فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1401)

A B S T R A C T
The spatial structure of a city has a key importance among its tangible and intangible elements. Because it can support all activities of residents and influence these activities. Analyzing the mutual relationships between spatial forms and urban functions is one of the most important methods of evaluating the spatial structure of cities, which is often neglected in existing studies. Based on this, the current research aims to analyze "urban space configuration patterns" and "functional cores" as the formal and functional dimensions of the city's spatial structure, which is followed by a case study of the Tehran metropolis. By using a combined analysis method based on the theory of space arrangement, the evolving spatial structure of the Tehran metropolis was explained. "Cohesion" and "readability" indices were used to analyze space configuration, and "population", "employment" and "land use" data were used to analyze functional cores. Also, the spatial correlation between the variables at the regional level was calculated based on the "geographical weighted regression" method. The obtained results led to the explanation of some features of the spatial structure of the city of Tehran, including "center-periphery interconnectedness pattern", "natural movement pattern" and "function core concentration patterns". Also, a positive correlation was observed between interconnectedness and spatial concentration of functional cores, which can be interpreted both in terms of urban areas and separately for each of the functions. The final result was that the transition from single-core construction to multi-core construction is happening slowly in the city of Tehran, and the result of the current transportation and traffic policies is to create a kind of inequality between different parts of the city in terms of movement and access, despite the relative organization of traffic.
Extended Abstract
The spatial structure is of crucial importance among its tangible and intangible elements. Because it can support and influence all the activities of the residents. Analyzing the interrelationships between spatial forms and urban functions is one of the essential methods of evaluating the spatial structure of cities, which is often overlooked in existing studies. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze "urban spatial configuration patterns" and "functional cores" as formal and functional dimensions of the spatial structure of the city, which a case study of Tehran metropolis has followed.
 
Evolving spatial structure of Tehran was explained using a combined analysis method based on space layout theory. UCL Depth Map software was used to achieve a variety of composite analysis indicators using axial mapping. Combined features for measuring spatial configuration included "integration", "connection", "selection", "resolution" and "total relationship with the component". In addition to these indicators, including land-use maps and population maps in the Arc GIS software environment. After this step, to determine the spatial distribution of each function using spatial analysis methods such as Kernel Density, urban core maps were prepared. Based on this, the connection between integration and connection of communication networks and urban cores can be interpreted. Also, to investigate the spatial correlation between variables at the regional level, the geographical weight regression method was used.
 
The results of this study led to the explanation of some features of the spatial structure of Tehran, such as "center-peripheral integration pattern," "natural motion pattern," and "functional cores concentration patterns." According to the results, the areas with the highest integration and connection were the location of urban cores. Also, a positive correlation was observed between integration and spatial concentration of functional cores, which can be interpreted both in terms of urban areas and separately for each function. On the other hand, the results of the present study indicate the incompatibility of the configuration model of Tehran with its dominant structure at the global level. Thus, high connectivity in the central core of many cities worldwide is synonymous with the possibility of the emergence of pedestrian-centered activities and the formation of a more human-scale space. On the other hand, in the city of Tehran, the opposite is accurate, and high-connectivity points have become the site of increasing car attacks, which is exactly the case with the city's problem areas. The results also showed that the original construction of Tehran, unlike many metropolises in the world, is still mono-core. Despite the excessive physical development of Tehran and the expansion of the borders of its urban area, the spatial structure of Tehran is still under the heavy influence of the central core on Enghelab Street (east-west direction) and Valiasr Street (north-south direction). In fact, it can be said that Tehran's transition process from a mono-core to a multi-core model is slow. But small sub-cores are likely to form in parts of the city. This mono-core model leads to overcrowding and traffic in the city center. But the lack of spatial planning policies has exacerbated the inefficiency of the central core, and all the problems of the last half-century in the central part of Tehran remain unresolved.
 
The final result of the present study was that the transition from a mono-core structure to a multi-core structure in Tehran is slow, and various policies have been implemented in the field of transportation and urban traffic to control and organize this mono-core structure. However, the most crucial criticism of these policies is that they prioritize the urban form and ignore the functional aspects of the spatial structure. Due to the dominance of the logic of natural motion based on the East-West model, the existing policies are more in line with this logic. The result of these policies, despite the relative organization of traffic, has been to create a kind of inequality between different parts of the city in terms of movement and access. Finally, while recalling the advantages of the spatial arrangement method in simultaneous analysis of social actions and spatial actions in the spatial structure of cities, it should be acknowledged that the purpose of analyzing urban configuration patterns with spatial arrangement theory is to identify key points of spatial structure as an integrated system, these points can be manipulated and strengthened so that the whole system (spatial structure) progresses to recovery. Given the limitations that the present study faced in terms of applying the spatial arrangement method to other topics, it is suggested that in future research, if there is the necessary data and information, issues such as daily travel pattern analysis, comparative study of the spatial structure of Tehran in periods and providing perspectives on transportation policy in Tehran should be considered by researchers.

