نشریه کاوش های جغرافیایی مناطق بیابانی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Due to the phenomenon of urbanization, the types of land cover in urban areas have changed, which eventually leads to the formation of a distinct climate. Among these, urban heat islands are one of the most prominent phenomena in which some urban areas, especially city centers, will have temperatures several degrees warmer than the surrounding suburbs. Replacing the natural ground cover with paving, structures, asphalt and other urban constructions will eliminate the cooling effects of natural surfaces; So that by changing the pattern of local winds, enhancing the growth of clouds and fog, increasing the amount of lightning and the impact on rainfall, will change the climatic and local weather conditions. One of the most important parameters in the study of the heat island in the city is the Land surface temperature (LST). In general, surface temperature measurements are performed by meteorological stations, including synoptic and climatology. It should also be noted that meteorological stations are only able to measure temperature in certain places where they are already installed. What is considered as a major shortcoming in monitoring the surface temperature is the lack of sufficient meteorological stations to know the temperature values in places without stations. The aim of this study is extracting the surface temperature in Qom city in the period of 1379 and 1399, the temporal and spatial changes of land surface temperature using spatial statistics and finally identifying the critical environmental areas in Qom city.

For spatial monitoring of heat island in Qom city, first Landsat satellite images of ETM+ and OLI/TIRS sensors related to Qom city (row 165 and route 36) for the years 2000 to 2020 (9 images) related to September in Clear weather conditions (cloud cover less than 1%) were obtained from glovis.usgs.org. In the first step after taking the images, all the required corrections, including atmospheric correction and radiometric correction were applied to the images. In the second step, one of the most valid methods, namely the Split Window algorithm, was used among the various methods for calculating the ground surface temperature, such as single-window, single-band and Sabal algorithms. In the next step, global Moran and local Moran’s I indices were used to analyze spatial autocorrelation and Gi* statistic was used to analyze hot and cold spots. Finally, to determine the urban environmental status, the deductive method of urban Environmental Criticality Index (ECI) was used.

According to the results, it was found that from 2000 to 2020, low and very low temperatures correspond to green space and vegetation, medium temperatures correspond to urban uses and high and very high temperatures correspond to the outskirts of the city and barren lands. . To determine the type of spatial correlation between land surface temperature in the two years, the global Moran spatial autocorrelation index was used. Based on the results of global Moran analysis, in both years (2000 and 2020) it was found that there was autocorrelation between the data and the data were distributed as clusters with high concentration in space. In order to show spatial changes and provide a clear picture of the distribution of temperature values in the city of Qom, the local Moran’s I index was used. According to results, the distribution of points in the obtained years has been such that high clusters in the two years 2000 and 2020 were on the outskirts of Qom. These clusters in both studied years corresponded to barren lands which had an increasing trend during the study period. Examining the Environmental Criticality Index, it was found that due to the creation of heat zones and the occurrence of a steep heat slope around the city over time, high-sensitivity zones in the study period around the city had an increasing trend. Examining the NDVI map, it can be clearly seen that the highest environmental sensitivities occurred in low value NDVI values and the lowest environmental sensitivities occurred in reverse values.

By spatial and temporal monitoring of the heat islands in Qom, it was determined that during a period of 21 years (2000 to 2020), the temperature around the city compared to the internal temperature has had an increasing trend. In other words, it can be said that the areas of hot heat peninsula are formed on the outskirts of the city and cold heat islands are formed in the center of Qom city. Existence of green space inside the city, existence of dry and barren lands around the city, semi-arid climate, etc. have caused the areas around the city to have a trend of increasing temperature, and as a result, the central areas of the city due to their low temperatures relative to the surrounding areas appear as cold heat islands.

Civilization is the lifestyle of a group of people who lived in a geographical area in a historical period and had common goals and had special achievements. Lifestyle is an essential element of civilization. Civilization is a function of factors that either accelerate its movement or prevent it from moving in the right direction. In this regard, the factors affecting the formation of civilizations can be examined in two parts, natural parameters affecting the formation of civilizations: geographical location, topography, fault, climate, hydrology, lithology , Direction of slope, river, precipitation, temperature, humidity, slope, altitude, geological structure, water resources, soil and land capability are the most important natural factors. The effect of these factors is not only very obvious on the establishment of human settlements, but also on the spirits and physical characteristics of different people. Human parameters affecting the formation and continuity of civilizations, including the establishment and stability of social interactions and trade and trade relations, creating conditions for permanent residence in the area and non-displacement of the most important human parameters affecting the formation of civilizations. Many people know Kerman province as a historical place, but in fact this province is the birthplace of ancient and prehistoric civilizations, each of which is more than six thousand years old. The existence of rich archeological sites such as the Art civilization in the south of Kerman and Khabis in Shahdad has been an example of surprising and astonishing resources for archaeologists. The ancient evil civilization on the shores of the Lut plain became one of the oldest human settlements of the fourth and early third millennium BC, which later proved the existence of the evil civilization (Shahdad).

