مجله مهندسی آبیاری و آب ایران
پیاپی 50 (زمستان 1401)

Vertical velocity distribution at hydraulic jump is one of the challenging and significant issues among researchers because of the complexity of measurement and calculations. In this research, the application of the SVM and GEP intelligent models has been considered to determine the vertical velocity profile at the submerged hydraulic jump downstream of a sluice gate. Laboratory measured data of number 312 has been used in the simulation. Using dimensional analysis, dimensionless input parameters were introduced to models including  upstream Froud number (Fr1), Tail water Froud number (Fr3), the ratio of upstream flow depth to the tailwater depth , the ratio of the gate opening to the channel width , and the ratio of vertical distance from the channel bed to the channel width . Using the gama test, all five parameters were determined as the optimum combination to simulate velocity profile. Of two Nu-SVM and C-SVM classification models, the first one was opted as optimum model of the SVM algorithm with RBF Kernel function with the setting parameters γ and Nu of values 1.2 and 0.486, respectively. The performance of the Nu-SVM and the GEP intelligent,models were assessed using statistical criteria. The results showed that the values of (RMSE, R2, ) indices for the test phase of the Nu-SVM and the GEP algorithms are (0.09588,0.9770,0.4489) and (0.1161,0.9718,0.3588) respectively; illustrating the superiority of the Nu-SVM algorithm. Also, according to the gana test, the arrangment of the effective dimensionless parameters on the velocity profile is , Fr1, , Fr3 and .

Environmental quality and health safety assessment often require prediction of solute transport in rivers. The process of moving suspended sediment in rivers acts like contamination. In this study, the transient storage model (TSM) was used to simulate the contamination transport in dense flow conditions (with suspended sediments). OTIS-P numerical model and Temporal Moment analysis (TM) were used to solve the transient storage model (TSM) and the breakthrough curves (BTCs) were simulated. Grain material with an average diameter (D50) of 11.85 mm and the porosity (n) of 0.28 were used to create a sedimentary bed. Experiments of tracer material (NaCl) were performed in a flume with a length of 12 m, a width of 0.5 m and a height of 0.7 m applying three different flow discharges (10, 12.5 and 15 l/s). In order to create dense flow conditions, suspended sediments with initial concentrations of 187500 ppm (SC1) and 375000 ppm (SC2) were injected. Experimental results showed that the existence of suspended sediment in the stream (dense flow conditions) increased the medium residence time (MRT) of contamination in the main stream. The results of numerical solution showed that storage zone exchange coefficient (α) in dense flow conditions was 1 to 3.2 times the storage zone exchange coefficient (α) compared to clear flow conditions. The results of numerical solution showed that the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Dx) in dense flow conditions was 2 to 7 times the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Dx) compared to clear flow conditions. The BTCs simulated by the OTIS-P numerical model and the temporal moment analysis (TM) were highly agreement with the laboratory BTCs with the Nash-Sutcliffe index between 0.89 to 0.97 and 0.89 to 0.95.In natural rivers with high concentrations of suspended sediment, hyporheic exchanges have an important role in the transport of contamination. Therefore, the use the transient storage model (TSM) is recommended instead of the analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation (ADE).

Simulation of dam failure as well as flood investigation can be used by dam operators. In the present study, the flood zoning due to the piping of Ghare Aghach earth dam in 3 different scenarios that lead to the failure of the dam has been investigated in HEC-RAS software. All parameters due to dam failure were calculated using Froehlich equations. Finally, the flow rate calculated from Froehlich method with the observed flow rate from HEC-RAS software was statistically analyzed. The results showed that the highest peak flow observed due to dam failure in HEC-RAS software is related to the third scenario and is equal to 8935.64 cubic meters per second. However, the lowest peak flow observed due to dam failure in HEC-RAS software is related to the first scenario and is equal to 8231.78 cubic meters per second. Linked results of HEC-RAS software with the Google Earth model show that the highest flooding area occurred in the third scenario and was approximately equal to 22.8 square kilometers and the lowest flooding area is related to the first scenario and approximately equal to 21.8 square kilometers. Correlation due to dam failure using the Froehlich method and the observed peak flow using HEC-RAS software equal to 0.9968 which indicates high accuracy of modeling. Calibration and applaying the linked results of the hydraulic modeles of failure dam as well as HEC-RAS with GIS sofware can be useful in downstream flood zoning for water crisis management.

