نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 52 (پاییز 1401)

Constitutional Revolution in Iran brought extensive cultural and social changes. A new view on Woman as a human being and considering her different aspects of life in the works of poets and writers was one of the consequences of these changes. Mohammad-Bagher Mirza Khosravi, the writer of the first historical novel in Iran and a constitutionalist the western region, in his book "Shams and Toghra" dealt with the role of women. In her novel, while expressing some of the beliefs of the people of the Qajar era about women, she divided them into three groups: aristocrats, concubines, and common and desert women, and expressed the characteristics of each class of these women. Since Mohammad Baghir Mirza was influenced by the political and social events of the constitutional era, it is possible that his view of women and their human rights was a different and distinct view from the ordinary people of the society of that time. The findings of this descriptive-analytical study indicate that Khosravi had a special attitude towards the aristocracy and considered only women of this class worthy of education and companionship. It is noteworthy that various cultural and social developments after constitutionalism and association with intellectuals have not had the slightest effect on Khosravi's thought and change in his attitude towards women.

literature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of recognizing the components of solidarity in the poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi. We came to the conclusion that these two poets, using common elements among the whole nation, have used these themes in their poems to encourage people to unite.These common themes and components are related to national and religious identity, which stimulates their sense of Iran-friendliness. These elements include: a common land, a common history, a common religion. Farrokhi and Eshghi have tried to remind the features of the ancient history of Iran and past heroism, the importance of the homeland as a symbol of the mother, the need to preserve the Persian language and culture, the religion of Islam and the need to protect it from foreigners. To prepare the nation for solidarity against foreigners and irreligious rulers.

Intertextual analysis, which deals with the connection and interaction between texts and examines the similarities, differences, and influences of one text on other texts, has gained popularity in recent years in literary criticism and linguistics. According to this theory, texts and their speakers are mutually impacted and profit from one another's literary and intellectual sources, whether consciously or subconsciously. This theory proposes that texts and their speakers are mutually impacted and benefit from each other's literary and intellectual sources, whether consciously or subconsciously. In the realm of Persian literature, the Qur'an is one of the hypotexts that has long served as a reference and inspiration for poets and writers with varying viewpoints on its formal and semantic aesthetics. They have utilized Quranic principles and teachings to enhance the veracity and depth of their words. One of these poets is Nasir Khusraw, whose hypotext of inspiration for his Diwan is the Holy Quran. Using a descriptive-analytical technique and quoting library sources, an effort was made to examine the dimensions impacted by Nasser Khosrow from Quranic verses based on Genette's intertextual theory. This research demonstrates that in Nasir Khusraw's Diwan, intertextual explicit and its branches (words, phrases, short sentences, extra and descriptive combinations) are the most prevalent of Genette's intertextual relationships. Words are the most often employed intertextual method in these poems, among the numerous branches of intertextual explicit. Implicit intertextuality frequently follows explicit intertextuality. Among the different branches of this intertextual, intertextuality thematic is increasingly diversified compared to other types.

The Islamic Revolution and the sacred defense were carried out with the help of a man whose name is eternal in Iranian history. Poetry is one of the cultural contexts of the immortality of these characters. Ever since the murmurings of the revolution were heard in the society, all-poets, along with the people, have dedicated their poetry to the recounting of the events of the revolution and its subsequent sacred defense, and explaining the characterization of enduring personalities has become one of the main themes of these poems. One of the most prominent poets of this period is Hamid Sabzevari, who was given the title of "Father of Poetry of the Islamic Revolution" for recounting the events of the Islamic Revolution and the sacred defense.In a section of “Dawn song”, he has introduced and described revolutionary personalities and sacred defense. In this study, these characters, and the approach the poet has in describing them have been introduced. Three groups of: the figures of the revolution, warriors and martyrs of the sacred defense have always been praised and in contrast, enemies and hypocrites have been rebuked; he has written poetry directly about characters such as Imam Khomeini (Supreme Leader), Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Motahhari, Taleghani, Montazeri, Beheshti, Rajai and Bahonar, Hossein Ayat, Mustafa Chamran, and refer to them in poems from Among them.His attention is paid very highly to the personality of Imam Khomeini

Kaleem Kashani is one of the famous lyric poets of the 11th century AH, whose lyricism shows signs of mysticism and Sufism. Mystical teachings in his sonnets express true or heavenly love. In this article, mystical subjects in a hundred lyric poems of Kaleem Kashani, known as the creator of second meanings, have been studied randomly in order to depict the prominent manifestations of love and its perfection. In addition, in literary and mystical researches, Kaleem Introduce the title of mystic poet and finally point out that his lyrical lyric poems are a place to express high mystical meanings. The lyric poems of this creative poet have a mystical structure and he tries to find the precious gem of true love by designing mystical mechanisms. On this occasion, manifestations of mystical teachings have been included in his lyric poems. This article, by analyzing and describing mystical findings, intends to first analyze the mystical tendencies of Kaleem and examine and analyze them by mentioning examples of those examples. Examining the mystical teachings in the lyric poems of this poet, it is worthwhile to consider Kaleem as one of the mystics.