This research is applied in terms of nature and semi-experimental in terms of method. The method used in this historical research is exploratory, which was performed using documentary and archaeological data and reconstruction of past environmental conditions in the study area. Library methods, documentation, archaeological studies, geomorphological evidence, topographic maps, digital elevation model (DEM) and climatic data of meteorological stations were used to collect data. Reconstruction of past environmental conditions was performed using field evidence, empirical relationships, and GIS. In order to achieve the main factors in the formation of civilizations (natural and human) and their cause and effect, the Dynamics of Systems and Software (VENSIM) method was used.

Unlike most prehistoric centers in the Middle East that have housed various civilizations for thousands of years, the Shahdad civilization was forced by nature in different millennia in a new location near the original site. Was formed. According to this routine, the remains of these ancient civilizations from the fifth millennium BC to the present day, are scattered in a large area. The current situation and their influence on each other showed that they played an important role in the rise and fall of civilization. The results of past and present temperature and past and present rain show that in the past the minimum temperature was lower and the maximum rainfall was higher. The point of the lake has reached 1295 square kilometers and the old city of Shahdad is located on the shores of the lake. In order to reconstruct the maximum of Lut Lake, first glacial tabs were identified and harvested on 1: 50,000 topographic maps of 237 glacial tabs, and then the terraces of the area were closed by establishing communication between all tabs. The current city of Shahdad is located between a terrace of 400 meters and a terrace of 550 meters. Khabis city (ancient city of Shahdad) was located between Shahdad lake and river; Which was close to the lake from the east and overlooked the Shahdad River from the west; On the other hand, as a coastal city, this lake was formed in the seventh millennium BC and in that period had its maximum area, depth and volume. It was not long after the formation of the early civilization of Shahdad that the devastating flood engulfed it. The date of this flood varies between the fifth millennium to the fourth millennium BC. Monsoon winds played an important role in creating the flood. As a result, during this great flood, the civilization of martyrdom was destroyed and uncivilized civilization re-emerged in the region. In the third millennium BC, we see the peak of progress and prosperity of the martyrdom civilization. Reduction of river water, gradual drying of the lake, lack of rain, severe reduction of lake water, after centuries of the peak of development and prosperity of Shahdad civilization, in the third millennium or second millennium BC, rain Another and during the second devastating flood, the civilization of Shahdad disappears again, the second millennium BC, uncivilized reappears in this basin. During this period, the lake no longer flourishes as before, and due to climate change and warmer weather, its area, depth and volume have greatly decreased and its water has become saline. In this millennium, in addition to the Shahdad civilization, civilizations have been declining in the Halilrood and Helmand basins.

Shahdad civilization is considered as an urban civilization in the full sense of the word. Natural and human factors played a major role in the formation of Shahdad civilization. The east formed the civilization of Shahdad and for thousands of years served as the connecting point of its simultaneous civilizations in the east, northeast, south and west. It is evident in the region. Climate change, reduction of precipitation and increase of temperature caused decrease of water level of the lake, its salinization and decrease of economic and communication activities and finally caused the destruction of civilization