Analysis of Urban Sprawl of Sirjan and future growth using Remote Sensing DataExtended AbstractIntroductionLike a living creature, a city develops because of various factors such as population growth and the expanding scope of human activities. As a result, the city's physical range also increases in different vertical and horizontal directions. Cities can't accommodate the increased population; thus, a part of the population is driven around the city searching for better living spaces. In this case, rural districts near the city are the most likely to attract this kind of population. It then becomes a question of what must be done. That is, what is the solution? Studying urban development and determining its causes and factors may be helpful. In the province of Kerman, there is an important and more significant city named Sirjan, which is characterized by relatively flat terrain, and the slope is from northeast to southwest, and therefore general directions for building the body and textures of the city are northwest-southeast and northwest-southwest. A fragmented development has come about due to the city combining several villages nearby as it expanded and developed. This research seeks to answer the following question: how has Sirjan become more urbanized over the last few decades? What will Sirjan's future look like in the next 30 years? This study aims to examine Sirjan's urban sprawl during 20 years from 1990 to 2020. The sprawl directions and rates will also be examined to understand the city's urban growth balance better.MethodologyThe types of applied research and the methods used to conduct it are descriptive-inferential and analytical-combined. According to the proposed hypotheses, the current study aims to assess historical physical development and forecast future physical growth till 2050, and how the surrounding villages of Sirjan city will change. The method has been deductive and inductive in using theoretical foundations, models, and methods, and generalizing results and suggestions, respectively. Because of the interaction of human and economic issues, the research took a systemic-structural approach. The Landsat satellite photos from the period (1985-2020), with a 5-year interval, were initially employed in this study to meet the research aims and to answer the research questions. The photos were then corrected for atmospheric and radiometric effects, and the results were derived using a supervised classification approach of changes in Sirjan over the statistical period under consideration. The results were validated using the Kappa coefficient. The satellite photos used in the study came from the Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellites, as well as the TM, ETM, and OLI sensors. Also, in this study, the entropy model has been used to determine the urban misery and sprawl of Sirjan.Result and Discussions The photographs associated with each statistical period have also been processed. In this part of the report, the number of land uses (constructs) has been described by geographical directions separately. To determine the area of structures in each geographic direction, first satellite images in SAGA software are cut according to the study area and then processed based on samples taken from Google Earth. ENVI is used to classify the output of this software. Then, the output from the GIS program is called, and the area of Sirjan's constructions is determined in terms of each geographical direction. The Markov chain model was used to assess changes in building in the study region during the next 30 years leading up to 2050, as well as to demonstrate which settlements in Sirjan will be integrated with the city's progress. The Markov chain model utilizes cover classes as state or chain states. According to projections, the city of Sirjan will have a total area of 90.84 square kilometers in 2050, thanks to the expansion and integration of Najaf. The above is also supported by the statistical period's entropy results in terms of eight geographical directions. According to the findings, the entropy value for the eight directions of Sirjan city buildings is 2.0258, which is lower than the standard and final value of 8, which is 2.0794, indicating the accuracy of the technique results. Secondly, the calculation value, equivalent to 2.0258 and is extremely close to the standard and final levels indicates that urban sprawl in Sirjan has been confirmed in terms of geography and intensity.ConclusionThe study of the progress of Sirjan city during the statistical period of 2020-1990 showed that the most construction was done in the east at the beginning of the period. However, toward the end of the period, the northwest had the most significant number of constructions. In the northwest direction, the percentage was more than in other directions. It is estimated that the area of this geographical direction at the beginning of the period was 0.875 square kilometers, while at the end of the period, it was 6.513 square kilometers. Since the beginning o

A B S T R A C T
Today, informal settlement has become one of the most important concerns of city managers in developed and developing countries. The phenomenon of informal settlement is influenced by various factors, economic, socio-cultural, managerial and natural, and it also affects the economy, culture and environment of cities. The current research aims to identify and analyze the key factors affecting informal settlement in Bojnord using the structural analysis approach. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and terms of its nature and method, it is based on the new methods of future research, analytical and exploratory science. To collect the required data and information, a questionnaire and the Delphi technique and documentary and library studies were used, which were done in two stages: determining key indicators through the Delphi method and identifying key drivers using MicMac software based on the cross-effects analysis method. The results of the research show that all 26 main factors affect the informal settlement of Bojnoord, but among them, a total of 7 factors are population growth, continued migration to cities, access to important centres, the existence of neighbourhood advantages for low-income immigrants, such as the cheapness of land, The main road, unemployment, and the weakness of urban management are considered as the key drivers affecting the informal settlement of Bojnoord
Extended abstract

Bojnord City, as the political-administrative and service centre of North Khorasan province, has faced significant population growth in recent decades, so it has gradually encountered problems in responding to the needs and demands of citizens, especially regarding the provision of housing and the services they need. It is expected that these issues and problems will appear more in the coming years if coherent and integrated urban planning is not applied. However, we are currently witnessing the formation of informal settlements on the outskirts of this city, which are growing rapidly. One of the most important practical measures to prevent the increasing growth of this type of settlement in Bojnord City is to identify and prioritize the most important factors that are effective in the formation of informal settlements. Because these factors can have different intensities and diversity according to the conditions of each urban space. Therefore, the basic question that the researchers seek to answer in the present study is: What are the key factors affecting the formation and growth of informal settlements in Bojnord City?
 