Vertical screens are energy dissipaters that can be used downstream of small hydraulic structures such as vertical drops. In the present study, the effect of the height of the screens on the downstream of the vertical drop has been investigated numerically. For this purpose, three relative heights of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 for the screens and the relative critical depth range between 0.12 and 0.42 have been selected. For numerical modeling, Flow-3D software with two turbulence models   and  and three types of meshing has been used. The results showed that the  turbulence model was better performance than    model in comparison with experimental results. Also, the results of using screens with different heights in the downstream of the vertical drop showed that these plates increase the relative energy dissipation and relative depth of the downstream by 176% and 94% respectively compared to the simple vertical drop. Investigating of the increase in energy dissipation efficiency, it can be seen that the screens with relative heights of 0.4 and 0.6 dissipates more energy by reducing the immersion rate of the hydraulic jump compared to the overall mesh plate. Finally, the vertical drop equipped with screen with a relative height of 0.4 with a decrease of 66.3 and 10.3 percent of the Froude number of downstream and an increase of 187 and 2.8 percent relative energy consumption, had the best performance compared to the simple drop and vertical drop equipped with an overall screen, respectively.

The monitoring of an earth dam refers to the dam’s performance in different construction stages, starting with impoundment followed by the exploitation period, which can be achieved in different fields such as seepage and subsidence analysis. This research analyzed Karkheh storage dam’s seepage behavior using the finite element method under various scenarios assuming saturated flow, saturated-unsaturated flow, and saturated-unsaturated flow under consolidation in steady and unsteady conditions. The 17-year data obtained from the Karkheh dam’s piezometer instrumentation in five sections of the dam’s body and foundation were used to improve the accuracy of the parameters and adapt the analyses results to the actual dam conditions. Subsequently, seepage analysis comprising calibration and validation of the numerical model in two-dimensional and three-dimensional states using Seep/w and Seep3D software was conducted under the considered scenarios. Finally, a complete numerical model was obtained based on the actual dam conditions. The results show that three-dimensional flow analysis in the unsteady state under consolidation is more accurate than the two-dimensional state with a 23.5% lower error rate than the 2D approach.

The occurrence of hydraulic problems during the repair of reservoirs in water distribution networks (WDN) is inevitable. In such cases, one of the reliable methods for water supply is emergency connection between pressure zones. However, the original design based on separated zone, loses its effectiveness and in some places, the WDN will face to increase and decrease in allowable pressure and even flow interruption. Therefore, in this study, the network analysis and determination of optimal 24-hour rule curve of pressure reduce valve (PRV) during an emergency connection between pressure zones, has been taken to reduce hydraulic difficulties. First, a computer model based on VB programming language was developed in which the network is analyzed by using slope matrix method. By linking mentioned model with the code that prepared for optimization by NSGA-II, the optimal rule curve of PRV in Ezgele WDN was determined. The results showed that in the case which lower zone reservoir become out of service and connecting node 12 of the higher zone with node 41 of the lower zone, it is necessary to install a pressure reduce valve on the outlet pipe of the higher reservoir. The optimal rule curve which was calculated during the day showed that the operating range of the pressure reduce valve is between 8 and 25 meters. The results also showed that when the higher zone reservoir is out of service during the maximum consumption, despite the connection between two zones, nodes 13 and 37 faces to absolute flow interruption and about 28% of the network suffers from pressure deficiencies in comparison to minimum allowable pressure.