Historical regions of cities are important urban spaces which are valuable architectural legacy,This research is a quantitative research based on the type of data collected and analyzed, and in terms of the type of approach to the problem under study and its entry into it, it is a field study. In this research, the survey technique has been used And field (questionnaire) has been extracted for this purpose by referring directly to statistical centers and statistics; Books, articles and dissertations available in the libraries of different universities have provided comprehensive information for the research and then the research has been completed through the field studies questionnaire. Due to the existence of historical context in the city of Isfahan; the study area of the present article is a part of the historical context of Isfahan that is worn out. The study area of the present study is due to the location of the primary core of Isfahan. The presence of historical index elements in region 3 (Naghsh Jahan neighborhood) and in region 1 (Darb-e-Kushk neighborhood) has been selected. The statistical population of the study includes people living in the worn-out area of Naghsh Jahan neighborhood and the door of the pavilion. Based on Cochran sampling, 374 residents of these two neighborhoods were selected as a sample and interviewed. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the questions of which were prepared based on the Likert scale 33 questions of this questionnaire have been prepared to measure the regeneration of the base culture and 55 questions of the questionnaire have been prepared to measure and evaluate the indicators of sustainable tourism development and 21 questions have been prepared to evaluate the modifying components. the opinions of 30 professors and competent experts have been used to assess the content validity and the reliability of the research tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test. Using version 26 of SPSS Cronbach's alpha software, the value of 0.935 was calculated. To analyze the relationships between indicators and to discover the effect of each factor on the independent and dependent variable, PLS path modeling has been used with the help of Smart PLS software.Considering the values of path coefficients that represent the standardized beta in regression or correlation coefficient of two structures. According to the internal or structural model of the research, the form component with a path coefficient of 0.936 has the greatest impact on the regeneration of the base culture in the study area and the functional and semantic dimensions are in the second place of 0.868 and third place of 0.525, respectively. Also, in measuring the sustainable development of tourism, the service and welfare dimension with the path coefficient of 0.928 is the most effective, followed by urban management with the path coefficient of 0.84, technology with the path coefficient of 0.830, economic with the path coefficient of 0.727 and environmental with the path coefficient of 0.723 And physical with a coefficient of 0.683 and cultural with a coefficient of 0.600, the first ranks until the end of the impact on the index of sustainable tourism development in the historical context of Isfahan and finally the social component with a coefficient of 0.551 has the least impact on development Sustainable tourism in the historical context of Isfahan has been based on the structural equation model in the study area.The value of t-statistic for the effect of culture regeneration based on sustainable tourism development is 38.358 and the p-value value is 0.000. Significantly effective. On the other hand, the value of the relevant factor is equal to 0.798, which due to its positive relationship is a direct relationship between the two variables of culture-based regeneration and sustainable tourism development, ie with increasing base culture regeneration, sustainable tourism development increases. The value of t-statistic for the effect of regenerating the base culture with the effect of cultural consumption as a moderator on the sustainable development of tourism is 2.634 and the p-value is 0.009. Given that the t-statistic is greater than 1.96 and the p-value is less than 0.05, cultural consumption moderates the relationship between the regeneration of the base culture and the sustainable development of tourism. The value of t-statistic for the effect of culture-based regeneration with the effect of cultural production as a moderator on sustainable tourism development is 0.050 and the p-value is 0.960, considering that t-statistic is less than 1.96 and p-value is greater than 0.05. Thus, cultural production does not moderate the relationship between the recreation of the underlying culture and the sustainable development of tourism. The value of t-statistic for the effect of culture-based regeneration with the effect of the event as a moderator on sustainable tourism development is 0.777 and the p-value is 0.437 considering that t-statistic is less than 1.96 and p-value is greater than 0.05, so The event does not moderate the relationship between the re-creation of the underlying culture and the sustainable development of tourism. Measuring sustainable tourism development Services and welfare with the highest route coefficient had the greatest impact on this index and the social component had the least impact on sustainable tourism development in the study area. The statistical T test related to the research conceptual model confirms the relationship between the recreation of the base culture as an independent variable and the sustainable development of tourism as a dependent variable. Also, the results of this test indicate that cultural consumption in the historical context of Isfahan, which intends to provide places for consumption by residents and tourists through marketing strategies and promotion of places, and thus to revive the inner areas of the city; It will lead to the adjustment of the relationship between the recreation of the base culture and the sustainable development of tourism, while the other two components with the titles of culture production and participatory art event are ineffective in adjusting the relationship between the recreation of the culture and the sustainable development of tourism.

Rainfall is one of the most complex and accidental natural phenomena. The impact of tangible or intangible factors is so effective in creating an accident Which has led this process from a clear legal system to a complex and chaotic one. In general, understanding how the climate is changing. In particular, the trend of precipitation changes is one of the issues that have been considered by atmospheric and hydrological researchers in recent years. Neural networks are simple computational tools for testing data and creating models of data structures Reduction of rainfall in Kashan station is one of the problems that has caused many agricultural lands to be taken out of the agricultural cycle due to quantitative and quantitative water loss. And it has led to many economic and social problems, such as immigration. Therefore, studying, detecting, and forecasting rainfall in this region can be useful for the present and future of decision-makers to solve the problems of the region.