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and terms of its nature and method, it is based on the new methods of future research, analytical and exploratory science. To collect the required data and information, a questionnaire and Delphi technique and documentary and library studies have been used. To apply the Delphi technique and cross-effects analysis, questionnaires have been prepared in two stages. The first stage includes 30 open-ended questionnaires in which the most important factors influencing the informal settlement of Bojnord in central subjects, taking into account various and comprehensive fields, including economic and social - Cultural and natural factors have been provided to the experts, which led to the general extraction of the factors affecting the informal settlement of Bojnord. The second stage includes 20 questionnaires to determine the key drivers influencing the informal settlement of Bojnord through weighting, which is completed by the experts and finally for analysis. The collected data was used by MicMac software.
 

The results of the library documentary and field studies of informal settlements in Bojnourd show that, in general, the factors of "population growth, weak urban management, the increasing trend of living costs, the difference in land prices in the centre and the outskirts of the city, approaches to empowering and building the capacity of marginal communities, the continuation of migration to cities The ineffectiveness of government policies about land and urban housing, the lack of strict monitoring by the municipality on unauthorized constructions, the existence of neighbourhood advantages for low-income immigrants, such as the cheapness of land, proximity to important cities, the existence of the main road, the change in the economic structure of the city in the national and regional economy. regional economic inability to attract and maintain the native population due to environmental poverty, economic disorder and social instability, the existence of national and regional political crises and currents (imposed war, Islamic revolution), the lack of urban empowerment management and especially the lack of integrated organizational coordination, The inability to implement approved urban lines and plans, especially in the field of urban development, the impossibility and ability to definitively determine and delimit the boundary line and the discreteness of the physical fabric of the city, the existence of an informal and marginal economy, natural factors such as drought, floods and earthquakes in rural areas, the level of income and low education, activity of brokers and property owners, low job skills and expertise, physical development of the city, high housing rent in residential areas, unemployment, access to important centers, informal markets, desire for urban life" affect the informal settlement of Bojnord, but the effects These factors are not equal, and the aspectsof "population growth, continued migration to cities, access to important centers, the existence of neighborhood advantages for low-income immigrants such as cheap land, the existence of the main road, unemployment, and the weakness of urban management" are the key drivers affecting settlement. They are informally mentioned.
 

The informal settlement is affected by various economic, social and managerial factors and mutually affects all social, economic and environmental dimensions of urban environments. The increase in the urbanization process and the increase in the urban population of Bajnoord, especially after the Islamic revolution, has caused an increase in the number of informal settlements in this city. The main problems of the residents of these informal contexts are in the physical, socio-cultural and economic sectors and include (weakness in infrastructure, water supply, health facilities, education, welfare and leisure facilities, employment, etc.).
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C TQuality of urban life is one of the rationales that has been considered in various sciences. In the meantime, knowledge of urban geography studies the quality of life in the environment and its impact on the performance of citizens. Today, quality of life is the highest level in socio-economic planning goals and has two mental and objective dimensions. The mental dimension pays attention to a person's perception of the quality of life of himself and those around him and is a qualitative and relative concept that can affect the social participation of people in cities. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life from a mental perspective and its effects on social participation and information collection in the form of documents and surveys (questionnaires). The calculated KMO test value is 0/7 and the result of the Bartlett test is less than 0/01 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0/941, which indicates sufficient and acceptable validity and reliability of the questionnaire tool. the findings show that independent variables generally explain 0/99 per cent of the changes in social participation in Tabriz city. so the quality of the urban environment has a direct effect on the participation of citizens in urban affairs by 0/412 per cent, social health by 0/301 per cent and physical health of 0/296 per cent. there is a significant relationship between the quality of the subjective dimensions and the social participation of citizens in the cityExtended abstractIntroductionConsidering that sustainable development and quality of life emphasize human needs on this basis and considering that the quality of human life is a function of the level of human needs and the level of satisfaction of individuals or groups from this level or in other words a function of human needs interaction and mental perception from their realization. In the meantime, citizen participation as a human sovereignty in decision-making has always been one of the important values ​​of public administration. So that the participation of citizens in public affairs is one of the key measures for social justice. According to studies, the city of Tabriz is divided into ten regions, among which inequalities are felt in terms of the level of urban facilities and living standards, which is examined by examining the relationship between quality of life from the mental dimension and citizen participation in city administration. Using its results, it attracted the attention of decision-makers, decision-makers, executors and even citizens to recognize the problems of quality of life, economic, social, cultural and physical of the city in order to provide solutions for scientific and practical programs. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of life in the mental dimension and its effects on social participation in Tabriz city, and seeks to answer the following question: - what are the effects of quality of life in the mental dimension on social participation in Tabriz city? MethodologyThe present study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data collection in the form of documents and survey (questionnaire) that social participation with 10 questions and mental well-being with 60 questions has been done. Calculated KMO test value 0.7. The result of Bartlett test is less than 0.01 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient is greater than 0.7, which indicates sufficient and acceptable validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Chi-square, Pearson test and Somers’d in order to investigate the relationship between research variables to examine the linear relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable and to compare the mean of research variables, analysis of variance and SPSS26 software program based on a significance level of 0.05 has been exerted. The statistical population of the study includes the residents of Tabriz, which according to Cochran's formula, the sample size is 400 people. The sampling method was probabilistic and simple random sampling. For data analysis, one-sample T test and path analysis test in the form of DPSIR model were exerted. Results and discussionBased on the studies and theoretical findings and field studies conducted in the study area, the results are as following:According to the results, for the variables of "social participation" and "quality of life in the mental dimension", a significant value of analysis of variance test (less than 0.05 (0.042)) has been obtained. Therefore, the mean of this variable is significantly different between participants in different regions. The average score of mental well-being among the participants in the region is 9 times 198.1 and is significantly higher than the others. Therefore, "the situation of mental indicators of urban quality of life in different areas of Tabriz, has a significant difference" and "the situation of social participation of citizens in the regions of Tabriz, has a significant difference." Also in the field of social participation, the research results indicate that out of the total number of respondents (400 people), 10 people equal to 2.5% that is "low", 263 people equal to 65.8% that is "average" and 127 people equal to 31.7% that is "high". The results of the satisfaction of quality of life in the mental dimension show that the level of mental well-being in 109 people is equal to 27.3% ("high"), 247 people equal to 61.8% ("average") and 44 people equal to 0.11% ("low ") which there is a difference between the dimensions of quality of life in the mental dimension from the perspective of citizens in different parts of Tabriz. Considering that the significance value of Somers’d is less than 0.05, so there is a significant relationship between social participation and quality of life in the mental dimension. Therefore, there is no significant relationship between citizens' participation in urban affairs and the level of mental well-being in the city of Tabriz. ConclusionConsidering that the results of the research have shown that there is a two-way relationship between quality of life and citizen participation in urban affairs in the city of Tabriz between mental quality of life and social participation in the development of the country. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T
The growth of urbanization, which has usually been accompanied by economic growth had negative consequences such as social inequalities, poverty, environmental crises, class differences, poor housing and homelessness, and informal settlements. One of the characteristics of third world cities such as Isfahan city is urban poverty. In these cities, there are always a limited number of neighborhoods in welfare and comfort, and at the opposite point, some residents do not enjoy these urbanization benefits. Awareness and study of different dimensions of urban poverty and evaluation of poverty indicators and assessing the needs of citizens living below the urban standard in informal settlements, in management and decision-making and achieving urban welfare in urban regeneration to improve the existing conditions and residents' satisfaction can be very be effectiveness. According to the mentioned cases, the purpose of this study is to analyze the indicators of urban poverty in the 14th district of Isfahan in order to have informal settlements. The type of applied research is in the framework of descriptive-analytical methods and for data collection, survey and documentary methods and for their analysis, descriptive statistical techniques, one-sample T analysis have been used. From the findings of the research and analysis of indicators and the study of case studies, it can be said that the employment and economic conditions dimension with a total average of 2.07 and the housing dimension with a total average of 2.11 are lower than the standard average and more dissatisfaction. At the same time, urban services and facilities under the physical indicator is more satisfied, but less than the average standard, and as a result, by improving economic conditions and paying attention to public services and urban facilities, the urban poverty of these areas can be reduced.
Extended abstract

