نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال یازدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 74، امرداد 1401)

The present research aimed to predict the dark tetrad personality traits based on emotional schemas and temperament and character in students. This study was a cross-sectional type of correlation. The research population was the students of the Islamic Azad University of Urmia branch in the academic years of 2019-20 with a number of 17020 people, which the sample size based on Krejcie and Morgan table estimated 375 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Research data were collected by the emotional schemas scale II (ESS-II; Leahy, 2012), temperament and character questionnaire (TCQ; Cloninger, 1994), and dark tetrad personality traits scale (DTPTS; Plouffe et al., 2017) and analyzed by multiple regression with entering model method in SPSS software version 22. The findings showed that the schemas of lack of understanding, guilt, simplification, lack of control, numbness, rejection, rumination and shame and temperaments of innovations, dependent reward, and perseverance had a positive and significant relationship with dark tetrad personality traits in students and the schemas of the lake of evaluation, rationality and weak expression and characters of cooperation, self-direction and self-transgression had a negative and significant relationship with their dark tetrad personality traits (P<0.01). Also, emotional schemas and temperament, and character significantly could explain 24.6 percent of changes in dark tetrad personality traits in students (P<0.001). According to the results of the present research, reducing the dark tetrad personality traits in students can provide the basis for modifying the related emotional schemas and temperament, and character.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of teaching mindfulness skills to hyperactivity and inattention symptoms were done in hyperactive students. The method of this study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study was all students of the first high school of Ardebil in the academic year 1397-1398. Using the purposive sampling method, among the five education areas of Ardabil city, area number one and among of 8 high schools in that area, 2 high schools were selected, and then 36 students with hyperactive symptoms were selected and were randomly assigned to two groups of 18 experiments and controls. For collecting data, the Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (Swanson, Nolan & Pelham, 2001)  was used. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis. The results showed that the variables of inattention (F=24.441) and hyperactivity (F=74.195) at the alpha level of 0.05 had a significant difference between the experimental and control groups and indicating that the training of mindfulness skills has an effect on reducing inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. These results state that the training of mindfulness skills can help with the proper techniques to attention in all moments of life and reduce the inattention and hyperactivity symptoms of hyperactive students.

This study has been conducted with the aim of assessing the structural model of emotion regulating and emotional eating in obese individuals with mediating role of mentalization. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included all obese teenagers who were referred to diet therapy centers in Shiraz in 2021. Among them, 361 obese teenagers were chosen by convenient method, and filled in the emotional eating questionnaire (EEQ, Dutch, 1986), the children and teenagers emotional checklist (ERC, shield and kickty, 1997), and the mentalization questionnaire (MQ, Dimitrovi, 2017). Data analysis by structural equation modeling illustrated emotion regulating had a straight, significant relation with mentalization(p< 0/01), mentalization had a straight, negative but significant relationship with emotional eating(p< 0/01), and emotion regulating had a non-straight, negative but significant relationship with emotional eating(p< 0/01). The obtained results demonstrated that "emotion regulating" explains itself with the help of mentalization, and that the model had a good fit. Therefore the findings of the research could be used by health and psych experts.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group  training based on Snyder's theory of hope on the meaning in life and psychological well-being of female students in an identity crisis. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all tenth-grade female students in Pardis city in the academic year 2020-2021. In order to select the sample, first 246 people were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, then the identity crisis tool was performed on 240 people and 30 people who had identity crises were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly in two experimental groups, and control was replaced. Research data were collected using the Psychological well-being Questionnaire (PWBQ, Ryff, 1989), the Meaning Life (MLQ,  Steger et al., 2006), and the Identity Crisis Questionnaire (ICQ, Ahmadi, 2008). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.  The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that group training based on Snyder's theory of hope in the variables of the meaning of life and psychological well-being in the experimental and control groups in the post-test stage is significantly different. (P <0.001, F=40/34). Therefore, it can be concluded that group training based on Snyder's theory of hope had an effect on the meaning in life and psychological well-being of female students in an identity crisis.