This research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical and the study area in Kashan city. Required data during the statistical period of the Kashan synoptic station is obtained from the Meteorological Organization to determine the trend of precipitation changes The Man Kendall method is used the Mann-Kendall test is one of the most common and widely used non-parametric methods of time series trend analysis. Using the Man-Kendall method, data changes are identified, and their type and time are determined. In this research, to implement different neural network models and determine the optimal structure, the neural network toolbox in MATLAB software has been used. One of the most widely used neural network models is the multilayer perceptron model, which is based on a post-diffusion algorithm. In this type of network, forward input data is processed and the processing path does not return to the neurons of the previous layer, and the output of each layer will only affect the next layer.

In order to investigate the trend of increasing or decreasing the amount of precipitation in Kashan station, the Sense slope method was used, and to evaluate the significance of the precipitation trend, the Mekendal method was used. The results of the annual analysis showed that in general, no significant trend was observed in the average rainfall time series of Kashan. Therefore, no natural jump has been observed in the average rainfall of the Kashan station. Sense test statistics at 99% and 95% confidence levels confirm the decrease in rainfall at Kashan station. Thus, the rainfall of the studied station during the study time series has decreased by -0.6 mm each year. The greatest impact of reduced rainfall is related to winter. The most important advantage of the neural network over other intelligent systems is the ability of the network to learn from its surroundings. First, the data for entering the network was divided into three categories, 70% of which were for network training, and 30% of the data was allocated for testing and validation. Finally, due to repeated trials and errors to build a suitable network, a network with two hidden layers and 10 neurons had the highest accuracy for prediction. Optimization diagram for artificial neural network Kashan station precipitation data showed that 110 artificial neural networks were created in repetition. In this research, the network was able to predict the amount of precipitation using the introduced variable of correlation rate of 0.47 According to the results obtained from the values predicted by the network in combination with genetic algorithms such as actual precipitation data and predicted data It has a nonlinear process by the network without combination with genetic algorithm. But the difference in results for the simulated precipitation averages at Kashan station is still clear.

n the present study, the precipitation data of the Kashan synoptic station were evaluated seasonally and annually using the Menkendal method and Sense slope. The results of the Menkendal test trend in seasonal and annual average rainfall time series showed that there is no significant trend in 99% and 95% levels. On average, Kashan station has had a decrease of -0.60 mm of precipitation every year. At first glance, it seems that this decrease (0.6 mm) in Kashan's very dry station and low rainfall is a small amount. But for a period of 50 years, this reduction reaches 30 mm, if this trend continues in the long run, it will have very catastrophic consequences for the region's groundwater, agriculture, and drinking water basins. Also, an artificial neural network method was used to predict monthly rainfall. According to the results of using the multilayer perceptron model using the error propagation algorithms and the number of 10 neurons in the middle layers and two hidden layers had less error than other structures. Therefore, the variable introduced in the study with a correlation rate of 0.47 was able to predict the amount of precipitation. By reviewing and adapting the values of real data, the forecast, and the results of the correlation diagram, it was found that the precipitation forecast for Kashan station was to a reasonable extent consistent with the actual results of the station. According to the results, the error obtained from simulating precipitation data of Kashan station using neural network performance was very low, which indicates the proper performance of the network in the testing and validation stage Finally, the ability to estimate and predict precipitation using artificial neural network (ANN) at Kashan station has performed better in the months of low rainfall and the dry period when rainfall is minimized. But in general, the artificial neural network for predicting rainfall in Kashan station has shown high performance

