مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار 1401)

Characters masque technique features a lofty technical value because the symbolic and dramatic dynamicity thereof in the contemporary literature has bestowed a lot of inspiring implications of the kind of inventive expressional loads to the words in the Arabic poems; these implications are capable of transcending beyond borders of the non-intermediated discourse that is close to tangible reality, so that a new situation which is interlaced with the poets’ values and traditions can be created. As a literary technique evolved from the call on the characters, this masque technique enjoys distinct methodical renderings in the poems of Solayman Al-Isa and, being inclined towards intermixing the present and past conditions, it compels the poets to express the pervasive challenges and problems in the depth of their experiences and incites them to fancifully react to the individual and social dramatic subjects in their periphery. Taking advantage of the purposive techniques forces the poets away from the mere narration of the past incidents and consecutive and transient calls on the characters in the margins, disguising the various characters with masques or getting close to beneath their masques. I helps to establish a sort of close interaction between the poets and the called-upon characters as well as between the poets’ contemporary conditions and the events of the societies before a given community. This study used a descriptive-analytical method to deal with the technical and implicative aspects of the archetypal characters’ masques in Solayman Al-Isa’s works and gain access through a sort of processing to many of the archetypal characters’ masques that might be pertinent to religious, literary, historical and folklore matters. Poets have defined special functions and methods for all of such archetypal characters’ masques. Consequently, they have become simply and easily capable of removing the wall between the distant temporal intervals between poets and their applied characters.

Contemporarily freedom has gained paramount importance with the emergence of intellectual movements. Political issues in societies resulted in committed literature so as to address the individual and social needs emerged in this new era. For instance, the works of such prominent writers as Mikhail Naimy and Ahmed Shamlou have left many works on the issue of human freedom. The aim of this research was seek the manifestations of Marxism, Christianity and intellectual progress in the works of Mikhail Naimy (1889) and Ahmad Shamlou (1925). It also endeavored to describe and analyze differences and similarities in the works of these writers in terms of these issues.The results showed various manifestations of Marxism, Christianity and intellectual progress in the two writers’ works. Additionally, the difference in the manifestation of these subjects resides in the very discourse they chose for their work. Naimay's goal in raising these issues was spiritual freedom and Shamlou's goal was social freedom. Naimy’s reading of the three issues in the modern era is in accordance with contemporary ideology and his works can be analyzed individually and cognitively based on virtue  (English modernity), but because of his character, the manifestation of Marxist philosophy will not be complete and practical in his works and will be established only in the stage of consciousness; therefore he is not considered a Marxist, but Shamlou’s reading of the three issues is consistent with the ideology of the modern age, and his work can be analyzed socially and politically in the context of American modernity.

Panoramic narration is one of the narrative patterns that have been employed in new Arabic novels. The new narrative form has a comprehensive and extended character and superior visual strength. It allows the narrator to create his novel based on the scenes and illustrative captures. It also helps him to speed up and disrupt the narration and delve into the details of the spoken material to reflect the ugliness of the material or its preference for more impact and confidence among the audience. Applying panoramic narration to Ahmed Saadawi’s novel Frankenstein in Baghdad, this article aimed to study this narrative pattern and its main characteristics in this novel that monitors some Iraqi issues in the current era. The study concluded that the novel has distinct characteristics in terms of the novelistic elements, approaching it with a panoramic narration. The narrator narrates the events according to the background or over-view observing them from a distance. It was also found that Saadawi describes the events and scenes in a comprehensive and realistic manner, as if they were running towards our eyes completell like the camera records. So we can see the visual power of the events clearly in the novel due to the possibility of panoramic narration in depicting things.

A legend is a story that narrates the life and culture of people and its origin is usually unknown. Myths denote the unconscious needs of human beings’ mind and speak to man and the world around him. Man is indebted to his past and his ancestors in all periods. That is why myths have been a source of inspiration for poets and writers and are frequently repeated in contemporary literature of various peoples because of the strength of their influence on souls. Contemporary Arab poetry is intertwined with myth in a way that can be considered employing the myth as one of its artistic phenomena. Contemporary Arab poets not only use myths and the quotation of the mythical times, but also they make changes in narrations and transform them into various forms to adapt them to the current conditions of their time. Teleological thinking has been employed in Fayez Khaddour's poems differently. The motivation behind doing this research is the invocation of the legendary pair Baal and Anat - Inanna and Dumuzid- Shamash and Jadela in his poems. At first, the mythological narratives and the elements associated with them were studied and then the mythical elements were explored in Fayez Khaddour's poems. Since Fayez is a painful poet and a scholar of the tragedy of Arabs, presenting himself as the poet of death and exerting his utmost intellectual efforts in reviving the eastern civilization, he tries to recreate his poetic experience using symbols associated with death and life. The results indicate a deep connection between the poet’s thought and the mythical elements of death and resurrection, but he uses them differently. He changes its narrative to show us the darkness in its effects on the social conditions in the Arab countries, including destruction and darkness. One of the poet’s most important goals for this mythological use can be referred to the transformation of semantic myths and their more application with the prevailing situation of Syrian society and other Arab countries.

The use of any literary phenomenon in poetry and prose is not in vain and without prior motivation, and the same is true about repetition. Repetition has become one of the clearest tricks for making news texts. Repetition also plays an important role in access to content of a text and the transmission of hidden meanings to the audience. It is a powerful strategic tool that makes the audience pay attention to the intended meaning of speakers or writers. This study analyzed the news texts of Al-Alam and Al-Arabiya channels by focusing on the role of repetition in highlighting meanings and its importance in drawing the audience's attention to specific meanings based on Van Dijk's theory. Al-Alam News Agency repeats words such as success, peaceful use and defense in its published news. Al-Arabiya also repeats such terms as non-peaceful, threat and extreme concern in its news, because putting words together in a news text creates a positive or negative image of Iran in the mind of the public. This research is important as repetition technique has been considered by various media in recent years for news related to Iran. The purpose of this media action is to convey a hidden message to the audience about Iran. So, the audience's awareness of the way of using this technique will increase their media literacy.

The readout of the mystical heritage has emerged clearly in literature, especially in a number of contemporary novels. This reveals spiritual developments among the story writers; those who seek to create knowledge based on abstract foundations. Some Arab novelists, specifically in the West, have employed the knowledge and mystical heritage in the resurrection of the modern Arab novel. The novel Jabal Qaf written Abd al-Elah ibn Arafa is a new novelistic experience that contains mystical dimensions from the title to its end, as the mystical vision has been mixed with the cognitive material on the one hand and linked to the symbolic and aesthetic connotations on the other hand. Taking a semiotic approach, this research sought mystical place as an epistemological concept in the thoughts Muhyi al-Din Ibn Arabi, through exploring the mystical spatial scenes in Jabal Qaf, which shows his ideas about the place and the mystical connotations manifested especially in the descriptive scenes of the market of Murcia city, the bookcase of the Sultan, and mosques such as Al-Aqsa Mosque as well as other situations like scenes conquest or in his talk about the East and the West. The study concluded that religious and mystical spaces and places dominated the Jabal Qaf novel, and gave it a spiritual character. The narrator has been able to imbue it with mystical connotations that he borrowed from the idea of the great philosopher Ibn Arabi. The study revealed that this refers to the religious background adopted by the narrator