نشریه پژوهش های زبانی و ادبیات کاربردی
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Researchers of French theory of comparative literature have identified categories for this field to apply more effective methods of comparative literature research with specified classification.Since doing the applied and systematic research in the field of comparative literature requires familiarity with the theory and methodology and because of the large number of comparative literature studies in Iran which are based on French theory or claiming to apply this theoretical approach, it is necessary to clarify the subjects and fields of research of comparative literature based on French theory. The purpose of this paper is to study the fields of research in French theory of comparative literature and explain the methodology of research in each field. By specifying the subject field, it is possible to recognize and apply the theoretical foundations of comparative literature studies in Iran to provide scientific researches and prevent the repetition of shortcomings.

Iranian epic literature during the Parthian and Sassanid eras to post-Islamic Iran is divided into two branches, East and West. There is no information about the epic works of Western Iran in the first centuries of Islam, but Shahmardan Ibn Abi al-Khair in his book Nozhatnameh Alaei introduces three epic works of Pahlavi's poem, Shahname of Piroozan and Rostam Larjani's book that appeared in the beginning of the fifth century AH in western Iran. Piroozan translated his work from Pahlavi language into Dari Persian and brought the two periods of Pishdadian and Kianian kingdoms along with many stories by Rostam and Faramarz. From a structural point of view, the Shahname of the Piroozan has a structure similar to the structure of Avestan narratives and Pahlavi texts, which is also reflected in the Shahname of Abolmoayedi. Rostam Larjani's book was probably the poetic form of Shahname Piroozan along with the local history of western Iran up to the time of the poet and in Gorani language, which can be the source of epic narrations left in Gorani language in western Iran.

In the pre-classical period, canonical literature was reserved for the elites of society and popular literature was reserved for the general public, and popular literature was mainly oral. In modern times, popular literature has attracted a large audience through writing. With the spread of public literacy, the expansion of the printing industry and as a result the emergence of the press, this trend in Iran was created and expanded. In the present article, after presenting a definition of popular novel and the causes and contexts of its emergence in Iran, based on paradigm shifts, we have tried to focus on one period in its history which spans the last one hundred years in our country. Accordingly, the history of popular novels in our country is divided into four periods, which are the proposed periods, respectively, the years 11908-1941; 21941-1953; 3. 1953-1979; 4. 1979 onwards.

According to new scientific approaches, the language of poetry is not only one-sided but also multi-faceted language with very cogent categories. The subject of the flow ology of poetry is worth considering because it can crystallize the extent of the emergence of socio-historical developments from behind poetic intellectual ideas. Nearly 200-year-old textual evidence shows that Baluchi poetry has gone through long historical ups and downs that can be categorized into three generalities. The period of epics and love poems, the period of Mullah Fazel and the era of the transformation of poetic structure. This research tries to deal with this issue with the help of library study tools and analytical methods Has the poetry of the modern age been able to develop in accordance with social, historical and political social issues and create a change in both levels of form and content? In general, the result of the research shows that the poetry of the modern age, although somewhat faithful to its previous context, has changed significantly both in terms of form and theme and has been influenced by global and national consequences.

Insofar as the cognitive poetics deals with how the mind expresses itself, and due to the inventive personal capabilities of expression in poetry, it has taken an emergent prominent status in the literary world today. As such, this study aims to examine Drago Štambuk’s poetry, the contemporary Croat, to expand the language and culture by analyzing a poet’s viewpoints and mental processes of another culture. In this vein, a cognitive approach is applied in a way that the universality of the thought lines and sensibilities are realized in a palpable way. For this purpose, some cognitive means such as the poet’s lived experience, metaphor and schemata, transitive/intransitive verb, figure and ground, and the embodiment of concepts have been selected to create a threefold bond between the lived experience from one hand and literature and the mind on another. This cognitive means will lead us to the Poet's viewpoint toward the problems of the modern time.The passages are interpreted based on the close-reading and the descriptive method in this study.

