Chemical Methodologies
Volume:6 Issue: 8, Aug 2022

Zn-[2-boromophenyl-salicylaldimine-methylpyranopyrazole]Cl2 {[Zn-2BSMP]Cl2}, as a Schiff base complex, efficiently catalyzed the pseudo-six-component synthesis of tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridines by the condensation reaction of aryl aldehyde, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate and urea at 80 °C. Urea was used instead of ammonium salts as a source of ammonia by in situ generation of ammonia, in the presence of a little amount of water.

Medical accelerators such as Elekta linac are used to treat cancer and imaging. Depending on cancer type, they regulate certain field size. Because of photon scattering from accelerator components, for every field size to treat cancer, air and patient’s body, there is the radiation risk for other organs. In this research, the scattering factor for different fields of Elekta linac is first calculated using the phase space specifications in GEANT4 and MCNPX codes. Due to the scattering of photons, the calculated dose in other body organs in the treatment of liver cancer was calculated using the MIRD phantom and the accelerator phase space. For 15 Gy dose in liver cancer treatment, the other organs also receive a significant dose due to their distance from the liver. Even brain tissue that is far from the liver and is out of treatment plan receives about 0.47 Gy dose. One of the major problems of radiotherapy is the inability to accurately focus on the radiation field size of the cancerous tissue. Even by precisely adjusting the field size to the tumor size, there is a risk of radiation to the tissues around the tumor due to the scattering of photons from the air, accelerator components, and patients’ body parts. Until now, it has been assumed that small volumes of healthy tissue around the tumor are at radiation risk in radiotherapy procedures. However, the results of this study showed that the radiation risk from radiotherapy procedures is much higher in the tissues near the tumor.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of intestinal function characterized by chronic pain in the abdominal region, discomfort, bloating, and changes in bowel habits with no other organic causes. Diarrhea and constipation are the dominant signs of this disease that may alternately appear. One of the most commonly used treatments for this disease is the use of antispasmodic drugs such as Mebeverine hydrochloride (MBH), which can directly affect the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract and relieve spasms caused by that without affecting the intestinal motility. Accordingly, the mechanism of action for this specific drug has a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle. Some studies have shown that the anti-contractile effect of Mebeverine is not only limited to a specific system, which can consequently result in multiple side effects. By using nanotechnology and nano-carriers, biodegradation of drugs or biologically active substances can be prevented, and target cells can also be reached. The rate of drug release is slow but nonstop. In this study, Mebeverine hydrochloride drug was encapsulated using niosomic carriers. Correspondingly, niosomes were prepared using thin-layer dipping techniques, including specific cholesterol ratios, tween 80, and polyethylene glycol. After that, the size of the particle diameter and the amount of encapsulation and drug release were measured. Finally, it was indicated that the drug release from the formulation was at a slow rate.

The present report describes the synthesis of new the synthetic route that started by the reaction of acid hydrazide derivatives with ammonium thiocyanate to give compounds 1a-d. 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 2a-d were synthesized by the reaction compounds 1a-d with concentration sulfuric acid. Finally, the reaction 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 2a-d with sodium nitrate and hydrochloric acid in 0-5 °C to form diazonium salt, then diazonium salt reacted with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to synthesize azo compounds 3a-d. These new synthesized products were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR for some of them and were studied regarding the effect of preparing derivatives on antioxidant activity.