The aim of this study was to explain the mediating role of caring behaviors in the relationship between object relationships and marital intimacy. The method of the present study was correlational and the statistical population of this study was married women and men in Tehran who have been married for over two years. 400 people were selected by convenience sampling (200 females and 200 males) and completed the Thompson and Walker Intimacy Scale(1983)(MBI), the Care Behavior Questionnaire(1994)(CBQ), and the Bell Thematic Relationships Questionnaire(1995)(BORRTI) via online networks. path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicated a good fit for the research model. Data analysis showed that there is a significant negative correlation between object relations with marital intimacy and caregiving behaviors (P<0/01), and a significant positive correlation between intimacy and subscale of caregiving behaviors, proximity maintenance, sensitivity, and obsessive caregiving behaviors(P<0/01). By analyzing the path to the subscales of the variables of this research, the findings confirm the mediating role of caregiving behaviors in the relationship between object relationships and marital intimacy(P<0/01), and the mediating role of subscales proximity maintenance, sensitivity, obsessive and controlling caregiving behaviors was higher respectively. In general, research data suggests that as a person experiences insecurity in attachment relationships, he feels less intimate in his marital life due to less caring behaviors or the use of inappropriate forms of caring behaviors (including the use of controlling caring behaviors).

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotionally-focused couple therapy (EFCT) on differentiation and emotion regulation of women affected by marital infidelity. The method of the study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all women affected by marital infidelity who were referred to counseling centers in Gorgan in the first 9 months of 1399. Using the purposive sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group received emotionally-focused couple therapy in 12 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week and The control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments were the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI) of Scorron and Fried Lander (1998), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnfsky et al (2002). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Beferroni post hoc test using SPSS-16 software at a significance level of 0.05. Findings showed that EFCT had a significant effect on differentiation (F=28/48, P<0.001) and emotion regulation (F=21/39, P<0.001). According to the results, it can be stated that emotionally-focused couple therapy can be used as an effective intervention to improve differentiation and emotion regulation in women affected by marital infidelity.

The aim of this study was to predict marital satisfaction based on sexual knowledge and sexual schemas in married women. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all women who were referred to the Welfare Counseling Center in Arak in June and July 2018. Using the available sampling method, 115 patients referred to this center were selected as the research sample. In order to collect information, Enrich (1989) Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, Anhopper (1992) Sexual Knowledge Questionnaire, and Anderson and Sivansky's (1994) Sex Schemas were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using a regression analysis test using SPSS software version 23. Findings from the analysis of research data showed that there is a significant correlation between sexual knowledge, sexual schemas, and marital satisfaction (P <0/05). Also, the modified multiple determination coefficient indexes showed that predictor variables, including sexual knowledge and romantic, explicit, and shy schemas, can predict a total of 35% of marital satisfaction. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that marital satisfaction in married women is related to factors such as sexual knowledge and sexual schemas; Therefore, empowerment and educational programs with the aim of increasing sexual knowledge and increasing interest between couples can play an effective role in improving the quality of marriage and increasing life satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of compassion for others in the relationship between early experiences of shame and safety with compassion fatigue in psychotherapists. The study population consisted of all psychotherapists, counselors, and mental health specialists in Iran in the summer of 1400. A convenient sample of (N=200) counselors and psychologists who were members of groups on social media completed the scales of Compassion Fatigue Self-Test (CFST; Figley, 1995), Compassion for Others (Goe et al., 2020), Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness (EMWSS; Richter et al., 2009) and the Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R; Weiss & Mamar 1997; Shame Memories Adapted by Matos and Pinto-Goya, 2011). Finally, the collected data were analyzed using structural equation analysis by SPSS-26 and PLS-3 software. Results showed that early memories of warmth and safety directly (P<0.05) and indirectly through compassion for others (P<0.01) had a negative and significant relationship with compassion fatigue. The traumatic qualities of shame memories only had a direct and meaningful positive relationship with compassion fatigue (P <0.01). Overall, the findings showed that compassion for others could play an important mediating role in the relationship between early experiences of warmth and safety and compassion fatigue in psychotherapists but in the relationship between early shame and traumatic experiences and Compassion fatigue does not play a significant mediating role.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment to parents and the perception of love trauma: mediated by maladaptive schemas domain of disconnection and rejection. This study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study included all single people with experience of emotional failure referred to the counseling centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran university, and Roodehen Islamic Azad University in 2021, by convenience sampling method 200 people participated as a sample. Data collection was performed using the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) (Young, 1998), Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and Love Trauma Inventory (LTI) (Rosse, 1999). The method of analysis of this research was the structural equation model. After modifying the model and eliminating non-significant relationships, the results showed that communication with parents has a negative effect on love trauma. Also, trust in parents and alienation from parents have a direct and significant effect on the schemas of exclusion. Rejection schemas have a positive and significant effect on love trauma. The results also showed that trust in parents and alienation from parents through the mediation of exclusion schemas have significant negative and positive effects on love trauma, respectively (P<0.05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that love trauma was influenced by attachment to parents and maladaptive schemas domain of disconnection and rejection, so it is recommended to implement therapeutic interventions to improve these factors.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of music therapy on coronavirus anxiety and parent-child interaction in mothers. The research design was semi-experimental as a pretest-posttest with a control group. Sampling method was purposive. For this purpose, among the statistical population of the study, including all mothers with children aged 6 to 12 years in Tehran who had symptoms of coronary anxiety and obtained a score higher than the average from the Coronavirus Anxiety Inventory (CDAS), 30 people who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The questionnaires were the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al., 1398) and the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) (Pianta, 1994). After that, the experimental group received active music therapy with a Brain Dance approach for 21 sessions of 25 minutes (every day for 3weeks), while the controls did not receive any intervention. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS-24 and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results of data analysis showed that music-therapy is effective on reduction of the physical and mental dimensions as well as the overall score of coronary anxiety; and also, the improvement of parent-child interaction in the dimensions of closeness, conflict, dependence and also the overall score of parent-child interaction and this effect is statistically significant (P <0.05). Therefore, music therapy can be used to reduce corona anxiety and improve parent-child interaction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of family empowerment with short-term solution-oriented therapy on emotional expression and psychological distress in adolescents with substance- abuse parents. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control and follow-up group. 30 of them were sampled in a purposeful and accessible manner and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Research data were collected using the King and Emmons (1990) Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ) and the Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The results of the present study showed that family empowerment is effective on emotional expression and depression, anxiety, and stress of adolescents with substance-dependent parents. This effectiveness is stable in quarterly follow-ups. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that family empowerment with short-term solution-oriented therapy is one of the effective therapies for adolescents' emotional expression and psychological distress.

