نشریه تاریخ اندیش
پیاپی 11 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Yemen was one of the most politically, geographically, economically and religiously privileged countries in Asia in ancient times. For this purpose, two great ancient empires, Iran and Byzantium, which had wide borders in Asia, were considered. There was competition between them in every way. During the reign of the last king of Yemen, the Christians of that land were persecuted and massacred by him. This led to the intervention of the Eastern Roman Empire, which claimed to support Christians, and as a result, the Eastern Roman Emperor incited the Abyssinian Christians against this. Abyssinia also succeeded in conquering Yemen. Although the involvement of Abyssinia was ostensibly due to a religious factor, but given the situation in Yemen, It can be seen that the Byzantine Empire paid full attention to the superior geographical, political and economic position of that land. On the other hand, the conquest of Yemen attracted the attention of the Sassanid government and with the refuge of a Hamiri prince to Anushirvan Sassanids, the Sassanids, realizing the superior position of Yemen, also supported him. And the Sassanid government succeeded in conquering and dominating this land and overthrowing the Abyssinian rulers who were under Byzantine influence. The necessity of this research is to study the effect of other geographical, economic and religious factors along with the political factor in the conquest of Yemen by Anoushirvan Corps.

After Buyids coming to power in the fourth century, the Abbasid caliphate which had been weakened in all of its kingpins, was put under the control of Buyid Amirs. As a result, The Buyids which had Shia identity prevailed over the most important parts of Islamic lands, but since the changing of political and religious structure was not possible due to not having prepared necessary backgrounds, they launched on cultural activates to make ready their society to accept Shia believes and their own final sovereignty. In this way, they revealed and even made official many of Shia rites which were hidden until then. The paper is going to study the function and activities of the Buyid sovereigns in expanding Shiizm. It seems that as a result of the Buyids activities, Shiizm got into the way of prosperity and announced itself as a state religion and the Shiis situation became also better and they enjoyed relative freedom as a result of Buyids patronage.

In the Safavid period, the educational system of Iran was transformed and the transformation had noticeable effects on the condition of women education. As a result, the possibility of learning Islamic sciences and knowledge and also discussing and thinking on them and learning some arts was provided for women in the mold of holding religious rites. But, some people opposed the education of women and there was no affective system to educate women, nevertheless, some of courtly women and those who belonged to clergy families achieved the possibility of learning Islamic sciences and some arts and in step with men worked in these domains and even became outstanding figures in science and art. The nature of women education in this period must be studied in connection with their social and class status, because there was differences in its type, purpose and quality with regard to the way life of the women which resulted in diversity in educating sciences and skills. Having used descriptiveanalyzing method, the paper is trying to survey the condition of women education in the Safavid period. Paper findings show that personal will and family condition affected seriously on women education.

In modern cities today, any service activity provided by municipal service providers, such as municipalities, water and sewage companies, electricity, gas, telephone, urban transportation, and in short, any activity that makes life easier for people in the city, is the basis of interaction and Bilateral cooperation is between the people and that service institution. No matter how well that institution presents its work, if there is no interaction and cooperation of the service community, ie the citizens, with that institution, this service will be incomplete and failed. This is where a process called culture building, cultural work, interaction, collaboration, etc. show themselves well. In this study, by referring to the press and documents of Isfahan, we have shown how important the issue of cleaning the city and the collection and management of waste (garbage) in this city, and the media for the important matter of “culture building” What points did they highlight and what did they do to raise the level of awareness of the citizens of Isfahan about this important issue. On the other hand, for a city like Isfahan, which is the center of tourism in Iran, how important is the issue of cleanliness and hygiene. From this perspective, what effect has the tourism industry had on the city of citizens’ culture?

The Safavid government used the high potential of religious- active ideas in order to achieve power a and the Safavid shahs by making Shiizm into state religion and suppressing other religions and sects, tried to make advantage of Shiizm as an instrument to unify their followers and to distinguish them from others in order to legitimize their war against other religious rivals in order to expand their authority. In this way, the Safavids with their own religious fanaticism launched on wide violence and fought against every thought which was different with state school. But it seems that instability of belief of some of the Murid (disciple) of Safavid government and their attempts to show their protest and disagreement against the policies of the Safavid government and also weakens of Sufi movement resulted by harsh suppression were among reasons of creating these divergent sects in this period. Having used descriptive- analyzing method, the paper is trying to survey these reasons and some of the sects branched from Sufism and Ghalis.

The history book of Gilan written by Mullah Abdolfattah Foumani Gilani is a work written in the first half of the 11 th century AH about the events of Gilan during the years 1517-1629 AH. Compiled and written twice. The second title of this work is Dar Al-Marz Conquests. There are eleven manuscripts of the book of the history of Gilan and one manuscript of the book of the conquests of Dar al-Marz in the libraries of Iran and the world. The valuable book of the history of Gilan, Abdolfattah Foumani, has been corrected and published five times to date. Its last corrected edition was in 2011. The purpose of this study, relying on descriptive-analytical method, Introducing and describing the available manuscripts and printed copies of the history book of Gilan written by Abdolfattah Foumani. The research findings indicate that of the three manuscripts available in libraries abroad in Iran, one apparently is the manuscript of Abdolfattah Foumani; Considering Bernhard Darren’s residence in St. Petersburg, Russia, and the fact that his printing house is the same as the place where the manuscript of the Guilan history book is kept, as well as his easy access to the manuscript of this work, it can be said that Darren’s lithography of Guilan history On the manuscript in the Saltykov Library is the most famous of St. Petersburg; And since Dr. Manouchehr Sotoudeh did not know about the six manuscripts of the history of Gilan in foreign libraries, it can be said that the lead printing version of Rasht is based on one of those six manuscripts and is not a separate version.

Analysis of the historical roots of myths is one of the goals of the “Archaeomythology” approach, which is done through a pattern of historical approach studies. To be able to extend this pursuit scientifically among the consistent archaeological evidences is an embedded approach in archaeology of other fields, including Egyptology and Chinese archaeology, which can provide a new and significant look at Iranian archaeological research. In this article, an attempt has been made to describe the records of researchers in the field of Archaeomythology in other cultural fields in order to achieve a suitable pattern for similar studies in Iranian archaeology. This paper is based on the analysis and study of information in historical documents, including statistical and geographical information within them, the origin of the first and also the historical form of this foundation of mythical stories and narrations. The main purpose of this article is to be able to deal with the historical basis of a myth through two historical and cultural approaches, and an attempt has been made to reveal the levels of history under the dust of myth.