مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 41، خرداد و تیر 1401)

Thoughts, impulses, or images that are distressing and intrusive characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder. On the other hand, obsessive beliefs are important in turning intrusive thoughts into obsessive thoughts.

This study aimed to present a structural model to explain obsessive beliefs among high school students, based on the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, metacognitive beliefs, and self-esteem, considering the mediating role of inferential confusion.

In this correlational study, the statistical population included all secondary high school students in Aligudarz, Lorestan Province, Iran, during the 2020-2021 academic years. A total of 300 individuals were selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Metacognitions questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Inferential Confusion Questionnaire-Expanded Version (ICQ-EV), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling in SPSS-20 and AMOS-24.

The goodness of fit indices of the measurements model (x2/df=3.12, RMSEA=0.084) supported the good fitness of the model. Also, the goodness of fit indices of the structural model (x2/df=2.24, RMSEA=0.064) indicated the good fit of the model for the collected data.

Based on the results, metacognitive beliefs, symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety, and self-esteem are among factors affecting obsessive beliefs; inferential confusion plays a mediating role in their association with obsessive beliefs. Therefore, elimination or moderation of contributing factors is essential for correcting obsessive-compulsive beliefs.

Marital burnout and conflicts are common phenomenon that weaken relationships and increase marital problems.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Schema Therapy on marital burnout and conflicts among applicants for divorce.

The research method was a semi experimental study with pre-test post-test control group design. The statistical population of the study included all divorce applicants in 2020. 45 participants in a block randomization were divided into two intervention groups, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (N=15) and Schema Therapy (N=15), and a control group (N=15). The interventions were performed for both groups through 12 sessions, 90 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The Pains Boredom Scale (1996) and the Sanai Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ-R) were used to collect data. Findings were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results showed that both Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (P<0.01, F=59.78) and Schema Therapy (P<0.01, F=4.40) are effective on marital burnout and marital conflicts. Comparing two interventions also showed that Schema Therapy was more effective than Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on reducing marital burnout (P<0.01, F=13.60) and couples marital conflicts (P<0.01, F=29.93).

According to the results, ACT therapy and schema therapy are important role in reducing marital distress and conflict. Therefore, these methods and other treatment methods should be used to improve marital satisfaction and reduce marital distress and conflict.

Fatigue is a gradual and cumulative process. This mindset is related to the lack of motivation to make any effort, as well as decreased efficiency, attentiveness, and, eventually, malfunction.

The present study aims to investigate how mental and muscle fatigue affects spatial working memory.

The research method was quasi-experimental and was performed using the pretest-posttest design. The participants in this study were 20 to 30 year old male students of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran in 2021, of whom, 14 subjects were selected by convincing method as the sample using the G-Power approach and previous investigations. The Mental Fatigue Self-Assessment Scale, Corsi Block software, Stroop software, and the Monark Bike Ergometer were utilized. In addition, the repeated measurement analysis of variance test in SPSS-23 was used to analyze the data. 

The results indicated that mental fatigue condition had a significant effect on working memory (P=0.002); and has reduced the efficiency of working memory. But muscle fatigue conditions had no significant effect on assessing working memory, and in these conditions there was a better performance in working memory (P=0.065).

The findings of this study emphasize the importance of mental fatigue in reducing working memory performance, even though this type of fatigue is related to cognitive and cerebral functioning. Accordingly, the findings are in line with a top-down approach, as well as cognitive perspectives such as generalized motor program theory.

As an integral part of society, sport faces problems similar to that of society. One problem is the bullying of football coaches.

This study identifies the factors affecting bullying among Iranian professional football coaches.

The research method is descriptive survey based on structural equations modeling. The statistical population included all professional football coaches in Iran in 2021. 205 coaches are selected as a sample based on the simple random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire with 33 questions was used based on qualitative interviews and coding to collect the data. Once expert’s validation is obtained (n=8), the reliability of the questionnaire is evaluated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method and mixed reliability. SPSS-23 and PLS Smart-2 are used to analyze the data in the descriptive and inferential sections.

The confirmatory factor analysis results show 8 factors of anti-social behaviors in sports, athletes, interactions, bullying and harassment experience, occupational factor, behavioral factor, contextual and managerial factors, and individual and psychological factors as factors affecting bullying among Iranian professional football coaches. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicate an acceptable fit. Content, divergent and convergent validity indicated good scale validity.

The results showed that different factors affect the bullying of coaches. Therefore, it is necessary to study the identified factors and focus on football coaches. It is suggested that sports managers and officials be better informed about the factors identified in this study.