Spur dikes are structures that constructed for protection of the river walls against the erosion. Spur dikes are generally built perpendicular or at an angle to the river bank or revetment, protruding into the watercourse. The effect of the geometrical characteristics of the hockey spur dikes on formation developing of scour hole has been rarely studied. Spur dikes. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of the length of the hockey spur dike on the formation and development of scour hole and comparing with that effect in L-shaped spur dike. In this direction, all experiments were done in clear water conditions using the spur dikes in length of 8 cm and 12 cm and in a laboratory flume. The results asserted that the dimensions of the scour hole and the length and thickness of the sedimentary hill were increased by raising the length of the spur dike. However, this increment was lower in hockey spur dike than the L-shaped spur dike. The maximum depth, area and the volume of the scour hole were also increased by raising the length of the spur dikes. This increment in-average was equal to 57.5 and 67.7 per cent in L-shaped spur dikes and equal to 33.3 and 42 per cent in hockey spur dikes for two different lengths of spur dikes. Furthermore, no scouring was observed in downstream section of the hockey spur dikes near the wall. Therefore, the dimensions of the scour hole around the hockey spur dike was lower than those in the L-shaped spur dikes.

Modelling the SSY in Ardabil Province watersheds using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was the aim of the present study. The available suspended sediment data of 29 watersheds were used to develop the SSY estimation models through validation by six watersheds. The 15 different physiographic, climatic, geomorphic, geological variables were used in the modeling after applying PCA. Finaly, the MRA models were evaluated based on the percentage of error, and Adj-R2 as statistical measures. The results of PCA showed that the first four principal component explain about 86.39% of the total variance, which were selected as the main components for MRA input variables. The most influencial variables includes main river length, maximum precipitation, maximum elevation, and area. According to the results the Best Model with maximum height and maximum precipitation variables, Forward and Stepwise methods with perimeter variable, the Backward method with minimum elevation and maximum elevation, area, perimeter, total main stream length, maximum precipitation, mean precipitation, annual precipitation, and sensitive geological formations were selected. According to the Backward model, Minimum elevation (0.073), maximum elevation (0.001), area (0.002), perimeter (0.053), total river length (0.01), maximum precipitation (0.001), mean precipitation (0.008), and erosive geologic formations (0.082) were the final significant parameters in estimation of SSY. The drainage density and vegetation cover were excluded from the modelling process and the selected variables had a great impact on SSY over the study area, and the results can be generalized to the ungauged watersheds to SSY estimation.

One of the components of watershed water balance, which is very important in watershed management and water resources management, is runoff. Appropriate estimation of runoff value requires determining Runoff Coefficient (RC). This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-criteria decision-making methods in order to estimate the RC in Amameh watershed, Iran. To do this, at first, slope angle, vegetation (land use), hydrologic soil groups, maximum daily rainfall and area of the study area layers was entered into geographic information system (GIS). After performing the necessary processing on the layers, it were converted to raster formats based on the study area boundary. In the next step, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) structure was established based on the research purpose. The weighted index values for each layer and their different classes were then determined based on the weighted index of the AHP by Expert Choice software. Based on these five criteria, three models were made. Therefore in model 1, slope angle, vegetation (land use) and  hydrologic soil groups; in model 2, maximum daily rainfall, area of the study area and hydrologic soil groups and in model 3,  soil infiltration and area of the study area were used. The estimated RCs were then estimated based on weight for each criteria in each model. The estimated RC with the observed RC, which have been measured using the Kamphorst rainfall simulator at 60 points in different land uses with an intensity of 60 mm hr-1 for 90 min, were compared. The obtained results showed that the second model with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) coefficient of 0.59 and root mean squares error (RMSE) of 0.363 had a better efficiency than the other two models. In general, the results showed that the AHP method due to its simplicity, the application of qualitative and quantitative criteria simultaneously and the ability to assess compatibility in judgments can be used in the study of RC.

