فصلنامه اثر
پیاپی 97 (تابستان 1401)

Signs have long been a part of the mentality of different people in different cultures with a history as long as that of thinking. Knowing what makes the proportion between the initial element and the final message helps one gain a better understanding of cultures. The functions of an element and its specific relationship with the environment are among the factors that create symbols. Cypress is one of the trees that has become an important symbol in its environment due to its characteristics. This article has tried to determine the functions and characteristics of this plant in different geographical areas, in various cultures and times by examining the literature. Then, with the intertextual semiotics approach, the reasons for turning this tree into a symbol are investigated. In order to conduct this research, the primary information was collected through the library method and review of available sources. The analysis of the obtained data was done, using intertextual semiotics. Cypress conveys a message in various fields such as painting, industry, literature and ethics due to its form and content (disinfection properties, strength, evergreen and lack of fruit); this has made it a symbol in different cultures and different geographical areas.

Due to the prevalence and prevalence of Corona virus, the prevalence of using virtual reality and virtual tours in introducing valuable historical buildings, visiting cultural-tourist sites as well as virtual pilgrimage to holy places has been growing significantly. Is. According to research, virtual reality technology has an acceptable ability to simulate space for the visual perception of the audience. On the other hand, many people, due to the high cost and unavailability of virtual reality glasses, do not have the ability to virtualize with virtual reality tools. Any computer or smartphone can use this technology. So far, no research has been done on measuring the visual people's perceptions through virtual tours. The aim of this study is to follow the experimental method of one-group pre-test and post-test design with the aim of comparatively examining the visual perception of people in virtual circulation (virtual tour), compared to real circulation in historical environment. For this purpose, the audience once observed the Imam Khomeini Mosque, which is located in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran, as a real tour and once as a virtual tour, and then they were surveyed. Data were analyzed using paired t-test (paired) and SPSS software. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by consultation with experts. The statistical population of the research is architecture students and students. Based on the obtained results, the visual perceptions of the audience in virtual and real circulation are not significantly different from each other. In many studies, it is necessary to examine variables that can not be measured in real space or to study such variables is very costly. Also, in some cases, field surveys of spaces are not very time consuming or for various reasons. In these cases, a virtual tour can be used.

Over the years, Iranians have been able to create special patterns in architectural advances in the construction of their temples. But the type of tribal life of the Arab caused the invading Muslims to create their own architectural art and often take more advantage of the architecture of the conquered lands to create various new buildings. Due to this, we see many similarities and similarities between Iranian buildings in the first few centuries of the Islamic era with Sassanid architecture. One of the measures taken by the Arab conquerors to accelerate the spread of the new religion among the inhabitants of Iran was to change the function of a number of Sasanian buildings to buildings with new uses in the Islamic era. The question related to the reason for this change of use from one period to another is answered. It is assumed that, most likely, the neo-Muslim Iranian, with this tactic, protected their important religious sites from widespread destruction and even in some cases used them as a burial place for national celebrities and prominent Iranian figures. The results of the present study made it clear that the change of use of some Sasanian buildings to Islamic religious buildings generally occurred in the second half of the first century AH/ 7 AD and with the intensification of the destruction of Iranian shrines by the Arab.

The role of suburban streets in urban planning in Iran from the Ilkhanid period to the end of the Timurid era has been very influential. However, due to the lack of historical and archaeological sources, the structural pattern of these suburban streets in Iranian cities before the Safavid period cannot be found. Among these, the only reliable items for study are a type of suburban street that has been identified in archaeological studies due to its architectural remains. This type of street construction, which was mainly formed and flourished in the Timurid era due to the location of tombs and other religious buildings, can be introduced as the Khiaban-Mazar (street-tomb). The purpose of this study, in addition to studying the evolution of suburban streets in Iranian cities before the Safavid period, is to study one of the unique examples of street-mausoleum construction in the late Timurid period, known as Khiaba mazar-i Soltani. The main question that this research sought to answer is what structural connection did the suburban streets have with the cities, and how did this kind of street construction lead to the creation of Timurid Khiaban-Mazars? The results show that the changes in the construction of suburban streets, which started especially from the patriarchal period, due to the establishment of royal residences and suburban settlements, flourished in the Timurid period and were born due to the passage of these streets through suburban cemeteries. A new type of street construction and collection has led to this period called Khiaban-Mazar.

In addition to the aesthetic and luxurious aspects, jewelry has been a means to determine the social and economic status of the user. One of the most important archaeological finds that gives us the most information about jewelry is the burial ground. The art of jewelry making and jewelry reached its peak during the Parthian period. Parthian jewelry, by combining artistic beauty with medical aspects, is eye-catching, expressing a love full of ostentation, ostentation and extraordinary wealth. During the archeological excavations carried out in the Parthian cemeteries of Gilan province, a collection of jewelry made of gold, silver, bronze, iron and stone was found, which reflects the art and culture of the tribes living in this region in the Parthian period. The main purpose of this study and typology of ornaments discovered from Parthian cemeteries in Guilan province in terms of type of material, construction technology and type of use. The present study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and a combination of museum and library studies. The results indicate that there is a clear class and social contradiction in this period and also the ornaments are very similar in terms of material, decoration and type of construction, but in the details, the ornaments have innovations and lighting, these innovations are most likely from nature. The area is inspired. Also in the construction of these objects, casting, hammering and troweling methods have been used. The jewelry found in women's graves is completely different from men's.

