نشریه پژوهش های علوم و فنون دریایی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

The effect of oral green skin of walnuts on the coloration of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) was studied. Albino Oscar fish with an average weight of 60 grams 5/01 ± 0/18 and 54/84 ± 2/23 mm average length in the form of 3 experimental and one control and each with three repetitions were divided. Twelve aquariums with dimensions of 50 × 40 × 33 cm was used. Control was fed with no food additives (food stand). For the first treatment food containing 0.1 percent walnut hull was used, 0.2 percent was used for the second treatment with the diet and in the third treatment fish were fed with food containing 0.3 percent walnut hull. The breeding period lasted 8 weeks (56 days). Every 20 days biometrics (Biometry) was carried out. Average water temperature in the aquarium during the study period was 28.07 ± 1.09 °C, with an average of 5.38 ± 0.15 milligrams per liter of dissolved oxygen, average pH was measured to be 8.03 ± 0.33 and average TDS, 33.27 ± 1.32 mg. After the breeding period, 3 fish from each treatment were randomly selected to assess the rate of change of color obtained using L* a* b* colorimetric system using a CHROMA METER CR-40. Colorimetric analysis of fish skin from treatments showed that oral administration of green walnut caused significant skin discoloration. Component b* ​​representing the yellow color, was positive in the treatment 1, showed significant differencecompared to control (P0/05). The results showed that using the green skin of walnuts in the diet can increase the Oscar fish skin color towards yellow. It was shown that the level of 0.1 percent green skin of walnuts in the diet was the best level for increasing the yellow color in fish were detected.

The aim of this research was to establish health, safety and environment management system in the operation phase of one of the dams in Northern Zagros zone using TOPSIS and Entropy methods based on three steps. The first step was risk factor identification. In this step, a survey was done to identify which risks were caused by operation phase activities in the three groups, physical-chemical risks, biological risks and human risks. The second step was risk assessment. The risks were introduced in three criteria, severity, probability and vulnerability, and the environmental risk parameters were scored using expert opinion. The risks were prioritized with Entropy and software TOPSIS Solver 2014 methods. As a result thermal stratification in dam reservoir, disconnection of habitat of downstream and upstream and prevalence of parasitic diseases gained the highest scores in operation phase. Finally, the third step was establishing health, safety and environment management system based on five steps. The first step was policy and objective. The second step was offering environment, health and safety plan. The third step was program implementation. The fourth step was monitoring and control on program, air quality, sewage and residue. The fifth step was the audit. This step consisted of solving program implementation problems and change of monitoring plan.

This study has been performed to measure Lead and Cadmium levels in Sillago sihama and Terapon Jarbua fish tissues in Qeshm Island. Twenty four samples from each species were randomly selected in October 2015 in the southern area of the island. After samples were biometrically determined; muscle tissues, skin and the liver were separated and chemically digested by wet digestion. To measure the amount of heavy metals in samples, ICP-OES model Liberty RL device was used. According to the results, the least amount of Lead in Sillago sihama and Terapon Jarbuawas was found in muscle tissues (57 mg/kg and 64 mg/kg respectively) and the highest amount was seen in the liver (1280 mg/kg and 1763 mg/kg) and the least amount of Cadmium was observed in muscle tissues (Sillago sihama and Terapon Jarbua, there is no significant difference at 95% confidence level between the metals in all three tissues. Comparing the tissues of two fish species on the absorption of Lead and Cadmium depicts no significant difference in the confidence level of 95%. To evaluate the safety of studied fish tissues for consumption, the amount of metals in the tissues were compared with WHO (Pb: 500mg/kg, Cd: 200mg/kg) standards, which indicated no significant differences. Based on the mentioned results and calculation of the acceptable daily intake, the consumption of these fish species, regarding health aspects, is confirmed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metals (nickel and lead) that has accumulated in Litopenaeus vannamei in vicinity of two types dispersants, Naft roob (Iranian dispersants) and Radiogreen OSD (foreign dispersant). For this study, a control group and 5 treated with different concentrations and combinations and each with three replications were considered. Shrimp samples exposed to crude oil and combination of crude oil and two dispersants for 48 hours. The accumulated heavy metals were then measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results showed that the highest average concentration of nickel in shrimp, was found to be in the combined treatment of Naft roob at 4.484 ppm,. The highest average concentration of Pb was found in L. vannamei, which was exposed to foreign oil dispersant, Radiogreen OSD, at 2.443 ppm. Finally, it was found that by increasing crude oil and dispersant concentration, higher levels of heavy metals were absorbed by the shrimp in vicinity of crude oil and crude oil combined with dispersants. Nickel was also found to be accimulated at much higher concentrations compared to lead in shrimp exposed to crude oil and crude oil combined with dispersants.