Evaporation is one of the main components of the water cycle in nature, which plays a key role in agricultural studies, hydrology, meteorology, reservoir operation, irrigation and drainage systems design, irrigation scheduling and water resources management. In this study, eight types of meteorological parameters as inputs for estimating evaporation from the pan by artificial neural network for four meteorological stations around Shahid Rajaei Dam were investigated. Meteorological data were collected for ten years from 4 stations around Shahid Rajaei Dam. The results of statistical criteria of the models, distribution diagram and daily evaporation rate were estimated and observations showed that the neural network method was able to estimate the daily evaporation in the four stations with good accuracy. However, the best structure of neural network models for stations of Soleiman Tangeh, Sari Office, Frime Sahra and Telamadreh with seven input variables, one hidden layer and 12, 8, 10 and 12 neurons, respectively, were selected according to MSE and R2 criteria. MSE and R2 criteria were selected. The correlation coefficients for daily data in Soleiman tangeh, Sari, Sahra and Telmadreh stations were extracted 0.88, 0.91, 0.92 and 0.89, respectively. Also, the results of monthly evaporation simulation showed that the artificial neural network method was able to calculate the monthly evaporation with correlation coefficients of 0.98, 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with 95% confidence level for Soleiman Tangeh, Sari office, Frime Sahra and Telamadreh stations, respectively.

Estimation and simulation of precipitation is considered as one of the most issues in the field of hydrology. In this study, for the first time, the long-term rainfall in Babolsar city during a 68 years period from 1951 to 2019 was predicted by using an optimized hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) technique. To end this, the gene expression programming (GEP) model was combined with the wavelet transform. To training the AI models, 70% of the observed values were utilized and 30% of these values were used to testing those models. Additionally, the autocorrelation function (ACF) was applied to identify the most influential lags and then six GEP models were developed by means of these detected lags. The number of optimized genes was selected to be four. In addition, the Multiplication function was introduced as the best linking function of the GEP model. The superior GEP model was introduced through a sensitivity analysis that the correlation coefficient (R) and scatter index (SI) for this model were calculated to be 0.571 and 0.792, respectively. The (t-1), (t-2), (t-12), and (t-36) time series lags were introduced as the most effective input lags. The coif was detected as the best mother wavelet to simulate the target function. The hybrid WGEP model simulated the values of rainfall with acceptable accuracy. In the other words, the wavelet transform enhanced the performance of the GEP model significantly. For instance, the value of variance accounted for (VAF) for the GEP and WGEP models were respectively computed to be 31.710 and 82.064

Conversion of organic matter of municipal waste into compost and its use in agriculture, in addition to reducing pollution and improving the quality of the environment can be effective in improving soil fertility. In this study, the effect of different amounts of this type of compost on yield components, grain yield, oil percentage, nitrogen use efficiency and green water use efficiency of winter canola was investigated under a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The required experiments were conductrd during a canola growing season in a research farm in Sari city in Mazandaran province. Experimental treatments were compost application at the rate of 10 and 25 tons per hectare (C10 and C25), chemical fertilizer consumption at the rate of 500 kg per hectare (F500), two combined treatments at 0.5 tons of compost per hectare with 400 kg of chemical fertilizer per hectare (C0 .5F400) and 0.2 tons of compost per hectare with 400 kg of chemical fertilizer per hectare (C0.2F400) and control treatment (Control). At the end of the growing season, number of plants per square meter, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, nitrogen uptake by the plant and canola oil content were measured and analyzed by SAS software. Also, the green water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were calculated. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the treatments significantly affected on the number of lateral branches, number of pods, number of plants and grain yield was significant. The highest number of lateral branches per plant and the highest number of plants were obtained in F500 and C25 treatments, respectively. The number of pods and grain yield in F500 treatment were significantly different from its value in control and C10 treatments. The highest amount of seed oil was related to F500 treatment, which was significantly different from the control treatment. The highest green water use efficiency was related to F500 treatment followed by and C25. The use of 25 tons of compost per hectare increased the water use efficiency by 0.49 kg/m3 compared to the control treatment. Based on the results, municipal waste compost can be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers for winter canola cultivation in paddy lands.