From the constitutional period until now in Iran, rural heritage preservation and improvement plans as one of the rural documents have been faced with permanent or temporary challenges. Many of these challenges due to the existence of inappropriate procedures and inefficient managerial background have been obsoleted. The Approaches are used in these plans have always relied on incomprehensive procedures such a way that have usually had physical and protective attitude. In addition, intellectual paradigms and codified literature in these plans have not been cleared. Comparative studies have had potential role to find keywords of success in foreign experiences to have improvement effectiveness in Iran. Therefore, Scrutinization of challenges in Rural Heritage Presentation plans in Iran is our main obtain of this project. Methods in this study include Comparative research, Case Study, Action research, Content Analysis which all are based on analysis methods. In addition, due to verify our comparative study, sixty-three cases in all around the world have been studied. Studies shows that rural heritage preservation and improvement plans which are defined in Iran, in comparison with other cases needs to reform these plans in some ways such as executive mechanism and monitoring approaches. In addition, changes in management pattern, flexibility in service description, approaches, and also promotion in association with planning system, must be considered. In conclusion, Having the strategic attitude to rural areas is inevitable. Therefore, it is better to consider rural areas as a basis approach. In addition, these values must be navigator, comprehensive and participatory intuition.

The present study examines the location and functional relationship between important elements of Islamic cities in two main sections. The first part includes historical background of spatial-functional patterns of these elements through ancient documents and the second part includes study of these patterns through detailed analysis of Islamic cities' spatial structure based on detailed maps drawn over a period of 20 years from 9 major Islamic capitals. First step is related to descriptions and adaptation to the initial boundaries of cities and the second step is to analyze the developed map of 9 important cities and relies on space syntax theory. The research method in the first step is descriptive-analytical and in the second step is rational and comparative reasoning. For analysis in the second part, Depthmap software is used which is a specialized software for space analysis in architectural and urban structures. The question is that what are the characteristics of the location and functional relationship between the important elements of the Islamic city and in fact the spatial-functional model of this structure? Results show that among the four elements studied, market has the highest connectivity and structural integration and the proximity degree of Grand Mosque and other important mosques affect their accessibility and spatial-functional importance. In addition, this spatial-functional model, which depends on many factors such as functional needs, geographical conditions, design traditions, public justification, political motives, as well as grandeur, is influenced by the directions of city development and configuration integration.

Cut-Rock architecture collection of Imamzadeh in Maragheh city, due to its Quranic inscription, architectural and decorative elements, is a suitable bed for the study of political, social and religious history of Maragheh. However, in previous research, there have been some shortcomings and weaknesses in reading the lithographic inscription of this shrine. In these studies, the political-religious concepts were generally ignored in the heart of this inscription. Inscriptions, on the other hand, are one of the most important documents in the field of chronology and analysis of the functional nature of an architectural space. In the present study, while re-reading the Quranic inscription created in the inner body of Cut-Rock architecture Imamzadeh shrine, the impact of overt and covert layers of Ilkhanid politics and beliefs and the religious structure of Maragheh based on the contents of this inscription is discussed. Therefore, the present study is conducted with a historical-comparative and interpretive-analytical approach and based on field and library studies and seeks to answer the following fundamental questions; 1- According to the chronicle of the stone inscription, to which period does the shrine of Imamzadeh belong? 2- What connection can be considered between the themes of the inscription and the religious-political developments of Maragheh society? The results show that this inscription was created during the religious reforms of GhazanKhan and its themes were to express the rituals of Islam and its superiority over other religions, especially Buddhism and Christianity living in the structure of the religious system of Maragheh.

Persian garden is one of the first patterns of gardening in the world that as an influential element as well as a cultural phenomenon by entering other lands that can change according to the existing conditions and context. The connection of the Gurkan government with the Safavids in Iran and the cultural ties between the two created the ground for the influence of Iranian culture and civilization, especially in the field of architecture. Iranian garden art in India is one of the most important impacts that seems to have changed based on Indian insight, the body of Iranian garden in India, the purpose of this study is to investigate the physical differences between Gurkan gardens and Iranian gardens based on Indian insight. The studies have been done using library and the analysis of the research in the studied samples in the physical field of the garden, i.e. planting system, water system, building system, geometry and landscape system, historical interpretation methods and logical conclusions were used. The research results show that based on the insight of Indian art, the body of garden architecture should have a sculptural and sculptural expression, so in the Indian garden in the Gurkan period, all the physical elements of the Persian garden have a decorative and theatrical structure, and also the building (pavilion) in the center of the garden has a sculptural and prominent aspect that dominates the garden due to its location on the platform and the low density of trees in the garden.

The Bazaar of Panakhl is located at the western end of the Grand Bazaar of Kashan. Despite being located in the center of the city, The Bazaar of Panakhl does not have a proper social and economic situation. Subsequently, with the destruction of the urban area around the Bazaar, The Bazaar of Panakhl was separated from the surrounding urban context. As a result, The Bazaar of Panakhl became an isolated one with limited economic activities. Therefore, this Bazaar has lost its role and position in the historic city, but it has also gone through a long period of economic stagnation and deterioration due to isolation. This article seeks to answer two basic questions; What are the most important features of The Bazaar of Panakhl? And what damages have been done to this Bazaar? To answer these questions, it is necessary to identify both the values and the damages or problems of The Bazaar of Panakhl, and for this purpose, it is first necessary to document and study the area of this Bazaar. The interpretive-historical method of research has been done through field studies. Documentation, study and pathology show that this part of the Bazaar has lost its position for reasons such as the construction of Baba Afzal Street and the developments in the surrounding neighborhoods have led to its separation from the urban context. Nevertheless, this Bazaar still retains its social status and role in urban rituals.