Nizam al-Din Mahmud, nicknamed Da'i Ali Allah, nicknamed Da'i (810-870 AH) was one of the poets and mystics of the 9th century of Hijri, whose lineage reached Husayn bin Ali bin Abi Talib through nineteen intermediaries. He was both a scholar and mystic. The works that remain in memory of him show two aspects of him. In examining his works, the influence of Maulana Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi and Ibn Arabi is clearly evident. In addition, he wrote a book titled Nasayem Golshan, which is a detailed description of Golshan, the secret of Sheikh Mahmoud Shabastri. In addition to relatively many works that have come down to us from him, Divan has a collection of poetry that amounts to thirteen thousand verses. This diwan was printed and published by Seyyed Mohammad Dabir Siyaghi in 1339 and 1349 A.H. in two volumes. The first volume of this work is a collection of six poems in the form of Masnavi, which includes his most important thoughts. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and we have used library sources, we intend to introduce Shah Dai Shirazi's life along with his life. The results obtained from this article show that Shah Da'i is one of the poets and mystics who were influenced by Ibn Arabi, and his poetry, which is sometimes written in symbolic language, has significant innovations that preceded him. It was not common in Masnavi Sarai.

Most of the stories of Kalileh and Demneh are allegorical and in the language of animals. Probably the main reason for the use of animal characters is its political, educational content. Animals, in allegorical texts by playing an allegorical and symbolic role, in addition to causing the diversity and attractiveness of anecdotes and stories, poets and writers benefit from the approach of their allegorical role, more to achieve political, educational, moral and especially social ethics goals. They are looking. The stories of Kalileh and Demneh often reflect the pyramid of power and the advancement of moral teachings in society (India, Iran, and the Islamic world); It shows that by analyzing the text, the structure of political and educational status and its effect on individual and social behaviors can be discovered and studied. This issue has been addressed in Kalileh and Demneh. An attempt has been made to evaluate the content of several stories in terms of political dimension, education by considering managerial aspects, such as decision making, planning, organization and organizational behavior in a society or social institution. And the symbolic characters of the anecdotes are introduced by the role they play in the stories.

Describing one of the most effective objects in illustration and a type of expression by which one can create objects, people, behaviors and scenes with words, since the description has a strong link to the epic type, so the poet uses it in his support to visualize and visualize because the element of description is a means to make the various scenes tangible and tangible in the context of epic poetry on the basis of epic poetry. This article examines the subject of description in kush name with descriptive-analytical method. The results show that different subjects such as nature, persons, abstract matters, time, place, objects, gifts, battlefield and animals are described in Kush Nama.In order to demonstrate the descriptive power of the speaker of the system, his descriptions are first looked at in a grammatical aspect and then the analysis of poetic grammatical techniques has been discussed The frequency of grammatical techniques is higher than poetic ones. Among grammatical techniques, adjective has the highest frequency and among poetic techniques, simile has the highest frequency. Furthermore, in this system, the poet sometimes uses a few participlus techniques in describing a single subject and sometimes uses a technique successively in describing different subjects.

Intertextuality is the production of text through interaction with the texts of its predecessors or contemporaries, in which the participation of those texts in the text in question is explicit, implicit and implicit from one text to another. Gerard Genet is one of the most prominent researchers in the field of intertextuality, focusing most of his studies on the nature of narrative discourse. With this view, Suhrawardi's encyclopedias have been evaluated in the position of pre-text and the order of the Republic of Sheikh Kharghani as post-text. In this study, it is shown that Sheikh Kharghani has been influenced by the encyclopedias and most of the intertextuality in the Dastoor al Jomhour has been done implicitly (borrowing and inspiration) and sometimes Kharghani has an implicit view of the encyclopedias. The present article concludes that Sheikh Kharghani is in a mystical-intellectual atmosphere similar to Suhrawardi, and this closeness has led to the creation of commonalities and conceptual similarities in the work. In this research, intertextuality has been studied in the republican order and after studying the theoretical foundations, it has been adapted to Suhrawardi's encyclopedias. The result presented in a library method and in an analytical-descriptive way proves the intertextuality in the work.

Language has a paradoxical function as an important factor in the narration of mystical-historical habits. On the other hand, by broadening the imagination, it promotes the literature of historical texts and separates the reader from the world of reality. On the other hand, with a linguistic approach to creating logic and the relationship between linguistic cause and effect, it returns the audience to the context of reality in order to accept, at the astonishing peak, mystical and historical habits. This article, by combining structuralist linguistics and pattern-oriented linguistics and using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the linguistic and metalanguage elements in the story of "The Birth of Mustafa (PBUH)" from the book Tabashir al-Hikma by Raz Shirazi; The results of the research show that the author has made the most of the paradoxical function of language in creating credibility in order to make the life habits of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) believable. In this way, accurate characterization of historical people, narration of trusted people, accurate description of the places and time of life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), dialogue element, variety of verbs and short sentences, use of letters for purposes Secondary has also made full use of.