Iran's location in the arid and semi-arid belt of the world has doubled the importance of managing the country's water resources. The amount of water that is wasted through evaporation from dams is sometimes more than the amount of water that is used to produce agricultural products. Objectives Investigating the effect of phoenix in preventing surface evaporation of open reservoirs by considering environmental, operational, technical and economic indicators in laboratory dimensions is one of the objectives of this research.Research method The research was conducted at the meteorological site of Bo Ali Sina University in Hamedan and repeated the experiment twice in March 2017 and November 2018. In experiment No. 1 and 2, 2 plastic pans with a diameter of 400 mm and a depth of 130 mm and 2 standard evaporation pans (filled with Hamedan city water) were used, one pan as a control and the other pan with a 5/5 diameter ring. 6 cm, covered.The results show a direct relationship between the amount of evaporation and the covered surface, and the magnitude of the average of the control compared to the sample indicates more evaporation in the control. In the Student's t-test, the average of the sample and the control for test number 1 is equal to 0.17 and 0.44 and also for test number 2 is equal to 0.18 and 0.75. The fact that the level of significance is smaller than 0.05 indicates that there is a significant difference between the tested samples from a statistical point of view. The results indicate that the phoenix material is effective in reducing evaporation and this material can be used to manage evaporation in water sources.

Construction of water pumping stations (WPS) is one of the most important development projects in rural areas, which are built to draw water from the water supply source, transfer canal water to a higher level or drain the drainage flow. However, most stations faced serious problems and challenges. So, the purpose of this study is strategic planning to revive the project of WPS in Qomsheh village in Kermanshah. The dominant approach is quantitative. The statistical population were all agricultural operators covered by the water pumping station of Qomsheh Droud Faraman village (N=23) and related officials (N=10), which due to the small statistical population by the census method were studied. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire for both groups. The results of t-test showed that all 46 index studied are in unfavorable condition and have a significant difference with the average level of the scale 3. Then, in order to identify effective and critical reagents in the success of the project, the Eisenhower matrix was used. The results showed that 7 reagents are in the critical region of the matrix that are most important, but have low performance. These indicators are: the willingness of the villagers to cooperate with the authorities, improve the living-economic situation of the beneficiaries, create employment in the village, improve the income of the villagers, transfer part of the costs to the operator, specific land ownership, and Avoid duplication and repetition of past mistakes. The achievements of this research can be the basis for proper planning and policy-making to improve future projects of WPS in different villages.

Performance assessing and economic analysis of rainwater harvesting systems, which is one of the most effective methods to deal with the crisis of water scarcity, will lead to better management of these systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of rainwater harvesting systems, Musanejad dormitory and sports club buildings in Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Agriculture were selected as study areas. Then, the 22 years old daily precipitation data of the Chitgar Weather Station was prepared. System simulation was performed in Matlab software and reliability and overflow ratio of storage tanks were determined. The Genetic Algorithm was used to determine the optimal volume of the tanks of both buildings and finally, an economic analysis of these systems was carried out using the Net Present Value method and benefit-cost ratio. The results showed that the optimum volume of tanks for the Sports Club and Musanejad dormitory was 2,415 and 1 cubic meters, respectively. These tanks can store up to 82 and 120 cubic meters of water per year, respectively. The results also showed that the performance of rainwater harvesting systems was beneficial for the Musanejad dormitory but had no economic justification for the sports club due to low demand and high overflow.

The uneven distribution of water in the world has caused many countries to face water shortages. The lack of water has made the production of agricultural products a challenge. Water-scarce countries invest in the farms of water-rich countries as a strategy to provide needed agricultural products. This strategy is known as extraterritorial cultivation. The Hirmand watershed is facing limited water resources due to its dependence on the Hirmand transboundary stream from Afghanistan. In this research, the aim is to simulate the strategy of extraterritorial cultivation of agricultural products in order to manage water shortage in the Hirmand catchment area. In this regard, the Hirmand watershed was modeled using the WEAP model, and the current and future status of water resources and uses were simulated. Then the extraterritorial cultivation strategy was simulated as a scenario. Wheat, barley, and corn products were selected as the target of extraterritorial cultivation. The results showed that in the current situation, the Hirmand catchment area faces a water shortage of 582.812 million cubic meters per year, and 41.16% of the water demand in the Hirmand catchment area is not met. 72.42 percent of the total water shortage in the Hirmand catchment area is related to the agricultural sector, and 27.58 percent is related to the environmental sector. After applying the extraterritorial cultivation strategy, the water shortage in the agricultural sector is reduced by 93.89% and reaches from 364.524 million cubic meters per year to 22.242 million cubic meters. In the environmental sector, the water shortage will decrease by 95.19% from 219.911 million cubic meters per year to 10.570 million cubic meters per year. Applying the extraterritorial farming strategy has redistributed water resources in the Hirmand catchment area.