Domestic violence is one of the social issues as old as a society and, due to its extensive scope of impact, it has always drawn the attention of therapists in terms of treatment and pathology.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress and the quality of life among female victims of domestic violence.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of female victims of domestic violence, who were referred to the court, health centers, homeless shelters, and counseling centers in Karaj, Alborz province in 2020, of which 40 people were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included the Psychological Distress and Quality of Life questionnaire. The subjects in the experimental group received the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral protocol in eight 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-20.

The findings indicated that the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy caused significant differences between the two groups in psychological distress (F=64.87) at the significance level of 0.001, quality of life - mental health (F=121.19) at the level of 0.001, and quality of life - physical health (F=108.27) at the significance level of 0.001.

Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy can reduce psychological distress, and increase the quality of life in female victims of domestic violence. It, as a preventive program, can also be applied in support, health, and treatment centers and increase the efficiency of female victims of domestic violence.

Anxiety disorders are the most common problems among children, with several adverse consequences.

The present study aimed to develop and validate a psychomotor intervention program and to investigate its effectiveness on anxiety, working memory, and attention in anxious female students.

This study was performed in two stages. First, a psychomotor intervention program was developed, and for validation, its content validity was examined. Next, the quasi-experimental method with a control group, pretest-posttest follow-up design was used. The statistical population of the study included all female elementary school students in District 6 of Tehran, Iran, in 2021. A total of 40 students were purposefully selected and assigned to the experimental and control groups. The psychomotor intervention was performed in 10 sessions (60 minutes per session). The Overt Anxiety Questionnaire, Stroop Test, Wechsler Subtests, and Visual Memory Test were used to collect data. For statistical analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance was performed in SPSS-22.

The results showed that the intervention program had adequate content validity and could significantly reduce anxiety (F=224.28, P<0.001) and improve working memory (F=24.25, P>0.001) and attention (F=9.67, P<0.001); its effects persisted until the follow-up.

Overall, psychomotor therapy could improve anxiety, attention, and working memory. Therefore, it may be used as a valid and effective intervention for managing anxiety and improving the students cognitive function.

Treatment adherence is an indispensable strategy in the management of chronic diseases and can be influenced by various factors.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediatory role of life expectancy in the relationship of treatment adherence with illness perception, self-compassion, and perceived social support among patients with cardiovascular diseases.

The present study was correlational and was conducted according to structural equation modeling. The population included all patients with cardiovascular diseases that visited Shahid Madani Heart Center in Tabriz, Iran, during the spring of 2021. Then, 234 patients were selected as the sample using the convenience sampling method. The instruments included Broadbent’s Illness Perception Questionnaire, Raes’s Self-compassion Scales, Zimet’s Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Snyder’s Adult Hope Scale, and the Modanloo’s Treatment Adherence Scale. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation test, Path Analysis, and Sobel’s test in SPSS-24 and AMOS-24.

The findings showed that illness perception, self-compassion, perceived social support, and life expectancy had a direct and significant impacts on treatment adherence, and illness perception, self-compassion, and perceived social supports had a direct and significant impacts on life expectancy (P<0.001). Moreover, the results of the Sobel Test indicated that illness perceptions (β=0.095), self-compassion (β=0.086), and perceived social support (β=0.087) had a significant indirect influence on treatment adherence by the mediation of life expectancy (P<0.01).

The findings showed that illness perceptions, self-compassion, and perceived social support increased treatment adherence by the mediation of life expectancy. Thus, goals could be set to train and increase life expectancy and – consequently – treatment adherence in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Depression is one of the athletes' common problems leading to mental and physical damage.

This study investigates the effect of adverse childhood experiences, psychological distress, and resilience on depression in amateur athletes.

The method is descriptive-analytical. The population included amateur athletes in Iran in 2021. 384 individuals were selected as the research sample based on the convenience sampling method. The data collection tool is Beck's Depression Inventory (1996), Connor & Davidson Resilience scale (2003), Pornaghash and Amini Adverse childhood experiences inventory (2019) and Kessler psychological distress scale (2000). In order to analyze the data, the statistical method of structural equations modeling was used by SPSS-20 and PLS-2.

The results showed that adverse childhood experiences had an effect of 0.380, resilience -0.360, and psychological distress 0.264 on depression.

Conditions for improving athletes' resilience should be provided while managing adverse childhood experiences and psychological distress to reduce burnout. In general, according to the results, it is suggested that by holding training courses, athletes' mental and psychological empowerment are provided.