Despite all the efforts made, there is still the problem of poverty, especially in big cities, and with the increase in population and the limited resources of these cities to respond to the expectations and needs caused by the change in lifestyle, urban poverty is also expanding, and therefore its importance is increasing day by day. Currently, there are no tools that can eradicate poverty and change the fate of people. Therefore, the task of geography and urban planning is to look for solutions to reduce it.
Region 14 of Isfahan Municipality in the northeast of this city with an area of 1938 hectares has 12 neighbourhoods, five neighbourhoods of Dark, Arznan, Zainabieh, Sudan and Batan are among the villages around the city of Isfahan, which have been included in the urban area during the past decades. Ignoring the trend of economic development in the neighbourhoods mentioned above has not hindered the operation of parts of it, especially the border strip of Amman Samani, Arznan, Imam Khomeini and Mantazer al-Mahdi areas in the form of an informal land and housing market in Isfahan. Currently, some of the mentioned neighbourhoods, after The integration of several informal settlements in areas with a rural context and newly built settlements have been connected to the main body of the city. The main goal of this research is to analyze the indicators of urban poverty in informal settlements in the 14th district of Isfahan City so that based on the findings, it can take a step towards reducing urban poverty.
 

he current research is applied research in terms of the subject matter, and in terms of the nature of the methodology, it is in the framework of descriptive-analytical methods, and to collect data, documentary and field methods based on observation and questionnaires were used. Validity has been confirmed by the authors of the article in the form of a superficial examination of the indicators and the fit of the items with the indicators, and for its reliability using Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the research is based on the population of the study area of 164,850 people, using Cochran's formula, 382 questionnaires were prepared and selected as the sample population. The mentioned questionnaire in the first part deals with personal characteristics and the second part with measuring urban poverty variables. To measure the identification indicators, by using the questionnaire of experts, which included 30 professors and experts in geography and urban planning, urban planning and civil engineering, the indexers were weighted, and the indexers whose average was higher than the standard limit (3) have been measured (Table No. 2). Based on the mentioned materials and studies, urban poverty has been evaluated in the form of five economic, social and cultural, physical, spatial, environmental and management indicators and 51 sub-indexes.
 

Urban environments are complex systems with complex phenomena, multiple relationships and interactions between components. In the meantime, urban poverty has faced a kind of heterogeneity, heterogeneity, duality or severe polarization and imbalance and balance of cities, as a kind of dual cities has found a spatial aspect in the form of the areas of the poor and the rich. In such a way that on the one hand, we can witness the lack of services, problems and social disorders and anomalies, social breakdown, poor access to infrastructure services and the decline of social, economic, physical and environmental indicators and on the other hand the best city services belong to a certain part of the city. and you can see a good quality of life. According to these conditions, a kind of duality and urban contradiction has been formed, as on one side of the cities, there are marginal and dilapidated neighbourhoods with the lowest quality of life, and they suffer from the lack of desirable urban facilities and services, poverty, deprivation, high population density, and numerous social harms and anomalies. And on the other hand, there are luxury and expensive houses, desirable neighbourhoods in terms of livability and excellent urban facilities and services.
 

