نشریه اقتصاد شهری
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Nowadays in an unequal world, one of the problems cities face is spatial and social inequalities; therefore, identifying and resolving this problem, especially in low-income neighborhoods and slums has been considered by researchers in the field of urban planning. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure spatial inequalities in District 2 of Tehran. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. In the first stage, with documentary studies and in the second stage, using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM), it ranks neighborhoods, draws the spatial inequality of formal and informal (slum) neighborhoods, and analyzes the social, economic, and welfare-physical inequalities. The results show that Islamabad (28th) and Farahzad (30th) neighborhoods are in the most unsuitable condition. The neighborhoods of Shahrak-e Gharb and Punak have the best situation in terms of spatial inequality. Adjacent Farahzad neighborhood, Sarv, Parvaz, and Punak neighborhoods are ranked 7th, 11th, and 2nd, respectively. Adjacent to Islamabad neighborhood, the three neighborhoods of Shahrak-e Gharb, Saadatabad, and Management are ranked 1st, 4th, and 22nd, respectively. The results of the study indicate the fragmentation of the region, spatial disintegration, and the scattered pattern of spatial inequality at the level of poor and rich neighborhoods resulting from the spatial production of poverty and welfare.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of club convergence of housing prices in different areas of Tehran. For this purpose, the log t regression test method and price data in two time periods of no price jump (2012-2018) and the occurrence of housing price jump (2019-2021) were used.  Based on the results of the log t-test, in these two time periods, the null hypothesis that there is convergence in the whole sample is not rejected. Also, the existence of club convergence in each of the periods was confirmed. Accordingly, in the period 2012-2018, the regions of Tehran form three clubs, but in the period 2019-2021, price behavior in the regions of Tehran changed and all regions of Tehran became one club and converged into a state of equilibrium. According to the results of the research, it can be said that in case of intensification of convergence, housing market policies will become more difficult than before to manage this market.

The greenbelts of the cities are the places of spatial organization and connection of natural, social, economic and physical forces and processes in the context of the geographical environment, and they shape the relations and flows of different people and the environment on the political system. Meanwhile, political economy and its affected components are one of the influential indicators on the changes and transformations of urban spaces. The physical-spatial developments of the urban area of ​​Tehran are a function of the political economy of the space more than any other variable, which leaves its effects on the state of its physical, economic and social indicators. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective components of political economy on the integrated management of the urban area of ​Tehran and to solve its problems. The research method is descriptive-analytical, the structural equation technique is used to identify the influential and effective components of the political economy on the spatial organization of the urban area of ​Tehran. The results show that four components, economic, physical, policy-making, institutional, and political economy, explain the Tehran's greenbelt by 86.48 percent, and among the components of the research, the institutional component with a coefficient of 0.956 and the second component of systemization with a coefficient of 0.945 have the greatest influence on the integrated management of urban greenbelt.

In recent decades, the Iranian housing rental market has seen a different picture with the increase in land prices and housing rental rates, so the growth rate of rents has been slightly beyond the increase in housing prices. Therefore, the present article examines the effect of land prices on housing rental rates in the provinces of Iran, from 2011-2021. In this study, the spatial econometrics model has been used to investigate the effects of residential land price overflow on rents, which shows the effects of spatial overflow on different geographical areas. Findings from the present study indicate that the price of residential land, human development index, and population density have a significant effect on the rental rate of housing in the provinces of the country, also the price of residential land and human development index in addition to being effective on the rental rate of housing has positive and significant overflow effects among provinces.

An entrepreneurial city is a unified system, consisting of different elements designed and predicted accurately, and they work correctly together. There are two ways to identify these elements: the first way is the identification of elements based on entrepreneurs' and experts' ideas. Although this way gives precious information, because of not been tested in practice, it needs trial and error to achieve a successful entrepreneurial ecosystem. The other way is designing entrepreneurial ecosystem elements based on successful world ecosystems, and then, localizing the designed ecosystem according to every region's needs. Although this method needs some modifications over time, as is based on successful experiences, it may need less trial and error. This study aims to achieve entrepreneurial ecosystem elements by using the second approach. After selecting the four best entrepreneurial cities (Silicon Valley, New York, London, and Boston), the entrepreneurial ecosystem of these cities is studied through documentary study and qualitative content analysis. Then the elements are studied by a comparative study with the Boolean algebra method. Finally, two groups of elements are identified: the necessary components: economic and industrial architecture, culture, pioneer universities, entrepreneurship, and innovative governance; and contributing components: city infrastructure, pioneer organizations, and networking. In the next step, to rank the identified components, the TOPSIS method is used. Among contributing components, city infrastructure had the top score. All necessary components had the same score. This model can be used as a basis for designing an entrepreneurial city but may need localization for each region's needs.

