in urban planning and urban economy in the city. In Polycentric cities, land use planning and the distribution of urban travel take place rationally. The purpose of this study is to identify suitable zones in order to create new core in the spatial structure of Ahvaz. The method of data collection is library and documentary. The data include statistical blocks of 2016 and land use layer of Ahvaz city. The AHP method was used to weight the indicators (including vacant lands ratio, building density, distance from the city center, the ratio of total landuse in the neighborhood, gross residential density, and employee ratio) and the Coopras method was used to rank neighborhoods to determine the new core. The kernel density method was used to prepare the maps. Neighborhoods that have the potential to develop and create urban nodes and core are on the outskirts of the city. Golbahar, Kianshahr, Manazel Shahrdari, Elahieh, Kemplo Junubi, Goldasht, Pardis 3, Pardis 2, Krishan and Manazel Foolad are ranked from 1 to 10. The identified core also help to strengthen the compact city approach in Ahvaz by creating a mix landuse, creating a public transportation infrastructure.

Literary tourism consists of a type of cultural tourism that allows tourists to travel for the purpose of identifying and obtaining cultural and literary values. Literary tourism provides visitors with the opportunity to explore tourism and literature at the same time. The present study aims to investigate the literary tourism potentials of Kerman province; consider the strategies which can promote literary tourism; and measure the domestic tourists' tendency towards literary tourism. Qualitative-quantitative methods were used in this applied research. In the first step of this research, in order to identify the potentials and the strategies to promote this type of tourism in Kerman, using the snowball-sampling method, experts in the fields of tourism, literature, culture, and art were interviewed, and then the results were analyzed through thematic analysis. According to the experts' ideas, four strategies that consist of product development, conglomerate diversification, policymaking, and marketing and market penetration are considered suitable strategies for promoting literary tourism. In the second part, a questionnaire was designed to assess the domestic tourists’ tendency towards activities and attractions of literary tourism and tours in Kerman. The quantitative results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results illustrated that domestic tourists have a high desire to participate in literary activities and tours in Kerman province. It is worth mentioning that all indicators except "participation in storytelling workshops, creative writing, songwriting and playwriting" are very popular with tourists.

Cities are safe havens for innovation and invention; Valuable interactions are possible due to the presence of a thinking mass and the existence of diversity. For this reason, understanding the factors affecting innovation in urban geographical areas, especially urban innovation systems, is very important. A review of the urban economics literature shows that there is a modeling gap in an urban innovation system that encompasses all aspects of a dynamic urban system. Therefore, this study seeks to find a suitable solution to this issue. In this regard, first, the components of the urban innovation system in the urban economy literature have been studied using the meta-combined method. Then, by interviewing experts, the importance of each of the identified components has been examined and determined. The identified components for Hamedan city in 1399 have been calculated and the urban innovation system model is based on it. That all layers have an essential connection with each other. To model the urban innovation system, which is based on endogenous economic growth models, the Meta- synthesis method according to the exploratory nature of the research and then the ARAS method using SPSS, ATLASti and Excel software have been used. The results show that the urban innovation system in Hamedan is identifiable and in general, from five main sub-layers including idea generation layer, innovation production layer, product production layer, consumption layer, feedback layer, control and improvement and an infrastructure layer (Background layer).

Valuation of environmental goods will give planners a clear view of policy makers and explanation for the prformance of economic plans, and will allow policy makers to better analyze projects, as well as compare and select the best and least expensive projects.The Hedonic pricing method has been used by economists for non-marketable goods to estimate the value of these goods by estimating the impact of these goods on the asset market, especially housing market. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the value of clean air and the willingness to pay to improve air quality and extract its demand function in the metropolis of Tehran.In this research, using the data of transactions in the housing market of Tehran, in the period of 2016 and three categories of structural features, neighborhood and environment, we have estimated the price function of Hedonic in Tehran. 7000 samples of real transactions were collected by simple random sampling from 22 districts of Tehran. The Hedonic price function is extracted based on two-stage Rosen method and two-way logarithmic functional form. Using the implicit price, the marginal willingness to pay for each air pollution variable is estimated, then demand function is extracted using the socio-economic characteristics of individuals.The results show that air pollution variables such as O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 have a negative and significant effect on assets. Income elasticity illustrates the need for clean air for citizens. Also, the variables of income, age and marriage status and education level of buyers of residential units are influential in choosing a living environment with less pollution.