According to the research conducted in 2018, the investigated neighbourhoods have a high population density and in terms of income, about 70% of them have an income of fewer than three million Tomans, and more than two households live in more than 50% of the residential units. In terms of the small size of residential units, more than 40% of them have an area of less than 100 square meters. Their main priority is living expenses with an average of more than 50%, improving the physical condition of housing and moving to another place is mentioned. By examining all the desired dimensions to measure citizens' satisfaction with services and resources to investigate urban poverty, it can be seen that the dimension of employment and economic conditions with a total average of 2.07 and the dimension of housing with a total average of 2.11 are lower than the average standard and dissatisfaction It is more among the residents.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T
Social capital increases the resilience of society against environmental changes. Logical relationships between social actors and effective social norms help residents share resources and information when urban crises occur. Studies have shown that appropriate social capital in communities is a vital factor for empowerment, adaptation and reduction of destructive effects when environmental hazards occur. In this regard, the main goal of the research is to investigate the role of social capital in the resilience of urban areas when natural and human crises occur, which was done with the documentary method, survey (field finder). The statistical population includes the households of Rasht City. The sample size is 384 people based on Cochran's formula and the research sampling method is a multi-stage cluster. The validity of the research tool was checked by confirmatory factor analysis and expert panel and its reliability was checked by Cronbach's alpha test at 0.802. Data analysis tools are SPSS and Lisrel 8.80 software. The findings of the measurement model have shown that there is a statistically significant relationship between the underlying factors and their corresponding indicators, and factor loading values higher than 0.5 and t values higher than 1.96 were obtained; Therefore, the items of each factor have been measured correctly and accurately. Also, the findings of the structural model in line with examining the questions and testing the hypotheses show the impact of social capital on urban resilience (Beta=0.53; T=7.39) and also the impact of social capital on the sustainable management of urban risks (Beta=0.64; T=7.66). T = 7). Meanwhile, it was found that urban resilience has a mediating role in the relationship between social capital and sustainable management of urban risks; So the results of the Sobel test with a value of 4.6533 have confirmed this finding.
Extended Abstract

When the negative consequences of disasters are not properly managed, crises occur. Natural disasters occur more frequently as a result of population growth, industrialization, climate change, and development. With the development process around the world, people are being forced to live in high-risk areas of high vulnerability, areas whose environment is not of high quality. In this regard, efforts have been made to reduce the risk of crisis by using various programs in the world. When a crisis occurs, not only are buildings and infrastructure destroyed, but many deficiencies occur in people's lives and have detrimental effects. Social capital enhances society's resilience to environmental change. Logical relationships between social actors and effective social norms help residents share resources and information when urban crises occur. Studies have shown that proper social capital in societies is vital in empowering, adapting, and mitigating the adverse effects of environmental hazards.
 
 

This research is of applied type and compiled by descriptive-analytical and survey methods. The study's statistical population was the citizens of Rasht and the statistical sample has included 384 using Cochran's formula. A multi-stage cluster sampling method has been used in this research. The research instrument was a questionnaire created by the researcher, and its validity was determined using expert opinions and confirmatory factor analysis, as well as its reliability using the Cronbach's alpha method. In order to observe the normal distribution in the discussion of the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 45 experts in the field of social capital and urban sustainability and resilience were used. Also, the total reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.802. Using the SPSS and LISREL 8.80 software, data analysis was performed using
 
confirmatory factor analysis and confirmation path analysis models.
 

The measurement model results showed a statistically significant relationship between the present factors and their corresponding indices, with factor loadings higher than 0.5 and T values ​​greater than 1.96. The structural model findings also show the impact of social capital on urban resilience (T = 7.39 Beta = 0.53) as well as the impact of social capital on sustainable urban hazard management (T = 7.66 Beta = 0.64). If promoted and respected in social capital societies, it can serve as an informal aid in mitigating the effects of the crisis and increasing productivity; this can be accomplished by first recognizing the type of crisis, recognizing temporary habitation, and receiving warnings. In addition, the existence of social capital creates a kind of peace of mind that we rarely see in times of crisis. Solidarity, cohesion, and mutual cooperation place local individuals and groups at the center of crisis operations and facilitate the establishment of a sustainable social network. Close neighborly relations, ethnic and religious solidarity, the spirit of hospitality, and helping others in the community of Rasht have increased the role of social capital in reducing the devastating effects of crises and citizens' resilience to disasters, and this crisis management approach is easier. When the authors distributed the questionnaire to the public, they encountered numerous memories of volunteers and acknowledged the critical role of these aids in improving the city's situation during and after the crisis.
 