Dispersion is one of the most important measurable properties of porous media. This important parameter is used in the Advection–Dispersion transport equation related to pollutant transfer in the study of groundwater resources. In the past studies, the dispersion coefficient was considered a constant coefficient for the whole porous media, but many studies over the last few decades have shown that it depends on many parameters, including the transmission distance. Since most of these studies have been performed in homogeneous porous media, in this study, experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of transfer distances of 20, 50 and 80 cm on the dispersion coefficient in layered soils which containing coarse, medium and fine sand. The results of this study showed that at all transfer distance, the volume of porous water before reaching to the relative concentration of 0.5, reached to one and the rate of pollutant transfer decreased with increasing transfer distance. This result consistence with finding of other studies. Numerical modeling by HYDRUS- 2D model also showed that this model was able to calculate the value of diffusion coefficient for transmission distances of 20, 50 and 80 cm with RMSE error equal to 0.061, 0.063 and 0.057, respectively, which indicates its high accuracy in simulating and movement of pollutants in the porous media.

Climate change is inevitable and has different effects on water resources in each region. Due to the large population and high exploitation potentials in terms of agriculture, drinking, industry, etc., the study of the effects of climate change on the groundwater level of the Sari-Neka coastal aquifer is of great importance. In this regard, initially using the MODFLOW model, the quantitative model of groundwater in the region for the base period (from October 2010 to September 2014) was calibrated. The correlation coefficient of 0.98 in the unsteady state showed the high accuracy of quantitative modeling of the aquifer. Then, the LARS-WG model was calibrated for the base period (2000-2019). The correlation coefficient for precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature was 0.97, 0.99, and 0.99, respectively. Indicates the high accuracy of the calibrated model. To simulate the above climate parameters using CMIP5 models including HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, MPI-ESM-MR, EC-EARTH, and GFDL-CM3 under two emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the next period (2040-2021) was paid. In general, the results showed an increase in rainfall in most months of the year and relative changes in temperature in the future. Finally, the impact of climate change on the groundwater level of the region under different models and scenarios of CMIP5 for the future (2021-2040) was investigated. The results showed that in 8 of 10 cases, the groundwater level in the future period will be higher than the base period, which can be used for the development of agriculture and industry in the region.

Pollution and declining quality of water resources reduce usable water resources, weaken economic development and threaten human health. In this study, groundwater quality was studied and analyzed in Ardabil aquifer. For this purpose, 32 samples of groundwater sources in the Ardabil plain were collected and the concentrations of major ions, minor ions and some heavy metals were measured. Then, hydrogeochemical factors affecting the groundwater quality of the study area were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods, including correlation coefficients and factor analysis. According to the correlation matrix, the concentrations of metals such as arsenic, barium, scandium, silicon, zinc and vanadium indicated a little correlation with the main ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that the entry of these elements into groundwater is due to human activities. In factor analysis, the groundwater quality changes were affected by four main factors with 77.31% of the total variance of data in Ardabil plain. The results of factor analysis showed that the first factor was lithogenic, the second and third factors were lithogenic and anthropogenic, and the fourth factor was just anthropogenic. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic, barium, scandium, silicon, vanadium and zinc did not have a high correlation with the main ions, so the presence of these elements could be due to human activity. Also, the greatest effect on groundwater hydrochemistry in the study area was related to magnesium, sodium, calcium ions and electrical conductivity.