The aim of this research is to predict the tension results from Coronavirus based on resilience and psychological well-being among patients with Covid-19 in Kermanshah. The present study has a functional goal and descriptive – correlational research methodology. The statistical population of it includes the patients with Covid-19 from the first of Bahman 1399 to the end of Farvardin 1400. The sample size was 150 people who were selected according to the criteria of the conventional method. Data collection tools contained Corona Stress Scale (CSS. Salami et al 1399), the Resilience Scale (CD-RISC, Conner and Davidson, 2003), and Mental Well-being Questionnaire (keef. 1989). Person correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Statistical Method were used to test the research hypothesis. the results showed that the decrease in resilience rate and mental well-being among patients with Covid-19 can lead to an increase in tension among them. it is suggested that appropriate training be provided in medical to increase resilience and mental well-being to reduce the tension caused by this disease.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of rational-emotional behavior therapy (REBT) on impulsivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and difficulty in regulating emotion in women referring to family counseling centers with marital problems. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study's statistical population included women with marital problems who were referred to family counseling centers in Tehran, regions 10 and 11 in the second half of 1400. Using the available sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups. And witnesses (15 people in each group) were assigned. The instruments were the Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) (Bart et al., 2004), the Uncertainty Intolerance Scale (IUS) (Freeston et al., 1994), and the Emotion Difficulty Questionnaire (DERS) (Graz and Roemer, 2004). The experimental group received REBT treatment in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that group counseling with the REBT approach reduced impulsivity symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and difficulty in emotion regulation (P <0.05). Due to the effectiveness of rational-emotional behavior therapy on the symptoms of impulsivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and difficulty in regulating emotion, it is recommended to conduct training workshops based on these concepts in family counseling centers.