Urban disaster management has a special place in general Iranian society and Rasht in particular. The city of Rasht has faced dangers in recent years, including continuous rains, heavy snow, road flooding, and earthquakes. In the crisis management cycle in these situations, many factors are effective that in this study, the role of social capital in this management process is considered. A review of the theoretical literature and research background shows that social capital is one of the ways to reduce social problems and a factor for the success of crisis management programs and promote economic and social resilience of cities. The present study investigates the validity of research items and indicators using confirmatory factor analysis.  The effect of social capital on urban resilience and, in a way, on urban crisis management has been confirmed in many studies. In this research, social capital with dimensions such as social trust, social cohesion, participation, etc. have been studied. All of these studies have emphasized the crucial role of social capital in reducing casualties and financial losses, rapid return to optimal conditions, reconstruction and rehabilitation, preparedness and prevention of various crises; without these informal and prompt assistances, crisis management has faced many problems.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T
The purpose of this research is to stratify the urban areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces and to determine the priority of the development of the cities in the region and the priority of each factor in each city. This research uses 84 different indicators combined in spss into 8 factors; Employment and activity, housing, economic production, transportation and communication, public urban services, health and treatment, book literacy and education related to the statistics of 2015, using two techniques; Morris and confirmatory factor analysis has been done. The statistical population of the research is the urban areas of seven cities (17 cities) of the province. The statistical population in the department related to the identification of research factors were experts and university professors at the province level, and the sample number was estimated to be 364 people using the principle of principal component analysis in structural equation modelling. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the face and face validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha. The research findings indicate that Boyer Ahmad, Dena, and Gachsaran cities are in the first to third ranks, and Behmai City is in the last rank of development. Based on the approved structural model of four components; Industrial-manufacturing, employment, public-urban services, and transportation and communication have had a more significant impact on development inequality with coefficients of 0.71, 0.62, 0.54, and 0.51, respectively, compared to other variables. The priority of spatial development in the planning of the province should be in the order of the cities; Behmai, Cheram, Kohgiluyeh, Bashet, Gachsaran, Dena and Boyer Ahmad with the priority order of the sections; industrial-production, employment, public-urban services and transportation and communication.
 
Extended Abstract
The most critical threats are facing Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, including extensive migration of villagers, nomads and even residents of small towns of the province to Yasuj and its suburbs; lack of quantitative and qualitative development of human capital in the province; inability to maintain skilled workers and economic activists; severe shortage and even lack of commercial and economic infrastructure and the infrastructure; and in short, the low level of all indicators in the small cities of the province and the low level of these indicators compared to other provinces, which doubles the need to recognize the differences and review the development planning policies of the province. The results of this research can be used in future planning and in order to allocate financial and physical resources in the province. Therefore, considering the above, the importance of ranking, measuring, and prioritizing the level of development of counties’ urban areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province are more visible, and these questions are raised:-What is the situation of each city in each factor (set of indicators)?
-Has the current distribution and service model caused disproportion and imbalance in the urban and regional system of the province?
Therefore, special attention and planning for this developing province, prone to development and understanding the extent of development of its urban areas to allocate resources better and create justice, balance, and proportion in this area seem necessary.
 
The method used in the research is descriptive-documentary and quantitative-analytical, so the study is part of applied research. The statistical population of the study is 16 cities and 7 counties of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2016. Based on 84 indicators extracted from the results of the 2016 census of the Statistics Center of Iran, their combination
 
and reduction to eight factors, and using two Morris techniques and confirmatory factor analysis, the counties of the province were graded and compared.
 
Findings showed that in the employment factor of counties, Basht, Gachsaran, and Bahmaei were in the first to third ranks, and Boyer-Ahmad and Dena counties were in the last ranks. Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Charam were in the first to third ranks in the urban housing factor, and Basht and Bahmaei were in the last ranks. In the economic-productive factor of counties, Gachsaran, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer-Ahmad were in the first to third ranks, and Charam and Bahmaei were in the last ranks. In urban transportation and communication factor, Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran and Kohgiluyeh were in the first to third ranks, and Basht and Bahmaei were in the last ranks. In counties' urban public service agents, Dena, Boyer-Ahmad, and Charam were in the first to third ranks, and Gachsaran and Bahmaei were last. Dena, Boyer-Ahmad, and Kohgiluyeh were in the first to third ranks in the urban health factor, and Charam and Gachsaran were in the last ranks. In the book and urban literacy factor; Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Dena were in the first to third ranks, and Bahmaei and Kohgiluyeh counties were in the last ranks, and finally, in the educational factor of the counties, Basht, Charam, and Dena were in the first to third ranks, and Gachsaran and Bahmaei were in the last ranks.
 