The hydrological and geomorphological changes in catchments is one of the most important challenges today. Analysis of hydrological time series such as groundwater level plays an important role in the behavior identification of them against various factors. In this study, the effect of wavelet based de-noising on the entropy of groundwater level time series in Ardabil plain has been investigated. Also, the effective sub-series of the groundwater level time series process were identified using three criteria: entropy, mutual information (MI) and linear correlation coefficient. The results showed that the entropy of the groundwater level time series increased using wavelet based de-noising method. The increase of entropy indicates an increase natural fluctuations in the groundwater level time series and thus indicates the occurrence of a favorable trend in it. Also, the results showed that MI and entropy criteria, due to nonlinear nature, can accurately demonstrate the dominant sub-series in the groundwater level process. A+D3 combination was considered as the dominant sub-series in most piezometers.

Climate change is one of the main issues in the 21st century and has been felt in many regions of world. The greatest impact of climate change is on the water resource sector. Ajichay, as one of the main agricultural areas and a source of water consumption around the Lake Urmia, has lost its efficiency as the supplier of water and is considered as the center of crisis due to changes in the climate, lack of precipitation, and human factors. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the impacts of water resources management scenarios for adaptation of climate change on water resources, cropping patterns and profits of farmers using a hydro-economic model. The HadCM3 model and LARS-WG downscaling were used to generate daily climatic data under the emissions of A2 scenario. The results showed that the average rainfall decreased in 38% under A2 emission scenario during 2018-2050 period. In the next period of 2018-2050, the average annual temperature will also increase by 2.5 °C compared to the baseline period. Changes in the cropping area due to climate change show that among the studied crops, bean had the highest reduction in cultivation, which stemmed from its high-water requirement. Results showed the profit in all the sub-bases had a rise after increasing irrigation efficiency scenario. Thus, applying increasing efficiency scenario, in addition to more useful and efficient use of allocated water, will also increase farmers' profits which offer a better situation than the other scenarios. Overall, the findings of the current study revealed that without changing the management strategies there would be a considerable reduction in water resource in near future. The analysis of scenarios revealed that policies alone cannot compensate for water problems and there is a need for plenty of scenario for optimum results.

Agriculture consumes the majority of the country's water. The control of irrigation time and the use of suitable irrigation technology are extremely crucial due to the restricted quantity and quality of water resources in IRAN for plant development in desert regions. This paper's goal is to create and develop a sensor node-based control system that will provide an ideal intelligent drip irrigation system for agricultural products. Using the hardware components as a foundation, the software component of the project is developed and produced. The hardware component includes the control box, which is utilized to collect soil moisture data via soil moisture sensors to monitor the planting environment. The second component is a C++ application that is used to analyze soil moisture data for better management and to select the best drip irrigation plan. This technology was implemented and tested as a pilot in the Saravan Higher Education Complex Innovation Center in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The findings revealed that, in addition to lowering water consumption costs, timely irrigation management boosts agricultural product productivity.

The aim of this study is to investigate water pollution in the reservoirs of seasonal river dams and to provide management suggestions to reduce pollutions. In order to establish future management strategies, we examined the quality control of water parameters in seasonal rivers. Ghadruni dam basin is one of the sources of supplying the drinking water of two cities and has a special geographical position. With the increase in the population of the region due to its industrial nature, pollution can enter the reservoir in the near future. Due to using large amounts of chemical fertilizers in the lands around the seasonal rivers, we expect that runoffs from agricultural lands, which flow into seasonal watercourses, affect the quality of their water more than permanent rivers. Rural residential areas are located near these two rivers (Hotkan and Ghadruni). For this purpose, sampling of 6 stations on the dam feeding streams and the reservoir itself has been done. We measured the biological and chemical properties of the water; because they may change due to the entry of agricultural runoff. We measured chemical and biological parameters such as dissolved solids, Temperature, EC, PH, Turbidity, chloride, sulfate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, DO, COD, and nitrogen for one year, The obtained results were evaluated and analyzed. The results of studies show that the most important reasons for pollution in the Ghadruni dam basin is the impact of agricultural effluents and domestic and industrial sewage left in the system. Parameters such as EC - dissolved solids, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and chloride at the sampling stations had relatively high values. Also, PH values and water temperature were highly different, The problem of pollution in the dam, which is fed by the Ghadrun and Hotkan rivers, can be solved by collaboration between the respected organizations and water resources management plan in this basin.