The aim of this study was to predict cognitive emotion regulation strategies based on attachment styles with the mediating role of self-compassion. This study is of descriptive method and the design is correlational based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all people between the age range of 18 to 64 years in 2021. 412 participants were selected by the available sampling method. Research measures included: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short form (CERQ - short, Garnefski., Kraai., & Spinhoven, 2002), Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS, Collins., & Read 1990), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS, Neff 2003). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SPSS 23 and AMOS 26 software. The findings indicated that the hypothetical research model had a good fit. The indirect effect of the anxiety attachment style on the cognitive emotion regulation strategies through self-compassion was significant (p < 0/05). The indirect effect of the secure and avoidant attachment style on the cognitive emotion regulation strategies through self-compassion was not significant (p < 0/05). The results indicated that self-compassion can play a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of training in emotion management and immunization strategies against stress on the psychological capital of women prisoners in Tabriz. The research method is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of 654 women prisoners in the central penitentiary of East Azerbaijan province in 2019. Among them, 60 people were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly replaced in a control group and two experimental groups (20 people in each group). To collect data from Lutans et al.'s (2007) Psychological Capital Questionnaire, participants in the first and second experimental groups were each trained in emotion management strategies (8 sessions of 90 minutes, two sessions per week) and immunization against stress (8 sessions of 90, respectively). Received one minute and two sessions per week) and the control group did not receive training. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance in SPSS21 software. The results showed that teaching emotion management and immunization strategies against stress has significantly increased psychological capital (P <0.01). The results showed that stress immunization training was more effective on psychological capital than emotion management strategies (P <0.001). According to the results of the present study, stress immunization training can be used to increase psychological capital more effectively than emotion management strategies in women prisoners.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of theater therapy on anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation, and social interaction anxiety of patients with social anxiety. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control groups with 2-month and 6-month follow-up periods. The population included all students in Tehran in 1398 and 1399, in which 40 people were selected in a Purposive sampling manner and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Research tools included the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) of Heimberg et al (1992), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) of Taylor and Cox (1998), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Gross and John (2003). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and SPSS-24 software The results showed that theater therapy led to a significant improvement in anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation, and social interaction anxiety (P< 0/05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that theater therapy can be used as an attractive and uncomplicated approach to improve the psychological problems of patients with social anxiety.

The aim of this study was to investigate the model of marriage stability based on the quality of parental relationship and attachment with the mediating role of narcissism, alienation, and Experience of Usness. The research method was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all married students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom branch in 2020-2021, from which 325 people were selected by available sampling. To measure the research were used the Marital Instability Index (MII) Questionnaire of Edwards (1987), the narcissistic personality questionnaires of Amz (2006), the Marital Alliance Questionnaire (MAQ) by Cheraghi et al (2017), the Parent Relationship Quality Scale, Azrin and et al (2008), and attachment subscales and alienation of Bell subject relations questionnaire (1995). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (path analysis) using SPSS27 and Lisrel8.8 software. In this model, the quality of the parent's relationship had a direct and significant relationship with the stability of the marriage (P <0.01). And attachment had no direct and significant relationship with the stability of marriage (P>0.05). the quality of parental relationships and attachment relationships indirectly by mediating the role of alienation, the experience of usness, and narcissism predict the stability of marriage (P<0/05). The results showed that the hypothesized model has a good fit. Therefore, the research findings are based on the relationship between the quality of the parent-child relationship and attachment with the stability of marriage with the mediating role of alienation, the experience of usness, and narcissism.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing in reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study included people with post-traumatic stress disorder referred to Isar Hospital in Ardabil in 2022. 45 people were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 people. One group received 8 sessions of 75 minutes of and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing and the other group received 8 sessions of 75 minutes of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PCL) (Weathers et al., 1992) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using multivariate analysis of covariance. Both cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization & reprocessing had a significant effect on reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (p<0.01). Reprocessing had a greater effect on reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The aim of this study was to the comparison of the effectiveness of William’s DISC model and emotion regulation intervention on academic anxiety of adolescents with the covid-19 patients. The research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and control groups and the statistical population included adolescents aged 13 to 18 years living in Naghadeh who had a person with Covid-19 in their family in 2021. The statistical sample size was 60 people from the statistical population who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups DISC model, emotion regulation group, and control group. In this study, an academic anxiety scale (AAS, Alpert & Haber, 1960) was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of MANCOVA. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between academic anxiety in the experimental groups and the control group (P <0.001). The results also showed that disk model intervention and emotion regulation training reduced adolescents' academic anxiety to some extent (P <0.001). The obtained results show that DISC model intervention and emotion regulation intervention are effective in reducing academic anxiety in adolescents with Covid-19 patients in both stages and the difference between the DISC model and emotion regulation groups is not significant (p <0.05).

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Minuchin's structural family therapy on chronic anxiety and differentiation in patients with psychosomatic disorders. The present study was conducted by quasi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with three types of psychiatric disorders including migraine, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular disorders referred to Shariati Hospital and Tehran Heart Center in 2020, of which 30 people Eligible inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to the two groups. All of them completed Skowron and Friedlander's and Beck Anxiety Inventory and the short form of differentiation in the pre-test and post-test stages. The experimental group was exposed to Minochin structural family therapy intervention. Finally, after data collection, a multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data using SPSSV19 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in both variables of anxiety and differentiation and all their components (P<0.01). This means that Minochin structural family therapy intervention reduced anxiety and increased differentiation in the experimental group. Finally, it can be said that Minochin structural family therapy is a suitable method for treating chronic anxiety and differentiation of psychiatric patients.