Increasing urbanization and population growth in cities introduce social, economic, and environmental challenges. Globally, these challenges have become a major driver for urban development in the 21st century, alongside the expansion of information and communication technology (ICT). Urban planning is now focused on applying a systematic approach to generate models which can be applied to 21st-century city development, addressing and overcoming the problems associated with increasing urbanization. The development of “smart cities” is an example of one such conceptual model. The combination of ICT with urban planning, forming the foundation of the theory underlying smart cities, reveals a new form of development and is an effective approach to achieve better urban management. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the current state of smart evolution in the metropolis of Tabriz. Firstly, the ICT infrastructure (ICT Development Index, ie IDI) was investigated. The results of this study show that East Azerbaijan province, particularly the metropolis of Tabriz with an IDI equal to 6.76 in 2020, was ranked 15th  in the country. Moreover, the value of this index and all three sub-indices in the last decade have been higher than the national average and have grown significantly. Secondly, using the subject literature, 74 indicators in six smart city dimensions: smart people, smart economy, smart environment, smart life, smart government, and smart mobility were compiled and, by means of questionnaires, analyzed using information and statistics in statistical yearbooks and Python software. The results reflect the degree of intelligence of this city on a macro-scale, with a score of 0.166 per unit. Furthermore, investigations into the status of the six dimensions indicate that the dimension of the smart environment with a score of 0.26 per unit, has the highest score among other dimensions, while smart governance (government) and smart life have the lowest score respectively with 0.116 and 0.126 scores.

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyze the role of housing facility interest rates on the relationship between housing facilities and the housing price index in Iran. To do so, we verify the variables affecting housing prices and then by using the threshold regression technique presented by Hansen (1996, 2000), the threshold interest rate for housing facilities has been determined. The results indicate that there is a non-linear and significant relationship between housing facilities and housing prices. Moreover, the threshold interest rate of housing facilities is estimated at 14.79%. That means, when the interest rate of the facility exceeds the estimated threshold rate, due to the increase in the cost of obtaining the facility, the demand for it has decreased.

Ensuring environmental sustainability is one of the Millennium Development Goals, which depends on controlling the consumption of fossil fuels and the pollution caused by them. However, the goods and services produced in an economy are directly and indirectly involved in the emission of pollutants, especially carbon dioxide. Since the first step in dealing with a problem is to recognize the current situation, to investigate the interrelationships of economic activities and carbon dioxide emissions in Yazd province, first using the Industry-Specific FLQ Method (SFLQ), the Yazd province Input-Output table was extracted for the 2016 and then using the amount of energy consumption and emission coefficients, the amount of direct and indirect emissions of carbon dioxide and the effect of total pollution for each economic sector was calculated. The results show that in 2016 in Yazd province, sections "manufacture of non-metallic mineral products", "manufacture of base metals", "manufacture of coke, products of oil refining and nuclear fuel" and "manufacture of chemical materials and products" with a share of 89.93 percent, had the highest emissions. Indirect pollution also accounts for a larger share of total emissions in the province. In general, the results indicate an increase in pollution caused by energy consumption due to the production of goods and services in Yazd province.

In recent decades, population growth and industrial development have led to an increase in the volume of municipal solid waste, environmental pollution, and lack of suitable land for landfills which are challenges of waste management and the issue of waste collection. Waste has economic value and is an integral part of human life. What matters is how it is treated. It is the world's future recycling industry because the resources are limited. Municipal waste collection is currently done in a non-systematic and traditional way. But due to the expansion of communication devices such as cell phones and the existence of the required infrastructure, we can use applications for better management and efficiency and greater impact on platforms. This research has been done for the feasibility of the business of separation and collection of recyclable waste with the help of technology in the city of Hamadan. This research has used the mixed method. Questionnaires and interviews have also been used to collect information. Besides, the content analysis method and spss, maxqda, comfar software have been used for data analysis. The population of this study was 192 people for the citizens of Hamedan and the sample was randomly selected with a simple error coefficient of 10%. Transportation experts have been used. The outcomes of this study indicate that the waste collection business has a great and expandable market, is technically feasible, and has acceptable profitability

discrete choice models, is one of main components of study of people's choice behavior and it used in various fields such as people's demand for goods and services. In such models, the logit model family is used as a key tool for modeling them. This family started with the binary and multiple logit model and then expanded to the nested logit. The limitations of these models led the researchers' attention to more advanced models and formation of a mixed logit model at the highest level of flexibility. The purpose of this study is to estimate the demand for bus,taxi and personal car in Isfahan city at morning peak hours by using mixed logit model. In this way, first express the issue of travel demand and formation of mode choice model then multiple logit model is introduced as basic model in discrete choice, until introduction and modeling mixed logit model to be provided. Finally, travel demand for these mods was assessed using the mixed logit. The data needed to estimate travel demand was gathered by collecting questionnaire from traveler during the morning peak hours of days at autumn and winter in Isfahan city.
The results of estimation of mod choice by mixed logit show that convenience and the head of household are factors influencing the choice of car, while the time and cost are the only factors influencing the choice of the bus for travel during the morning peak hours. Time, cost, convenient, income and head of household are factors that influencing taxi choice.