نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Decreased physical activity due to sciatic nerve ligation (SNL) cause muscle atrophy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of decreased physical activity in the form of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on the expression of muscle atrophy-related genes (TWEAK and Fn14) after resistance, endurance and combined exercises.

Thirty rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1- Control group-SNL (Sham+SNL) (N=7),2- Mixed training group-SNL (Mix+SNL) (N=7), 3- Endurance training group-SNL (TE+SNL) (N=8), and 4- Resistance training group-SNL (LA+SNL) (N=8). Mix+SNL, TE+SNL and LA+SNL groups participated in training program for six weeks. Decreased physical activity was implemented for four weeks. Real time-PCR technique was used to measure gene expression. To determine the difference between research variables, analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the gene expression of TWEAK and Fn14 increased by decreased activity. The expression of TWEAK in SNL+La and SNL+Mix groups was significantly lower than Sham+SNL group (P=0.001), and the expression of Fn14 was significantly lower only in the SNL+Mix group compared to the Sham+SNL group (P=0.003). However, there was no significant change in the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 genes in SNL+TE group compared to Sham+SNL group.

These findings show that performing six weeks of resistance or combined training compared to endurance training before reduced activity (SNL), prevents the increase in the gene expression of TWEAK and Fn14. Therefore, the animals that included resistance training in their training program are more resistant to muscle atrophy caused by reduced physical activity than the group that only did endurance training.

Impaired Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) index and blood platelet count and its persistence are one of the complications of Covid-19 disease. Exercise with appropriate metabolic and mechanical pressure (combined training) is a regulatory factor for the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) index and increases platelets. The aimed of this study was to investigated the effect of a combined training course during the recovery period on the NLR index and platelets of a patient’s recovery from Covid-19 disease.

27 recuperate individuals from Covid-19 disease (with a mean age of 35±7 years and BMI of 26.48 ± 3.18 kg/m2) by the matching method in two groups of combined training (N=14) and control group (N=13) were located. Exercises group performed combined exercises 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Before the first training session and 24 hours after the last training session of the fourth and eighth weeks, blood samples were taken from the subjects. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test was used for examining data at the significance level of P<0.05.

The level of NLR index and blood platelets after 8 weeks of combined training, although there was a partial improvement, they were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Bonferroni test showed that the effect of time between all weeks was significant (P<0.05). Also, changes in weight and BMI were not significant (P>0.05).

It seems that combined sports training can to some extent boost and rev the return of the body's immune system to its normal state in people who have recovered from Covid-19.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease of the nervous system that causes muscle weakness and impaired physical function, including walking and balance. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, upper and lower strength, coordination, balance and vitamin D levels in MS patients after Home-based and Outdoor Pilates training.

44 women with MS were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups: home-based training (HPT), outdoor training (OPT), and a control. The training groups performed 8 weeks of Pilates between 8 and 10 a.m. individually (via DVD) at home or under sunlight, cardiovascular and muscular endurance, upper and lower body strength, balance, coordination, and vitamin D level of the patients were measured before and
after the 8-week training. The data were analyzed using the covariance statistical method 

Eight weeks of HPT and OPT increased cardiovascular and muscular endurance, upper and lower body strength, coordination, and vitamin D level, and improved the balance of patients (P<0.05). The post-hoc analysis revealed that, compared to HPT, OPT caused a greater increase in upper and lower body muscle strength, balance, and vitamin D in patients. However, the changes in cardiovascular and muscular endurance and coordination between OPT and HPT were not statistically significant (P>0.05).

In general, HPT and OPT increase the functional capacity of women with MS, and to be more effective, OPT is recommended due to the reduction of physical complications of the disease.

Somatotype represents the morphological shape at certain ages and is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. The aim of the current research was to investigate the relationship between biomotor variables and the Somatotype of elementary school students in Delfan city.

For this purpose, 150 non-athlete male students with height 152.45±13.85, weight 44.07±12.76 and body mass index of 19.08 ± 3.291 kg/m2 voluntarily participated in this research following the general call of the Fethian Sports Therapy Center. In order to check the Somatotype, selected body measurement variables were used by the Heath and Carter method (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph) and to check the biomotor components, vo2max index, anaerobic power and explosive power were used, and the data were analyzed using the analysis test. One-way and Duncan's variance was analyzed using spss version 26 software at the p≤0.05 level.