Thirty samples of milk for local brands imported from various local markets in Baghdad province (with an average of 15 powder samples and 15 liquids) were examined. All the samples were analyzed using the Atomic Flame Absorption Scale (7000 _ AASF) to identify concentrations of lead and cadmium elements. All results were reported with lead above the permissible limits, most of which showed the presence of cadmium being within the permissible limits. Lead and cadmium levels in samples examined in powdered milk were respectively (0.3778, 0.3699, 0.4719, 0.1817, 0.1582, 0.5582, 0.2837, 0.4327, 0.4405, 0.4562, 0.2758, 0.1268, 0.8619, 0.4444, 0.3542, 0.0061, 0.0001, 0.0006, 0.0111, 0.0101, 0.0511, 0.0051, 0.0098, 0.0009, 0.0011, 0.0069) (PPM); averages of lead and cadmium were assessed for powdered milk samples respectively (0.386+0.181) and all results were reported in liquid milk with lead, mostly above permitted limits. Most of the samples tested were reported to be cadmium, all within permitted limits and lead and cadmium levels in samples examined in liquid milk were reported. All the results showed the concentration of lead > cadmium and all the items studied and there were no moral differences between the samples studied for the single element, but there were moral differences between the elements studied and the values of the averages..

Bismuth oxide nanoparticle Bi2O3NPs has a wide range of applications and less adverse effects than conventional radio sensitizers. In this work, Bi2O3NPs (D1, D2) were successfully synthesized by using the biosynthesis method with varying bismuth salts, bismuth sulfate Bi2(SO4)3 (D1) or bismuth nitrate. Penta hydrate Bi(NO3)3.5H2O (D2) with NaOH with beta-vulgaris extract. The Bi2O3NPs properties were characterized by different spectroscopic methods to determine Bi2O3NPs structure, nature of bonds, size of nanoparticle, element phase, presence, crystallinity and morphology. The existence of the Bi2O3 band was verified by the FT-IR. The Bi2O3 NPs revealed an absorption peak in the UV-visible spectrum, with energy gap Eg = 3.80eV. The X-ray pattern (D1) matching that of card of COD File-No-96-152-6459 indicating the presence of homogeneous Bi2O3NPs, Scaning Electron Microscopy (SEM) displayed shaped monoclinic phase with average diameter 30.28 nm. The size, structure and composition of synthetic Bi2O3 Nps were determined using the (EDX) pattern. The XRD pattern (D2) corresponds to JCPDS File No. 27-50. The SEM of D2 showed crystalline rhomobohedrral phase with average diameter 34.89 nm. The EDX for both (D1, D2) samples reveals an aggregation of thin sheet cluster. The antibacterial activity of Bi2O3NPs from (D1, D2) was tested against (G-) Escherichia coli and (G+) staphylococcus aureus. All of these clinical pathogens were examined for antifungal activity against Candida albicans fungus, and the results were compared with the standard medication. The adsorption experiment was successfully conducted on the following metal ions (M+2 = Co, Ni and Cu), where the results proved removal simultaneously from water using Bi2O3NPs (D1, D2) based on the affinity of three metal ions and Bi2O3 NPs surface shape. The removal efficiencies of mixed (M+2 = Co, Ni and Cu) ions for D1 were 89.68%, 85.56% and 94.5%. The removal efficiencies for D2 were 93.3%, 87.7% and 88.54%, respectively.

In this report, an IRMOF-3 was prepared via a solvothermal method, and a post-synthesis modification approach was employed for its Schiff-base functionalization with salicylaldehyde (SI). Next, Pd(II) ions were encapsulated into the pores of the Schiff-base modified MOF by an impregnation method. Reduction of Pd(II) to Pd NPs was performed by two distinct methods, namely reduction by NaBH4 and reduction in ethanol. This study showed that the reduction of Pd NPs in ethanol solution resulted in larger NPs with better dispersity between the layers of the catalyst. In comparison, the reduction of Pd NPs with the NaBH4 resulted in smaller NPs, positioning into the pores of the IRMOF-3 structure, which reduced the leaching of the catalyst. IRMOF-3-SI-Pd NPs was characterized with FT-IT, XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques. The results showed that the Schiff-base functionality of MOF helped stabilization of the Pd entities, and the catalyst successfully synthesized and preserved its structure during the synthesis and application steps. The synthesized IRMOF-3-SI-Pd NPs was used as a catalyst for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, which exhibited promising results.