Given that basic psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation, attachment styles and mental vitality are among the factors that play a protective role in the occurrence of high-risk behaviors; therefore, predicting the underlying or eliminating factors of high-risk behaviors seems necessary.

This study was conducted to predicting high-risk behaviors based on satisfying basic psychological needs, cognitive regulation of emotion and attachment styles mediated by mental vitality in female adolescents.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all female students of the second year of high school in Tabriz in the academic year 2018-2019, from which 282 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale (IARTS), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS), Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Mental Vitality Questionnaire (MVQ). Data were analyzed using path analysis method in SPSS-23 and Lisrel-8 software.

There is a negative and significant relationship between high-risk behaviors with the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (P=0.001, r=-0.230), and mental vitality (P=0.001, r=-0.313) and attachment styles (P=0.001, r=0.247) there is a positive and significant relationship; while only the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (P=0.004) can predict high-risk behaviors due to the mediating role of mental vitality.

Satisfaction of basic psychological needs due to the mediating role of mental vitality has the ability to predict high-risk behaviors; these findings can be helpful in effectively preventing high-risk behaviors among female adolescents.

Internet addiction and academic procrastination dangerous consequences and a high prevalence among adolescents and students.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of metacognitive group counseling on internet addiction and academic procrastination of students.

This quasi-experimental study had a control-group, pretest-posttest, two-month follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of all male high school students in Takestan, Iran, in the academic year of 2020-2021. A total of 30 people were randomly selected and divided into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Data were collected using the Questionnaires of Academic Procrastination (Solomon and Rathblum, 1984) and Internet Addiction (Young, 1996). The experimental group received metacognitive group counseling. data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-26.

The results of analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in reducing internet addiction (η2=0.36, P<0.01, F=14.63) and academic procrastination (η2=0.37, P<0.01, F=15.34). The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed the persistent effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in reducing internet addiction and academic procrastination in the long run.

Based on the present findings, metacognitive group counseling was effective in reducing the students educational procrastination and internet addiction. It is suggested to consider metacognitive group counseling sessions for students in school activities to improve their academic progress and reduce their internet addiction.

The most important element of society is the family. Accordingly, the study of factors that play a role in marital commitment is also of fundamental importance.

The aim of this study was to develop a causal model of marital commitment based on forgiveness and differentiation mediated by marital intimacy and the effectiveness of this model on the quality of marital relationships.

In terms of quantitative nature, practical purpose and data collection method, this study was a correlation of structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the study included all married employees of education in districts 1 and 2 of Sanandaj city in the academic year 2018-2019. Using cluster sampling method, 30 people were selected and replaced in experimental and control groups. In order to collect data, Marital Commitment Questionnaire, Marital Intimacy Scale, Self-Differentiation Questionnaire, Family Forgiveness Scale and Marital Relationship Quality Questionnaire were used. Analysis of covariance using SPSS-21 was used for statistical analysis of data.

The results of structural equation analysis showed that forgiveness (P≤0.01, β=0.47), differentiation (P≤0.05, β=0.13), and intimacy (P≤0.05, β=0.12) has an indirect effect on marital commitment and forgiveness (0.08) and differentiation (0.02) through intimacy on marital commitment.

The results showed that forgiveness, differentiation and intimacy affect marital commitment and effectiveness on the quality of marital relationships and it is suggested that the outlines of the program in the implementation of workshops and information about education and expression of importance Variables related to marital commitment should be the basis.

Life satisfaction is influenced by personality traits, including dark and light personality traits, and emotional differentiation.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of value orientation in predicting life satisfaction based on dark and light personality traits and emotional differentiation.

In this descriptive, correlational study, the structural equation modeling was applied. The statistical population consisted of people, referred to the health centers of Tabriz, Iran, in 2022. A total of 400 people were selected by the available sampling method. For data collection, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Diner et al., Johnson & Webster's Dark Triad Personality (DTP) Questionnaire, Light Triple Personality (LTP) Questionnaire by Kaufman et al., Drake and Murdock’s Differentiation of Self Inventory-Short Form (DSI-SF), and Schwartz’s Value Survey (SVS) were used. For data analysis, the structural equation modeling in AMOS software was applied.

The results indicated the direct significant role of dark (β=-0.38) and light (β=0.34) personality traits, as well as emotional differentiation (β=0.29) in predicting life satisfaction. Besides, an indirect relationship was found between these variables and life satisfaction, with the mediating role of value orientation (P<0.05).

The component of value orientation mediated the relationship between life satisfaction and dark/light personality traits and emotional differentiation. These findings can have practical implications for counselors and psychologists to increase life satisfaction.