This study was conducted in the southern Caspian Sea region – Seasangan, to study physicochemical properties of surface waters (salinity, chemical productivity, alkalinity, pH, total suspended solid and dissolved oxygen). In this study, nutrients (phosphate, total phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite and silicate) in surface waters was also investigated. Sampling was done in 12 stations in four vertical transects on autumn 2012. The results indicated Salinity range of 11.16- 11.30 g/kg, chemical productivity of 17.75- 18.27 mS/cm, dissolved oxygen of 8.25- 8.42 mg/lit, alkalinity of 187.5- 200 mg/lit as CaCO3, total suspended solid of 8- 12 mg/lit and pH range of 8.25- 8.42, respectivly. The concentrations of phosphate ranging from nd to 0.01 mg/lit, nitrite ( non detectable), total phosphours of 0.001 to 0.005 mg/lit, silicate of 0.064 to 0.221 mg/lit and nitrate of 0.011 to 0.071 mg/lit. There were not significant differences in nutrient levels, alkalinity and total suspended solid in transects (P> 0.05). The results showed that the nutrient levels in the Seasangan surface waters were lower compared to other regions in the southwest and southeast regions of the Caspian Sea.

This study was carried out on the changes of sea level in various tidal stations in the Persian Gulf. Stations were selected in which the long term tide data had been recorded for a period of over one year. The mean sea level was calculated through the use of tidal data, while the effects of wind force, temperature and barometric effect was considered on it. Using statistical models the effects of various atmospheric elements on the changes of sea level was assessed and the best models relating to sea level was introduced and physically analyzed. The Mean Sea Level (MSL) in Bandar Abbas and Bushehr has been studied for a period of eleven years (2000-2010). The MSL showed an increasing trend with an increase of 5cm and 4cm during the relevant period in Bandar Abbas and Bushehr, respectively. In the mentioned period, the amplitude was 35cm in Bandar Abbas and 50cm in Bushehr. The sea level and temperature rise and pressure reduction in the Persian Gulf region reflects the gradual climate change in this area.

Groundwater has become the most important natural resource in recent years due to lack of rainfall and less surface water. In this Study, the effect of geological and agricultural activities on groundwater resource area in north of Qazvin Plain has been studied. For this research to study the qualitative parameters, 17 wells were sampled in 2013. Initially for estimation of the impact of geology on groundwater samples, water type and saturation index (SI) of various minerals were studied, then the impact of human factors on groundwater resources in the North of Qazvin plain was investigated by using linear regression analysis. Results showed that the amount of dissolved minerals from the west to the east of the study area is on the rise. Ions of sodium, bicarbonate and sulfate are dominant ions, mostly as a result of the dissolution of halite, gypsum and carbonate which entered the groundwater. Linear regression analysis showed that high correlation of nitrate, sulfate, chloride, potassium, and total dissolved solids (TDS) reflects the impact of agricultural activities on groundwater. Nitrate concentration was found to be much higher than WHO 2011 standards (50 ppm) in western (335 ppm) and eastern (103 ppm) parts of study area as a result of agricultural activities.

This research intends to study the rate of accumulation of heavy metals and calculate the rate of pollution of seabed sediments in sampling and analyses as a result of large industrial activities in Asaluyeh region. The in Asaluyeh region in the Persian Gulf, due to its exceptional position, where a great number of gas refineries and petrochemical plants are established, is directly or indirectly exposed to different organic and mineral pollutants. Taking into consideration the position of the region, this study was conducted in 2013 in 10 stations, to study the pollution resulting from the heavy metals of Cobalt, Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, and Mercury. Sediment samples were collected by Ekman Grab and measurements were made by a furnace atomic absorption device. Furthermore, the obtained data were modeled with fuzzy logic. The comparison of the results obtained from modeling with the data resulting from lab measurements, indicates the suitable efficiency of fuzzy logic in forecasting the quantities of heavy metals density.