نشریه پژوهش در ورزش تربیتی
پیاپی 27 (تابستان 1401)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the approaches to selecting and employing initial primary school physical education and sports teachers in Iran with the US, England, Japan, and Malaysia. The study is a qualitative-applied research and based on an adaptive approach. The collection of data is through searching library documents, global networks, scientific reports, and articles. This study used Beredy’s pattern that includes the four stages of description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison. The results showed that in the United States, England, Japan, and Malaysia, the training of initial school teachers in physical education is done at colleges, universities, educational centers, and social and private institutions. While in Iran, Farhangian University is responsible for training. Obtaining a teaching qualification certificate in Iran is required that Iranian PE teacher students be committed to service and they will be employed by the government, while it is not common in other countries. The salaries of teachers in the United States, England, Japan, and Malaysia are better than other government employees, while in Iran they are not. In general, Iranian teachers in the field of salaries and wages face major challenges and problems. The suggested solutions consist of considering different paths for the training of initial physical education teachers, explaining the processes of awarding teaching qualification certificates, paying more attention to teaching skills and evaluations in real conditions, upgrading the hardware and software facilities for initial teachers, improving the economic and living conditions of teachers, and benefiting from the permanent employment of initial school teachers and the boarding conditions of Farhangian University as an opportunity.

In the document of the fundamental transformation of education, the teacher is mentioned as a guiding, reliable, and insightful role model, and the most effective element in fulfilling the missions of the education system. The aim of the present study was to design a personal brand model for the teachers of physical education in Iran and identify its effective components. This study is a qualitative research based on Glaser's Grounded Theory. The statistical population included experts in the field of physical education and some well-known and experienced teachers. In this study, semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data, using purposive and snowball sampling methods to reach theoretical saturation. The study’s results led to the identification of 62 codes, 12 categories, 4 dimensions, and a pivotal phenomenon. The personal brand of Iranian teachers of physical education as a pivotal phenomenon is affected by four main components such as macro-environmental components, organizational components, professional and occupational components, and finally individual components. Personality, behavior, and appearance, in the individual aspect, fundamental, general and specialized categories in the professional component, internal and external organizational categories, in the organizational dimension, and finally political, economic, social and technological categories in the macro-environmental components, are the influential factors in the personal brand of Iranian teachers of physical education.

The purpose of this study was to explain the position of sports in ensuring sustainable environmental security. The present study was a qualitative - description (content analysis). It was conducted in the field method. The statistical population included all experts in the field of political science and sports science who were interviewed using 13 snowball sampling based on theoretical saturation. In this study, two strategies have been used to validate the findings. First, the review was done by a research colleague and in the second stage, the peer review strategy was used. Findings of the present study indicated that sport has a role in strengthening the security of environmental sustainability in three categories of literature, technology and promotion. In addition, 15 concepts of using appropriate recycling systems, developing public transportation which is free of fossil pollutants, use of technologies and sports equipment in line with environmental protection, reducing the consumption of renewable energy, use of clean energy in providing cooling, heating and lightening of places, using applications to strengthen sustainability, as well as holding scientific conferences and meetings, ,  introducing sports elites as ambassadors of the environment, promoting sports  eco-friendly, environmental education training, presenting national festivals, directing public opinion through sporting events, using specific environmental symbols, and finally using the philosophy of blending sport and soul sport with the environment, respectively, were the most important functions of sport in the development of sustainable environmental security. Although repetitive and cross-cutting decisions have somewhat diminished the term of environmental crisis, the need to pay double attention to the phenomenon of sports as a popular and low-cost tool can be the key to many of today's environmental issues in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to identify the indicators of improving ethnic identity through professional sports in Iran. This research had a qualitative approach and the method of data theory (grounded theory) was used as the research method. The method of data collection was the study of theoretical foundations and in-depth and open interviews with 16 prominent professors in the field of sports management specializing in sociology. The sampling method was purposeful in a standard type and continued to the point of theoretical saturation. The validity of this study was reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees and then expert professors. Reliability After calculating the agreement coefficient, 70.3% was determined. For data analysis, continuous comparison method was used during the three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The results showed that attention to causal, contextual and intervention factors can, along with the implementation of strategies, lead to the formation of consequences including social consequences and national pride. In general, in order to achieve social consequences and national pride, strategies should be implemented within the framework of the formation of the Charter of Ethnic Identity.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of teaching games for understanding approach on physical literacy, as well as its subdomains. To this aim, the ten-year-old (mean age=10.2 years, SD 0.7) students in two fourth-grade classes at a school in Sirjan were randomly divided into control (N = 12) and experimental (N= 12) groups. First, all of the students were given a Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Second Edition (CAPL-2). The students in the experimental group participated in an intervention program for 36 sessions each for 45 minutes. The participants in the control group followed the usual program. In the next procedure, they were given the same test after the intervention. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the scores of each factor after the intervention and the groups by removing the effect of each factor before the intervention based on the scale of “multivariate analysis of covariance" and “Poisson regression analysis” by using the GEE method at the significance level of P ≤0.05. Based on the results, teaching games for understanding approach played a positive role in physical literacy, daily behavior, knowledge and understanding, and motivation and confidence, but no significant difference was observed regarding physical competence. Thus, the use of the TGfU approach can be effective in facilitating the development of physical literacy elements among children.

