Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:19 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2022

Median Nerve (MN) originated from medial and lateral cords of Brachial Plexus and can be affected by anatomical variations, which may lead to several diagnostic and therapeutic mistakes. This paper aimed to study MN variations investigated by cadaveric studies.

This study is based on research in electronic databases. The full text of all relevant papers has been studied to extend our data.

variation of MN distribution in the palm, variation of MN innervation patterns, communication between MN and (Ulnar Nerve) UN and their branches in the forearm, communication between MN and UN and their components in the palm, variation in the course of MN are main MN variation categories containing several subgroups. However, communication between the third common digital nerve of MN and the fourth common digital nerve of UN is the most common MN variation at the distal of upper limbs.

decompression of MN entrapped in the carpal tunnel can be considered the essential clinical challenge resulting from MN variations, especially variations including the third common digital nerve.

Tebuconazole is a systemic fungicide whose toxicity has been reported in animals and humans due to direct and indirect exposure. Our study aimed to assess the hepatotoxic effects of tebuconazole at subacute doses in rats.

Tebuconazole was administered by oral gavage at doses of 6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg daily. Serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were determined. Histopathological analysis was performed using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Parameters such as cell inflammation, accumulation of lipid vacuoles, and hepatocyte necrosis were assessed. 

The results showed that the serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes elevated in all Tebuconazole doses compared to the control group. This elevation was statistically significant in the 50 and 100 mg/kg groups compared to the control group. Histopathological results revealed the increased necrosis and destruction of hepatocytes and accumulation of lipid vacuoles in the study groups compared to the control group.

The study’s results showed significant hepatotoxic effects at subacute doses of tebuconazole. These results are alarming in the widespread use of tebuconazole as a fungicide. It is recommended to take the necessary precautions, including wearing gloves or a mask.

Corpus callosum (CC), an intracranial organ, is located in the midline of the cerebrum, communicating both the right and left hemispheres. CC undergoes morphological changes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The morphometrical changes of organs are directly associated with geographical regions; thus, this study aimed to investigate the morphological alteration of CC in patients with relapsing-remitting MS in Hamadan (Iran) in a retrospective study from April 2011 to April 2021.

Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 and 128 Brain MRI images of RRMS patients and healthy individuals were examined morphologically using PmsDICOMViewer software. Two main morphological indices of area (mm2) and longitudinal (mm) parameters were examined in midsagittal sections of Brain MRI images, including the area of CC (ACC) and associated segments, length of CC (LCC), and height of CC (HCC). Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 19. P<0.05 was considered significant, and data were presented as Mean±SEM. 

Following MS onset, total ACC was decreased significantly (P<0.05) in MS patients than in control. Also, the area of rosterum/genu (ARG) and area of anterior half midbody of CC (AAMB) showed significant (P<0.05) incremental and decremental trends, respectively. In other indices, no significant differences were detected (P>0.05). 

Morphometrical measurements of CC are associated with MS. By assessing the anterior half of CC in brain MRI images (ARG and AAMB), the diagnosis of MS can occur. Thus, the investigation results can be proposed as criteria for radiological confirmation of MS disease.

Rib anomalies include numerical and structural categories. This study investigates the costal abnormalities by computed tomography scan in an Iranian population

In a retrospective study, 400 Chest CT scans (225 (56.2%) male, and 175 (43.8%) female) aging from 18 to 89 were investigated for one year (2020 to 2021). Images were carefully observed and various abnormalities such as cervical ribs, elongated C7 transverse processes, bridging ribs, and bifid ribs were reported.

Among 400 chest CT scans investigated for this study, 375 (93.7%) cases were normal and 25 (6.3%) cases were abnormal. Fourteen (8% of all the female patients) and eleven (4.9% of all the male patients) participants of abnormal cases were female, and male, respectively. Among abnormal cases, four cases of bilateral cervical ribs (total prevalence (TP)=1%), four cases of bilateral elongated C7 transverse process (TP=1%), four cases of bridging first and second ribs on the left side (TP=1%), twelve cases of bifid ribs on the left (TP=3%), and one uncommon male case were reported.

Being aware of the common abnormalities of rib cage is helpful in differentiating the diagnosis and seeking for possible other accompanied diseases such as thoracic outlet or Gorlin syndrome. In this study, twenty five cases of abnormal rib morphology were reported.

The sutural bones and fontanelle of the skull display unique morphological characters. Sutural bones are also called supernumerary bones, ossicles, or Wormian bones (WBs). These irregularities develop from the independent ossification centers present along the cranial sutures. They appear on periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the skull with variations in size, number, shape, and location. In the current study, we aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of sutural bones and their association with parietal emissary foramina.

The current study was done on 128 dry human skulls by a convenient sampling method. The skulls were collected from the Department of Anatomy. Many characteristic features of Inca and Wormian bones like shape, number, size, and location were recorded, including abnormal parietal emissary foramen associated with the Wormian and Inca bone, respectively.

Out of 128 dry skulls, the Wormian bones were seen in 13.2% of skulls and the Inca bones in 5.4%. Incorporation of Wormian bones in the lambdoid suture was noted in 12.5% and the sagittal suture at 0.7%, respectively. The Wormian bones were found frequently on the left side (n=12) compared to the right side (n=5). The morphometry of the accessory bones showed quadrilateral as the most common shape (n=9, 37.5%), followed by triangular (n=4, 16.6%). Radiological examination of all 24 skulls with accessory bones showed a zigzag pattern of accessory suture lines. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (bilateral and unilateral absence associated with the Wormian bone was noted at 23.5%. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (unilateral absence and foramen on the sagittal suture) related to the Inca bone was reported at 71.4%. 

The presence of Wormian and Inca bones can be easily confused with fractures of the corresponding bony regions. The surgeons must know this to make a proper and accurate diagnosis. Knowledge of these bones benefits the clinician, radiologist, and neurosurgeon highly.

Erythrocytes are highly specialized and the most abundant cell type in vertebrates’ blood. Their primary function is the transportation of oxygen to tissues of the body via hemoglobin.

The study was aimed at evaluating erythrocyte morphology in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus), Bufo bufo (B. bufo), and Agama agama (A. agama) using different stains; Also, morphometric analysis of erythrocytes was evaluated in stains with the best affinity. The blood samples of C. gariepinus, B. bufo, and A. agama were collected using a syringe. Smears from each animal were made on glass slides and stained with Giemsa, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and methylene blue. Erythrocytes diameter was measured using a standardized ocular micrometer. The area and volume of the erythrocytes were calculated.

Erythrocyte’s shapes range from spherical in C. gariepinus to oval in A. agama. Giemsa demonstrated C. gariepinus and B. bufo erythrocytes better than H&E and methylene blue stains, while H&E demonstrated erythrocytes of A. agama better than Giemsa and methylene blue. Erythrocyte’s diameter, area, and volume of B. bufo were significantly higher (P<0.001) when compared with C. gariepinus and A. agama.

Erythrocyte’s shape, size, area, and volume vary in different species and could be used to study evolutionary trends. The variation in erythrocytes size is associated with chromosome number and genome size.

Renal vasculature variations were normally found. Awareness of this variation was helpful in many clinical field procedures during the routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall of approximately a 67-year-old male formaldehyde cadaver..

Case Report: 

The left kidney presents with an arterial variation. An accessory renal artery was detected from the lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta at the level disc between L2 and L3, just above the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery on the left side.

Knowledge of anatomical variation of the renal arteries has clinical significance in renal transplantation procedures and for interventions in angiography.