This study aimed to identify the spatial inequality prevailing in the counties of the studied province and investigate the effect of the studied factors and indicators on spatial inequality. Based on the results obtained from the Morris technique of the counties, Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Dena were in the first to third ranks, and Bahmaei was in the last rank. In terms of the level of development of counties, Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Dena are at the level of near development, Basht is improving, and Kohgiluyeh, Charam, and Bahmaei are deprived and lacking. Therefore, the priority of spatial development in the planning of the province should be focused on Bahmaei, Charam, Kohgiluyeh, Basht, Gachsaran, Dena and Boyer-Ahmad counties based on industrial-production, employment, public-urban services and transportation and communication sectors. According to the approved structural model, the four components of industrial and production, employment, public and urban services, and transportation and communication with coefficients of 0.71, 0.62, 0.54, and 0.51, respectively, have a significant effect on inequality development than other variables. Considering that all coefficients within the structural model are significant and the model fit indices are optimal, so the research model is approved.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Hosting sport events periodically can be considered as a possible way to stabilize income for cities, because these types of events can cause the presence of sports tourists in the host cities, and as a result, provide sustainable income to urban organizations as well as local people. The pourpose of the present study was to present a sustainability model for coastal cities with the approach of sports income (case study: Bandar Turkmen beach volleyball). The present study was descriptive-survey in terms of practical purpose, qualitative in terms of data collection method and qualitative based on research approach. The statistical population of the present study included 14 experts aware of sports economics. The present research instrument was semi-structured interviews. Coding in accordance with the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model was used to evaluate the qualitative data. The results of the present study showed that causal conditions affect the sustainability of coastal cities with an approach to sports income generation including existing financial problems, recreational sports potentials, coastal volleyball potentials and past experiences. The results of the present study also revealed that the contextual conditions include technical infrastructure, legal issues, cultural issues, organizational support and motivation. The results of the present study also showed that both macro and micro factors affect the sustainability of coastal cities with an approach to sports revenue generation. The results of the present study showed that the use of beach volleyball capacities can be useful for the sustainability of coastal cities with the approach of sports revenue generation. The research model showed that paying attention to various aspects could pave the way for the sustainable development of coastal cities.
Extended Abstract

Iran's urban population and the phenomenon of urbanization have grown significantly in recent years. The reason for this increase is the migration of people from villages to cities. This wide range of city residents needs sufficient and stable sources of income for livelihood as well as the implementation of urban management and development programs. The absence or weakness of sustainable sources of income in cities, especially in small cities, has caused the financial inefficiency of urban management and made their residents' daily lives difficult. Therefore, it seems necessary to adopt new models and financial policies based on the potential and facilities of cities for residents and managers of cities to have access to sustainable incomes. One way to stabilize cities' income is to hold periodic sports events. Because these types of events can cause the presence of sports tourists in the host cities and, as a result, provide sustainable income to urban organizations as well as local people. Revenue generation is one of the most important components of the sports industry, which plays a special role in increasing countries' economic growth. Considering Iran's reliance on a single-product economy and escape from economic pressures and crises, the need to pay attention to this part of the country's sports industry, which can flourish and develop, is needed more than ever. According to the geographical situation of Bandar-e Torkman city, some sports, including beach volleyball, have a good position in this city. The research aimed to provide a model of sustainability of coastal cities with the approach of sports revenue generation with an emphasis on beach volleyball in Bandar-e Torkman.
 

The current research was applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of data collection method and qualitatively based on the research approach. For this purpose, a qualitative method using interviews was used to build the model. The statistical population of the current research included experts who are knowledgeable about
 
income generation and sports economics and had the necessary experience and knowledge regarding the research subject. In order to identify these people, the purposeful sampling method was used. The tool used in this research was a semi-structured interview, which continued until theoretical saturation was reached. A total of 14 interviews were conducted. The stages of data analysis were performed through open coding, axial coding (Strauss and Corbin paradigm model), and selective coding (choosing a central category as the main and determining the relationship between each central category), providing a logical paradigm or visual image concluded from the developing theory.
 

At the end of the interview process, 72 items were identified in the form of six general components of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, main phenomenon, strategies, and consequences. The results of this research showed that the causal conditions affecting the stability of coastal cities with the approach of sports revenue generation include:
Existing financial problems;
The potential of recreational sports;
The potential of beach volleyball;
Past experiences.

This research also revealed that the contextual conditions include technical infrastructure, legal issues, cultural issues, organizational support, and motivation. Also, the current research results indicated that both macro and micro factors of intervening conditions are effective on the sustainability of coastal cities with the approach of sports revenue generation. The present research also determined that according to the presented model, the sustainability of coastal cities with the approach of sports monetization with emphasis on the development of beach volleyball in Bandar-e Torkman will have financial and organizational consequences.
 

In this way, it is clear that the sustainability of coastal cities with the approach of generating income from sports, emphasizing the development of beach volleyball in Bandar-e Torkman, while creating sustainable resources, will solve many of the financial and organizational problems of coastal cities. On the other hand, the capacity of beach volleyball to attract audiences due to the attractiveness of this sport can increase the probability of success of this plan. According to the presented model, it is suggested to implement the following strategies for the sustainability of coastal cities with the approach of sports monetization with emphasis on the development of beach volleyball in Bandar-e Torkman:The formation of specialized committees regarding the creation of income sources in Bandar-e Torkman, the recruitment and cultivation of expert and knowledgeable human resources in the field of finance and economy in the management system of Bandar-e Torkman, inflation control policies in recreational sports by using effective financial tools, outsourcing marketing activities in beach volleyball to domestic and foreign expert organizations and groups, facilitating the presence of the private sector in the development of beach volleyball in Bandar-e Torkman, creating and providing incentive packages to leading organizations in order to achieve income stability in Bandar-e Torkman. , upgrading the technical and electronic infrastructures of Bandar-e Torkman in the direction of coherent financial management, adapting the structure of Bandar-e Torkman to the procedures related to the stability of income sources, creating inter-organizational memorandums between the Ministry of Sports and Youth and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts regarding the development of beach volleyball and media coverage of beach volleyball competitions and events.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Since the attention of specialists and urban managers has been turned towards the preservation and revival of the central and historical tissues of the cities, several theories and approaches have been explained in this direction. One of the most important approaches that is used today is the regeneration of worn-out urban tissues. One of the most important issues related to the regeneration of worn-out tissues is the creation of value to create complementary roles for these tissues through other existing potentials and spatial advantages of the area through the implementation of development-stimulating projects. For this purpose, after introducing regeneration approaches, this research has tried to combine the principles of regeneration with the components of value creation in the urban context in the form of a theoretical research framework. In this regard, by using the descriptive-analytical method, the answer to the question is sought, what is the role of development-stimulating projects in the regeneration of worn-out urban tissues (region 11)? The statistical population of the expert group includes professors and doctoral students in the fields of geography, urban planning and urban planning, and the statistical sample size in this research, which was obtained through the Sample Power software, is 30 people. Then, by using structural equations and Imus software, indicators have been evaluated. The results obtained by using descriptive and inferential statistics obtained from Imus software indicate the existence of a significant relationship with the positive impact of development-stimulating projects in the physical-spatial dimension with a path coefficient of 0.56, social with a path coefficient of 0.49, and economic with a coefficient of 0.49. The route is 0.40 and the environment with the coefficient of the route is 0.35 and in total the development stimulating projects with the coefficient of the route is 0.63 on the regeneration of worn-out tissues
Extended Abstract

