Journal of Chemical Reviews
Volume:4 Issue: 4, Autumn 2022

Here, we discuss about several important procedures of preparing Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their hybrids as magnetically and recoverable catalysts. Magnetic nanoparticles could be simply separated by applying the magnetic interaction using a magnetic field. As classified in this study, several groups were used to develope a sequence of magnetic nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts in organic transformations and other usages. The progressive preparation of supporting materials is emphasized in this article to develop the quality of magnetic nanoparticles.

Azo dyes have a long history and establish a significant constituent in our daily lives. These compounds and their derivatives have several potential applications in different fields, including industry, environmental and biological researches. Different azo compounds were successfully modified to other derivatives, complexes, and polymers. In this work, we reviewed the chemistry and applications of azo dyes investigating organic chemistry of azo dyes, inorganic chemistry of azo dyes, analytical chemistry of azo dyes, and azo dyes-polymers.

In the last few decades, nanoparticles have been analyzed and employed in various industrial applications. Because of numerous features such as antifungal, photochemical, high catalytic, and antibacterial activities, cobalt oxide nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention because of high incidence of dangerous compounds and the harsh environments utilized in chemical and physical procedures of synthesis of different nanoparticles. Green Nanoparticles manufacturing approaches have been developed by employing plants, fungus, bacteria, and algae. There is a lot of research exploring numerous green production techniques in regulation to present confirmation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles of applications, biological applications, and non-hazardous effects. As an outcome, we have to gather pertinent review articles from inferior sources. Compared with chemical and physical preparation methods, the green synthesis route appears to be safer and extra environmentally forthcoming for the green preparation of the nanoparticles. However, its biomedical applications in this industry are daily in various procedures such as bio-imaging, biosensors, medication administration, and gene delivery. Moreover, cobalt oxide nanoparticles can operate as smart weapons against many drug-resistant microbes and are a talented antibiotic substitution due to their toxicity facial appearance.

In drug delivery, it is attempted to keep the biocompatibility of drugs in body organs. For example, it is needed to use a high dosage of anti-cancer drugs several times, which shows side effects such as hair loss and paleness. Therefore, the researchers developed phospholipids, liposomes, and micelles as carriers, causing to delivery of drugs at defined times and organs. In phospholipids, there are hydrophile group and hydrophobe chains the hydrophobe groups of acyles are attached to alcohols and makes various phospholipids. The most common phospholipids are phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanol amine, serine, etc. Liposomes are oily visicol in aqueous solutions. Also, liposome carriers are commercially found and the ratio of liposomes to other carriers has been reported. Micelles are comprised of oils in aqueous media. The co-chelating agents are divalent phospholipids of natural materials that are potent in the delivery of fungicides, protein, etc. Microgels are three-dimensional polymer networks colloidal gels. Hydrogels, another candidate for controlled drug release, have a special application in the field of controlled drug release, due to their high internal free volume with high fractions of loaded drugs.

Plasticizers is a type of organic materials that can be enhanced to polymers for improving their several characteristics; for example, mechanical properties and pliantness. Plasticizers are veritably significant for the construct of polymeric membrane for potentiometric methods, a significant type of sensors for electrochemical methods. The suitable application of plasticizers in the formulation of membranes for preparing electrodes. The character of the plasticizer effects fundamental operation pointers of the ion-selective membrane electrodes; for example, slope, selectivity, and the area of linear reply. A plasticizer in the membrane formulation has to be well-matched with the ionophore and polymer and have a small solubility and an upper lipophilicity in solution as aqueous. The selection of the high-quality plasticizer for the improvement of a membrane special to an accurate ion ordinarily includes experimental assessments to discover the ionophore with the plasticizer having suitable response properties of the ion-selective electrodes are acquired. Some instances of choosing good suited plasticizer for the formulation of selective electrodes responsive have been given for organic and inorganic ions.

Several main energy conversion technologies need the improvement of extremely active, enduring, and economical catalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction process. Some power conversion techniques including fuel cells and metal air batteries are efficient for the oxygen reduction process. The current improvements in platinum-based materials and platinum-free materials for fuel cell ORR catalysis are studied. Six primary types of contemporary ORR electrocatalysts are elaborated. Moreover, the efficiency of the resulting catalysts in respect of mass activity, kinetic current density, power density, and their inclusion into fuel cell processes, are also investigated. The benefits, drawbacks, performance of catalysts, and the need of rational design methods at the fuel-cell level are emphasized. Furthermore, the core issues, constraints, and possibilities are reviewed for developing inexpensive, more functional active, and stable electrocatalysts in the future.