The microfinance movement began in Bangladesh in the early 1970s in the face of the market failure phenomenon as well as the government's failure to provide credit to the poor and low-income people in the early 1970s. Microfinance, also known as microfinance or microfinance, is a means of providing credit, usually in the form of small unsecured loans, to non-traditional borrowers, such as the poor in rural or underdeveloped areas. A review of the literature on micro-financing goals as one of the tools and methods of economic development for the lower strata of society indicates that the four goals of economic development, poverty reduction, prevention of social unrest and profitability in the form of micro-businesses for microfinance are pursued. The experience of countries shows that microcredit is used in different ways to reduce poverty and therefore, it has different effects and consequences in the target society. Of course, in some countries, banks, as an economic enterprise that aims to maximize profits, do not do so for various reasons, such as the small amount of loans, which reduces their profits through the entry and identification of poor people. Second, paying a loan to this group of customers is associated with a lot of risk. Another issue related to banks not entering into micro-credit allocation is incomplete information that leads to maladaptive selection and ethical risks. According to the Barakat Foundation's approach to job creation and the unemployment rate of 12.7% in Yazd province in 1397, the Barakat Foundation's planning for job creation in some cities of the province, including Abarkooh, Mehriz and Bahabad, began in 1398. However, two years after the implementation of these job creation plans, examining their performance on social welfare selected from the Legatum Social Welfare Index can be effective in continuing the process.

The research method used is descriptive and survey in terms of user purpose. The data collection tool is a questionnaire made by a researcher. In this regard, the five main components of social welfare including investment environment, economic quality, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and individual safety were identified by experts and specialists based on Delphi and integrated methods and classified into 31 items. Then the validity of the questionnaire It was confirmed by elites and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to confirm the research model, the structural equation model was used and to analyze the data, 24 AMOS and 20 SPSS software were used. Using structural equations and first and second order confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the original model and the questions were tested.

First, social welfare components were calculated based on the average response scores and used for statistical ranking. Economic quality has been an indicator that most respondents have been satisfied with and health index is an indicator that respondents' satisfaction is in the last rank. Second, the general view of the respondents towards the items of social welfare component was examined statistically, in which the item "the degree of attention to the lack of monopoly formation in projects" in the investment environment, the item "the rate of increasing women's labor force participation" in quality Economic, the degree of opportunity to communicate with others in social capital, the amount of "prevention of high-risk factors such as suicide" in health, and the amount of "reduction of strictness and increase of women's physical health" are in the first place in individual freedom and safety. Third, the effect of each component was examined through t-test and the results indicate the positive effect of microcredit allocation in Barakat Foundation employment models on each of the components of social welfare index, namely investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom. And has been individual safety. Fourth, the validity of the questionnaire questions was examined and confirmed by the first-order confirmatory factor analysis technique. Fifth, when a large structure itself consists of several latent variables, second-order confirmatory factor analysis is used. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the social welfare variable show that its measurement model is appropriate and all numbers and parameters of the model are significant.

The results of the study on the validity of the scale structure, using the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, showed a high correlation between the hidden variables. Also, based on t-test, the effect of microcredit on each of the components of social welfare such as investment environment, economic quality, social capital, health and freedom and personal safety was confirmed.

There are dangers like rapid population growth, The destruction of farmland and open spaces, Lack of adequate housing, Increasing social inequalities between urban and rural areas And the loss of a sense of belonging in the villages, The quality of life in rural communities is threatened And then livelihoods has become the focus of attention and growth. according to imprtance of subject, current study, Aiming to evaluate The livelihoods of rural areas have been met. This research is of practical purpose And it is by descriptive-analytical nature. Statistical population of 18 villages of central part of Faryab city With 1170 households. The sample size was 289 people based on Cochran formula. The distribution of the number of samples in the studied villages is stratified and based on the number of households. To analyze the subject In the social dimension of six indicators in the form of 33 indicators, In the economic dimension in five indicators in the form of 23 indicators In the environmental dimension, three indicators were used in the form of 10 indicators. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert and experienced experts. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was calculated to be 0.87. The results based on the one-sample t-test indicate The rural livelihoods are poor And in all aspects of average viability, the mean is lower than normal.