The knowledge of narratology is one of the new topics in the field of literature. Narrative Abstract: is a set of events that make up human life, and each story is a narrative of events, One of the leading theorists in this field is Algerdas Julien Garmas, whose action model, narrative chains and semantic square are the result of his studies in the field of structuralism and literary studies. The purpose of this study is to match this lyrical effect with the presented patterns of Garmas. The purpose of this study is to match this lyrical effect with the presented patterns of Garmas. The result of this research, which is based on description and analysis and has been done in a library manner, shows that the lyrical story of "Hani and Shimrid" has a significant structural and narrative pattern and can be studied and analyzed in the form of Garmas theory.

The narrator's authority, which is in the realm of the rhetorical influence of the narrative power, causes us to accept her/his evaluation under the influence of the traditional perceptions and expectations of our minds without thinking. Recognizing the signs of instability of this authority leads to the unreliability of the narrator. The present article has identified the narrator's confidence in a short story of Goli Targhi entitled "Elsewhere" by identifying the rhetorical tools of "distance", "voice" and "focalization". We have also examined some linguistic signs, including negative modalities, which indicate skepticism. This story was chosen because of the narrator's claim that the narration of the events is based on documents, evidence and based on the recollection of the narrator's past memories in order to evaluate its authenticity or unreliability. This story has been studied in a descriptive-analytical way, which reveals the narrator's doubts by distancing the narrator from the events and characters.

The application of the lexicon of any language in the social behavior of any society is somehow an indicator for their actions and reactions in relation with each other. It is evident that the social behavior of human beings fit in two positive and negative connotations in general. For instance, encouragements and good blessings fit under the category of positive connotations and insults and curses under the category of negative connotations. As the reflection of some words with negative connotations in Balochi language is evidently clear in the social behavior of the Baloch, in this article a collection of 125 words was gathered accidentally from the central region of Iranian Balochistan. Then with a descriptive approach, the gathered collection was surveyed based on its linguistic structures and semantic applications under two titles, insults and curses, respectively. Findings show that the frequency of Blaochi words with Iranian origin is many more in proportion to loan words, and their linguistic structures and semantic applications represent a historical fixation of them in linguistic society of Baloch nation. Secondly, through the findings of this article and similar cases, one can recognize parts of Baloch people linguistic behavior in a social approach whose results can be used in linguistic, literary, folkloric, anthropological, and ethnological studies.

Poetry and song have a special place in the oral literature of Kormanji in North Khorasan, because it is created by the minds of the people who live with it. It has been formed according to the culture, indigenous information, customs, emotions and beliefs of the people. It has been formed according to the culture, indigenous information, customs, emotions and beliefs of the people. Especially for mothers, which is actually a way to express their pains and sufferings. Complaining about the unfaithfulness of a friend, complaining about the times, the world's unfaithfulness, expressing the sadness of the heart, the illness of a friend, the sadness of a child, moving away from home, going abroad to look for a friend, and expressing love and affection. Because the audience of these poems are common people and the poem wants to communicate with such an audience, therefore it reflects the feelings of these people. The images used in these poems, like their themes, are very simple and natural, and all are derived from the elements of natural and simple life of village People.

The myth of the Hero's Journey is one of the various myths around the world. In this myth, the hero and his dangerous journey are considered a repeated aspect of the story. This research tries to present a narrative pattern or schema for many Hero's Journey myths. This pattern includes a four-sided journey: at the first hero will be banished or deported, in the second stage, he encounters dangers and barriers, on the third stage he will be rescued by a savior, and finally, he victoriously returns to his homeland or his status. This article tries to access different forms and strategies for the hero's Journey myth and to compare the four main aspects of the aforementioned pattern in Iranian and legends around the world, such as Siyāvash, Zāl, Dārāb, Cyrus, Perseus,. This research shows that all or most of these narrative patterns have an almost similar narrative-structural pattern.

In this research, the lexical and phonetic part of the dialects of 60 cities and villages of Gheshm Island has been studied. Gheshm Island is a good example for dialect research due to its geographical location and having many dialects. The research method in the present study was a combination of field and descriptive methods and linguistic materials were collected by guided collection method. In this method, researchers entered the field with a predetermined tool, a questionnaire. They have extracted the desired by conducting interviews with speakers. The questionnaire was based on the national plan of the Iranian Language Atlas, which includes 105 words and phrases and 36 sentences (in this study, only the words section was used). The results of this study showed that the dialects of this island have not been significantly influenced by standard Persian and the lexical varieties is high; So that some words have up to 10 equivalents. Phonetic processes were also very common.