In recent decades, various approaches have been proposed to solve the urban problems of worn-out structures which most of them have paid more attention to the physical dimension of the regions than other ones. The unsuccessful implementation of this plan has led to attention to a new approach to these failures. One of the main approaches in the field of sustainability is the revitalization of urban contexts and the emphasis on regeneration policy, and among them, urban regeneration through development stimulus projects is used as effective and efficient projects in problematic urban contexts to solve physical, environmental, social and economic problems. These projects are one of the new policies in urban development in general, and in worn-out contexts in particular. Development stimulus projects are the introduction of a new element, such as design, policy-making, or event groundwork in the urban context, which, by positively affecting existing elements, leads to continuous and gradual regeneration of its interconnected domain.
In this regard, District 11 of Tehran have special physical and functional importance compared to other districts of Tehran due to its specific political, economic and religious position and centrality.  Despite the existence of numerous valuable places, half of the region has an inefficient texture and urban decay. According to the statistics published by Tehran Municipality in 2016, more than 10% of the worn-out structures of Tehran have been allocated to District 11, where the neighborhoods of Agahi, Foroozesh, Qalamestan and RahAhan are the most worn-out ones of District 11. Unorganized condition of worn-out and vulnerable textures, insufficiency and problems of the road network, lack of land allocation to service land uses in proportion to the size of the population living in the neighborhoods of the region, interference of residential textures with workshop centers, lack of green space, conversion of residential units into centers of work and activity, exhaustion of infrastructure facilities, exhaustion of the physical texture of the region are among the problems and issues of the worn-out texture of the region. Due to the strategic location of the region and the position of the political and military centers of the city, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of the worn-out texture of this region in the form of stimulus projects. In this regard, the present study seeks to explain the role of development stimulus projects in the regeneration of worn-out urban texture in the study area (Region 11) to answer the following questions: What is the role of development stimulus projects in regenerating worn-out urban structures in Tehran's 11th district? What is the relationship between the variables of development and regeneration projects?
 
 

The present study is applied and descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose and method. The required information was collected through library and field methods. The statistical population of the present study is a group of experts including professors and doctoral students and the size of the statistical sample in this study using Sample Power software is 30 people. Data evaluation was performed through a five-point Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was accepted using the formal method and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha method with a score of 0. 823.Then, the final data analysis was performed using structural equations and AMOS software.
 
 

The results of the tables of structural validity and reliability show that fortunately the modified measurement model has both structural reliability and validity. The results of the analysis of the fit indices of the research model in AMOS software indicate that the model fit is acceptable because the modified measurement model of the research is in a possible fit position in terms of economical, absolute and comparative indices. Based on all the indicators which met the desired limit, the researcher can claim that the research model has a good fit.
 
 

The results showed that the indicators of physical-spatial, social, economic and environmental projects have a significant and positive effect on the variable of regeneration of worn-out texture of the neighborhood. The path coefficient (beta) of the intensity of the effect and the direction of these examined paths have also been evaluated positively. According to the beta value, the path of physical-spatial projects to regenerate worn-out texture with a coefficient of 0.56, social projects on regenerating worn-out texture with a coefficient of 0.49 and economic projects on regenerating worn-out texture with a factor of 0.40 and finally worn-out texture environmental projects with 0.632 and the variable of development stimulus projects have an effect on the regeneration of worn-out texture with a coefficient of 0.63. It can be explained that the regeneration of the region by relying on development stimulus projects according to the needs and requirements of the region and considering the visa status of the region on the one hand preserves the social and economic system of the region (given the existence of revolution and Valiasr market order in this region) and subsequently prevent the destruction of their physical structure. On the other hand, it will lead to strengthening of the cultural and artistic structure of this region (due to the existence of Roudaki cultural-artistic zone and Shahriar sidewalk and the two cultural elements of Vahdat Hall and Shahr Theater), so new currencies are being added in this regard. Finally, it becomes a living place in harmony with today's life and needs and in proportion to the function of the region. Motivated-Development projects should be considered as a comprehensive and integrated vision in regeneration projects of various physical, spatial, social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.