Sports organizations need to use the capacity of the private sector to achieve their goals. The purpose of this study was to test the model of strategic indicators effective in attracting private sector participation in the development of sport for all in the country. The present study was applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational analysis in terms of purpose, which was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study included all investors in major public sports projects in the country and officials of the Ministry of Sports and Youth and the Federation of Public Sport with a total of 154 people. The statistical sample was 113 randomly selected based on Morgan and Krejcie table. Data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire with 52 questions of indicators affecting private sector participation. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the SPSS software version 21 and LISREL software version 8.8. Findings showed that the model of strategic indicators effective (Administrative and procedural, legal, information and knowledge, operational and executive, financial, support, management and planning, supervision and control, economic and organization and coordination) in attracting private sector participation in the development of public sports is appropriate. The present research model can help the country's sports authorities to attract the participation of the private sector in the development of sport for all in the country.

The purpose of the study was pathology of physical education assessment. This study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of survey method, which was done with Delphi technique (with two purposes of exploration and explanation of relationships). The statistical population in the qualitative part included documents and library resources and 16 physical education specialists, and in the quantitative part, they consisted of physical education teachers in the first secondary school over the country. The research sample consisted of 544 physical education teachers over the country who were selected by stratified sampling method from 32 provinces. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The results showed that the conditions of assessment in schools were with the most damage and in a weak level, and the assessment manual and teacher’s assessment literacy were reported as moderate. In the assessment manual, the elements of purpose, content, assessment method and scoring more than the hypothetical average, the elements of the assessor less than the hypothetical average, and the components of the principles and tools of assessment were within the hypothetical mean. In the implementation of assessment, the elements of space and equipment, cooperation and supervision were lower than the hypothetical average and the component of organizing was higher than the hypothetical average. In teacher assessment literacy, the elements of knowledge, skills, interpretation and critical interaction were in the hypothetical mean range.Findings of this study help to planners in correcting manual, teachers in upgrading assessment literacy, and experts and managers in eliminating the shortcomings and providing favorable conditions for the implementation of assessment.

The purpose of this study was to review and analyze Student Sports Olympiads and provide a model. The research method was qualitative with a systematic approach during three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Participants were purposefully selected, and the selection continued to the point of data saturation. Finally, 21 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted both in person and virtually. Documents, reports and articles related to the subject were also studied. After analyzing the interviews, 22 factors were identified that were included in the axial coding in the form of paradigm model. The Sports Olympiads were considered as core category. Causal factors included national team formation, health, improving infrastructure, and demonstrations and gatherings. Context conditions consisted of the attention of the National Federation of University Sports, research and needs assessment, the presence and support of stakeholders, environmental factors and financial sponsors. Intervention condition included training expert human resources, review of regulations, financial resources, and technical factors. According to experts’s point of view, the most important strategies were the choice of disciplines, marketing, hosting selection, managerial factors, planning and financial resources, and their consequences were the development of social capital, structural and managerial development, technical development, and cultural development of student sports. In the selective coding stage, a model for organizing Student Sports Olympiads was presented so that it can reduce costs and increase productivity as well as make changes in holding qualification competitions and selecting different sports disciplines.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the successful implementation of the general physical education course. This study used a qualitative methodology and the grounded theory. For data collection, in-depth and open interviews were used. The statistical population included experts on physical education, senior managers of physical education of Ministry of Science and Technology, heads of physical education and science department, lecturer of physical education as well as faculty members who have articles and research on the subject. 18 subjects were selected for interviews by theoretical and snowball sampling methods. To analyze the data, open axial and selective coding were used. To ensure validity, the findings of this study were presented to professors to express their views on the consistency of the findings with their experiences to researchers.  In addition, more participatory reflection was done by the research group at different stages of the study on the identified themes. The results of the interview showed that the indicators affecting the successful implementation of the general unit of physical education, included causal factors (active education), challenges (educational challenges, infrastructure), contexts (managerial thinking), strategies (structuring, improvement), consequences (health, life satisfaction). Therefore, it is suggested that the existing challenges regarding the efficiency of the physical education unit implementation model using leadership, structuring and improvement strategies can create health and life satisfaction for students

Enjoying the benefits of physical activity requires having an active lifestyle and continuous participation in various types of physical activity, especially leisure time physical activity, and ultimately its institutionalization in individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify effective factors on institutionalizing leisure time physical activity and presenting a model. The research method was mixed in type of exploratory that was performed in two parts: qualitative, quantitative, and field method. The statistical population in the qualitative and quantitative sections were all people who had continuous physical activity for 5 years in their leisure time. The interview was conducted with 16 people by snowball method until theoretical saturation was achieved in the qualitative section. According to Morgan table, 384 people were selected through convenience sampling. The collection tools in the qualitative part was the interview and in the quantitative part was the questionnaire from the interview. Their validity and reliability were examined. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis and second-order confirmatory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that a total of 27 factors have an impact on the institutionalization of leisure time physical activity that by recognizing, planning and creating mechanisms for operationalization of these factors can facilitate the process of institutionalization of leisure time physical activity in the community and witnessed a healthy and dynamic society.