The results of Pearson's correlation test showed that the relationship between mesomorph body type and biomotor indicators is positive and significant. Also, this relationship was not significant for ectomorph body type with aerobic (p=0.008) and explosive (p=0.009) and anaerobic power index (p=0.213). Regarding the endomorph body type, the results showed a negative relationship with aerobic power (p=0.011) and no relationship with anaerobic and explosive power. Comparing the body types, the findings showed that the VO2max in the mesomorph and ectomorph groups was higher than the endomorph group (p=0.011). In anaerobic performance, participants with mesomorph body type performed better than endomorph and ectomorph body type (p=0.008). Also, in explosive power, participants with mesomorph body type performed better than participants with endomorph and ectomorph body type (p=0.012). but the difference of other groups was not significant.

According to the findings of this research, the ectomorph body type is will talent to aerobic sports and the mesomorph body type is will talent to anaerobic explosive sports, so it is suggested to sports teachers and coaches to pay attention to these points during the talent identify process.

as getting old, neuromuscular adaptations decrease and the fall rates increase. Analyzing the temporal patterns of muscle synergy can provide a useful framework for describing and interpreting neuromuscular system’s adaptation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of unstable resistance training with blood flow restriction on the temporal patterns and the number of muscle synergies of elderly with a history of falling while walking.

27 elderly men (62±1.5 years old) with a history of falling were randomly assigned into three groups of unstable resistance training without blood flow restriction, unstable resistance training with blood flow restriction and control. The training program consisted of squat training with body weight on unstable surface for 4 weeks and three sessions per week. Before and after the intervention, electromyography signals from eight muscles of the lower limb were recorded during walking to extract the number of synergies, the amount of muscle use, the duration of muscle use, and the stability of neural commands. Kruskal-Wallis test, Paired Wilcoxon test and analysis of covariance test with Bonferroni post hoc test were used (P˂0/05).

Results showed that although there is significant difference in the number of muscle synergy between the control group and the resistance training group on the unstable surface with blood flow restriction (p=0.002) and without blood flow restriction (p=0.013); But no statistically significant difference was observed between the two training groups (P=0.23). Also, the amount of muscles use and duration of muscles use decreased in both training groups with blood flow restriction (P=0.0001) and without blood flow restriction (P=0.0001). However, statistically significant difference was observed only in the stability variable of neural commands between both training groups with and without blood flow restriction (P=0.005).

Unstable resistance training with blood flow restriction only improves the stability index of neural commands during walking compared to unstable resistance training without blood flow restriction in elderly people with falls’ history.

The aim of presenet study was survey the Effect of Portulaca Oleracea Supplementation with High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Serum Levels of Liver Enzyme in Rats with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFLD).

For this purpose, 25 male Wistar rats randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy control (n = 5), fatty liver control (n = 5), supplement. (N = 5), HIIT (n = 5) and HIIT+ supplement (n = 5). To induce NAFLD, rats were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Portulaca oleracea supplement at a dose of 400 mg/kg was given to the respective groups. The HIIT training protocol was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week with 90% of maximum speed. Plasma ALT, AST and ALP levels were measured by photometric methods. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were performed at a significance level of P˂0.05.

AST levels in HIIT training grouP (P=0.007) and supplement+HIIT (P=0.005) was significantly lower than the control grouP. However, despite the decrease in plasma AST levels in the supplement grouP compared to the fatty liver control grouP, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.052). ALT level in the supplement grouP (P=0.038), HIIT (P=0.047) and HIIT+supplement (P=0.021) was significantly lower than the fatty liver control grouP. There was no significant difference between serum ALP levels of study groups after 8 weeks of HIIT training and portulaca oleracea supplementation (P=0.657).

Base on these results probably Portulaca Oleracea Supplementation with HIIT can be used as a complementary and non-pharmacological therapy in people with NAFLD.

With the increase of inactivity in today's modern world, many metabolic diseases caused by lack of physical activity have spread. Among these diseases, we can mention non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity swimming interval training on the factor level of Erythroid-Derived 2-Nuclear Factor 2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in obese male rats with non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).

At the beginning, rats aged 6 to 8 years were randomly divided into healthy (n=20) and sick (high fat diet (HFD)) (n=20) groups. The high-fat diet lasted eight weeks until the rats became infected with NASH. After induction of the disease, the patient group was divided into 2 groups: disease-immobile (n=10), disease-swimming (n=10) by chance; Also, the healthy group was divided into two groups: healthy-immobile (n=10) and healthy-swimming (n=10). The HIIT swimming exercise consisted of 20 30-second swimming sessions with a 30-second break between sessions (three days a week for eight weeks). In the interval training load applied in the first week, a weight of 7% of each rat's body weight added, and 1% added to it every week. Nrf2 protein measured from liver tissue through the western blotting technique and SOD from blood serum. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p<0.05) were used to determine the differences between the groups.