Housing is one of the most important basic human needs and as the worthy asset of the household is the determining factor in economic success, formation of personal identity, and social status of people. Also, it can play an important role in macroeconomic and household dimensions and is provided in two forms: rent and real. Since home ownership is the biggest financial investment in the lifetime of many households, rental housing is preferred in decisions. On the other hand, the amount of rent in villages has increased significantly in the last few years. Several factors are effective in housing tenure choices (real or rent) that identification of these factors and their effectiveness can help to make policy, housing sector planning, and increasing the welfare and economic level of society. In this study, by applying the Probit model and using sample events related to the budget of rural households in 2020, housing tenure choice has been studied. The results show that permanent income, age, marital status, employment of the head of the household, and size of the family increase the probability of home ownership in the villages, and the level of education of the head of the household increases the probability of renting.

Capital gains tax is capable to regulate the behavior of economic agents in the housing market. This kind of tax could drive some speculative uses out of the housing market. This study aims to determine the capacity of capital gains tax on residential units in Isfahan City. For this purpose, a taxation model is promoted, then, a calculation model for estimating capital gains tax capacity on residential units in Isfahan City has been designed. In this model, there have been used several variables such as sales prices, the number of residential units, the maintenance period of the residential unit, the average annual growth of the housing price, the tax rate on capital gains, and the probability density function and its cumulative one of the maintenance period. The model was calculated by using R software and doing 32 lines of code. The lowest tax capacity estimation is about 350 billion Tomans and the highest one is about 1000 billion Tomans. The results show that firstly, the number of transactions has a direct effect on the capital gain tax capacity. Secondly, the revenue from capital gains tax in the short run is much larger than in the medium period. In other words, in the short term, because economic factors don’t still adjust, capital gains tax yields more revenue, but in the long term by adjusting the behavior of house owners, tax revenues vanished. This effect in public finance literature is called the lock-in effect.

In recent years the business model has been attracted researchers' and practitioners' attention due to its impact on the success of every business. A collection of research in the field of art shows little attention to the selection and design of the art business model, and this issue can be considered as one of the reasons for not doing the right thing in the business of this area. This subject has been grounded to investigate business models to identify suitable methods for Iranian handicraft activities in the present study. Using mixed-method, after reviewing the literature related to the topic, the theoretical framework was identified. Then, in the quantitative section, using the Correlation method, we studied a set of methods used in the Laljin pottery business based on the Osterwalder model. We found that the Osterwalder model, does not cover handicraft business in several elements and there is a need for a different business model. In the qualitative section using grounded theory, based on the effectuation theory, we propose a new efficient business model, called "Fish Business Model". In this model, entrepreneurs are like fishes moving in the wavy sea, and using their real capabilities they build their business model. This model presents suitable managerial and executive methods of a business of production and supplying handicraft products as a coherent process and covers all international rules and regulations.

In contemporary Iranian cities, especially in metropolises and industrial cities, there were more attractions for migration, and this is the reason for the emergence of a high percentage of marginalization. However, there is no agreement on the estimate of Inhabitants of marginal areas.  At the moment, there are at least 13 million people according to official statistics and urban experts talk about 22 to 25 million residents that live in these communities. The interview of the head of the welfare organization in June 2022 with ISNA news agency stated that "marginalization is one of the five important and fundamental problems of the country'. Marginalization is the result of many factors and conditions, which often change from city to city, some causes and factors are more or less prominent. Meanwhile, the industrial cities of Iran such as Saveh, Arak, Qazvin, and Isfahan have faced more challenges in this field compared to cities of the same size due to the need for a large and generally unskilled labor force. Saveh has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years due to the migration to this destination, which is caused by the industrial attractions of Saveh in special job opportunities and accessibility location, etc. In this study, various methods have been used by researchers: observations, second data analysis, documents, in-depth interviews with key informants, and finally we used the SWOT technique to identify the opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses in these neighborhoods. The obtained data show that during the last decades, the population of Saveh city has been continuously growing and an important part of this growth has belonged to migration and informal settlement areas emersion so that this form of settlement has surrounded the city, and a population of more than 70,000 people make up a third of the city's area in the form of 22 suburbs. From the economic, institutional, historical, and natural points of view, there are significant opportunities for urban regeneration and the implementation of development-stimulating or flag projects like the existing Emarat Hakem Heritage Complex in West Abdol Abad or the proposed project “the pomegranate garden museum” in Abbas Abad and other development driver’s projects in next communities. At the same time, there are many threats and challenges (housing, environmental issues, health, poverty,…) in this area to achieve a livable city with sustainable indicators.