Evaluation of the changes in river water quality plays key role in sustainable management of surface water resources. This study evaluates the river water quality of Sofi Chai River using the water quality index (WQI) from 1972 to 2016. Shannon's Entropy Method and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been used to determine the relative weight of water quality parameters and then these parameters have been compared with the weights provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Qualitative parameters of Electrical Conductivity (EC), acidity (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulfate (SO42-), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg2+) and sodium (Na+) have been used to evaluate the water quality of Soufi Chai River. The results of this study show TDS and EC in AHP and sodium, chlorine and sulfate in the Entropy Method are the most effective parameters on the water quality of Soufi Chai River. The average of Water Quality Indicator calculated by the weighting methods such as entropy, AHP and standard weighting of the WHO during the period of 1972 and 2016 are 13, 38 and 16, accordingly, which indicates that the water quality of Soufi Chai River is excellent.

The phenomenon of desertification occurs in a wide range of climates from arid and semi-arid to semi-humid regions and is caused by natural factors and improper human performance. The Yazdanabad watershed is an active center of desertification in Kerman province, Iran and has been subject to human activities and climatic changes, especially drought.The present research aims to study the desertification potential of the Yazdanabad watershed in Zarand, Kerman province using remote sensing data for a 20-year period from 2000 to 2020.Land use maps were first developed for 2000 and 2020. Then, the relationship between the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and the Albedo climatic index derived from TM and OLI Landsat images was used.Finally, using this relationship, the desertification divided index (DDI) was employed to derive different desertification classes.The results show that over 88% of the Yazdanabad watershed has been composed of bare land, which has shrunk over the studied periodwhereas saline land use, agricultural land use, and residential and man-made areas have expanded by about 94.39, 830.91, and 1106.30 ha, respectively.The mean annual trend of both SAVI and Albedo revealed the descending trend of the former and the ascending trend of the latter.The DDI-derived desertification classes in 2000 and 2020 show that over 88% of this plain is in the very severe and severe desertification classes. This means that the plain is extremely vulnerable to land changes and degradation given its climatic conditions and fragile vegetation cover.

Water on the one hand, deals with the health of people, and on the other hand, promotes economic prosperity. One of the important and determining factors in different uses of water is its chemical quality, and to manage these resources, it is necessary to obtain scientific sttudies and control them with full knowledge of groundwater systems, and chemical analysis of these waters is a suitable tool for quality assessment and water resource management. In this study, the data required to investigate the chemical quality of water in 17 aqueducts south of Nain in 2012, was abtained from the Regional Water Organization. Chemistry program was used to perform chemical quality analysis of water. After the studies and drawing the Schuler, Wilcox and Piper diagrams, the quality of the aqueducts was determined for drinking, agriculture and industry purposes. According to the Schuler diagrams, the aqueducts in question are no limited for drinking. Regarding water quality for agricultural uses (Wilcox chart), 6 aqueducts out of 17 aqueducts studied are unsuitable for agricultural use (very salty) and the rest of the aqueducts, are some suitable and some can be used for agriculture, and according to RSC of a total of 17 aqueducts, all in the appropriate, only the Feyzabad and Jamakan aqueducts are possible in the category. Regarding the industry, most of the aqueducts are part of the sedimentation group and only two aqueducts of Heydar Abad and Arand are in the corrosive category. In the south of Naein City, according to the results abtained to avoid irreparable damage, it needs proper and comprehensive management, and also to preserve and protect these waters, other studies are needed to have a proper understanding of the water hydraulic system.