The results of statistical analysis showed that in the SOD variable, there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the inactive disease group compared to the sedentary and sedentary healthy group and a significant increase in the healthy-swimming group compared to the patient-swimming group (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in the Nrf2 variable of the healthy-inactive group compared to the patient-inactive and disease-swimming groups (P<0.05). There was also a non-significant increase in the disease-swimming group compared to the patient-immobile

high-intensity swimming interval training in patients with NASH can have a positive effect on the anti-oxidant system, but it is necessary to conduct other research.

Exercise modes can be divided into open skill exercise and closed skill exercise. Also, different types of exercise have different effects on factors related to improving cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a judo training session (open skill) and a weight training session (closed skill) on serum levels of NGF and FGF-2 in female judokas.

In this quasi-experimental study, 11 female judokas (age: 25.60±3.57 years, weight: 66.20±9.60 kg, height: 165.40 ± 4.50 cm) voluntarily participated. Subjects participated in two sessions of judo and weight training for one hour 10 days apart. Blood samples were taken from the subjects five minutes before and after each training session. Serum levels of NGF and FGF-2 were measured by ELISA. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with repeated measures at the significance level of p<0.05.

The results of one-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the serum levels of both NGF and FGF-2 variables increased significantly after both types of training (p<0.05). Also, serum levels of FGF-2 after weight training increased significantly more than judo training (p=0.001). However, changes in serum levels of NGF was the same after both training sessions (p=0.39).

It seems that weight training and judo training have different effects on serum levels of FGF-2. Therefore, the mechanism of the effect of judo training and weight training on cognitive function may be different. Therefore, it is recommended to use different exercises to further improve cognitive function.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Rasht municipal employees and compare the level of physical activity (PA), metabolic risk factors and their eating habits with non-MetS employees.

1007 employees participated in this study (age: 43.3±9.2 years, 800 men, 207 women) and their height, weight, body mass index, fat percentage, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure were measured. Beack questionnaire and a national standard questionnaire were used to assess the level of PA and eating habits, respectively. The MetS was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) index. Kruskal-Wallis and Yeoman-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05.

Based on the results, 18.4% of employees had MetS and 58.3% of them had low levels of PA. Chi-squared test showed a significant relationship between the level of PA and the prevalence of MetS (X2=10.4, P=0.005), so that the percentage of employees with MetS at the high, moderate and low level of PA was 10.4, 15.4 and 21.5, respectively. Also high level of PA, TG and HDL levels in male, WC in female, and FBS in both sexes were not different from non-MetS employees (P<0.05); while these factors at the moderate and low level of PA were significantly different (P<0.05). The MetS was inversely associated with weekly consumption of fruits and fish (P<0.05) and was directly associated with consumption of fried foods in three daily meals (P<0.01).

The risk of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is lower in employees who have a higher level of physical activity, and having a high level of physical activity can be an effective solution in controlling some components of metabolic syndrome, such as TG, FBS, and WC. Also, in addition to improving the level of physical activity, increasing the consumption of fruits and fish can be effective in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome among employees.

Exercise snacks are defined as isolated ≤1-min bouts of vigorous exercise performed periodically throughout the day. Evidence gleaned from the studies suggests that vigorous exercise snacks are an effective strategy to improve CRF and indices of exercise performance in inactive adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the Effect of vigorous exercise snacks (A Novel Strategy) on cardiorespiratory fitness and fasting blood sugar in inactive and overweight boys

This study was a quasi-experimental study and 28 inactive and overweight adolescent boys [age: 13-18 years, Body Mass Index (BMI): 28.4±2.65 kg/m²] were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed an Exercise snacks protocol for six weeks and three sessions per week. Exercise protocol  involved3×1-min of Burpees (20 s), Jump squat (20 s) and walking high knees (20 s) separated by 1 to 4 hours of rest. VO2max and blood samples were obtained 48 hours before and after conducting the trianing protocol to measure the desired parameters. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and paired-sample T-test.

After 6 weeks of exercise snacks, VO2max increased and Fasting blood sugar  decreased (P<0.05).

The results indicate that vigorous exercise snacks have the potential to improve the Fasting blood sugar status and VO2max of inactive and overweight adolescents.