The most important weather problem in Khuzestan province in recent years is the dust phenomenon, which has had important and destructive consequences on the health of citizens, agriculture, water resources, etc. The source of these dusts was mostly foreign, but there are also areas inside the country known as their source. In order to deal with any environmental hazard, including fine dust, one must either anticipate their occurrence or deal with its adverse effects by predicting the time of its occurrence. By knowing the time of dust occurrence, I can reduce the harmful effects of this phenomenon. The purpose of this research is the centers of dust in Khuzestan province and its prediction in order to deal with it. In order to identify the centers of dust and predict it in the southwest of Iran (Khuzestan plain) with the help of HYSPLIT numerical models, back and diffusion methods were used. In this regard, this model was implemented in 4 Ghalib for the time period of 2000-2016. First, it was implemented in a backward way for an area that was intended to be the Khuzestan Plain, and transfer routes were implemented from 48 hours ago. In the following, after identifying the foci and paths, using the Forward method, from the identified foci of particles and the transmission volume, the optical depth and the duration of the arrival of the dust particles to the area are calculated. Investigations showed that 4 main foci were identified in this important period. The first is located in the northwestern border areas of the Khuzestan plain, the second is in the southeast of Iraq, the third is in the west of Iraq, and the fourth is in the east of Jordan. The survey indicated that after the dust was released in the region and its flow to the Khuzestan region in the southwest of Iran, especially the dust originating from the second and fourth foci in the region, due to the less vertical development compared to the heights in the region, it has been overestimated. are more durable; But the dust originating from the west of Iraq showed that it has a very high vertical development and has spread 10 kilometers from the surface of the earth. To predict the dust from the identified centers, the results showed that except for the main center, which was the inner center, it takes between 24 and 28 hours for the dust to enter the inner borders of the region, and it takes 28 to 32 hours to cover the entire region.

Given the source of water inflows to Sistan in Afghanistan, water scarcity is one of the main factors limiting the development of agricultural activities in the region. Recent droughts have led to the drying up of vital arteries and the destruction of productive bases in the region. In this regard, the irrigation project of 46,000 hectares of agricultural land in Sistan in order to transfer current floods from Afghanistan to natural pits known Chah-nime and the possibility of proper use of these floods for development Agriculture and sustainability of the region were approved and implemented. Therefore, in this study, while analyzing the satisfaction of villagers with the project of piped water supply from wells to agricultural lands, the level of satisfaction of villagers in relation to the technical-executive and social indicators of the national project of 46,000 hectares of water transfer The agricultural lands of Sistan plain should be explored. The results of village leveling based on the WasPas model show that 35% of villages have low satisfaction, 45% moderate and 20% of villages have high satisfaction with the implementation of the plan. The situation of the movement of villagers' satisfaction in the area in terms of space is such that the satisfaction of the villages increases from east to west and south. In other words, the residents of the villages located near the Hamoun International Dry Wetland are more satisfied with the implementation of the water supply pipeline project. Based on other research findings, the components of theft and structural quality with the amount of 0.319 and 0.251, respectively, the most impact and the components of intelligence and compliance with technical requirements and design of lines and location of ponds with the amount of 0.155 and 0.157, respectivelyhas the least net effect on villagers' satisfaction with the implementation of the 46,000-hectare irrigation project on agricultural lands.

along with the great relationship between the scientific community and the published articles, indicates the need to review the content of the articles; It should be noted that the scientific value of articles is not the same and the acceptance of an article does not necessarily mean that it is free of errors.Content analysis method is less expensive than other methods because it is based on a volume of texts; Data collection does not require survey activity and access to content is easy; On the other hand, the ability to quantify information, be intangible, and relate to the past are other benefits of content analysis. However, science is always expanding and tourism is no exception to this rule; It is obvious that the production of science in the field of tourism leads to development of this industry if we look at tourism researchs from a pathological point of view.Geographical journals are the oldest journals in the country and they have a long history among others journaals. Given the importance of the pathology of articles, in this article, researchers try to pathologize the articles of this Geographical journals using the content analysis method; Research questions are: 1- What is the identity status of tourism articles in the Geographical journals?2- What is the structural status of tourism articles in the Geographical journals?3- What is the functional status of tourism articles in the Geographical journals?4- What is the citation status of tourism articles in the Geographical journals?

This article is applied research in terms of purpose, descriptive research in terms of method and qualitative research in terms of nature; The statistical population of this research is 97 published tourism articles in the in the Geographical journals between 2008 and 2021; The statistical population of this study was 97 tourism articles published in geographical journals that after consulting with Experts, Two thirdsof the articles (68 articles) were included in the analysis. In this research, quantitative content analysis method based on documentary studies was used to evaluate articles. Research indicators for analyzing the content of articles were extracted through the study of previous research; then, with the help of the obtained indicators, each article was evaluated; Finally, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The validity and the reliability of the study were confirmed based on the validity of the check list and reliability of the editors. This means that all stages of the research were performed by both authors and the results were compared in each stage.

identity status: Most of the tourism articles in the Geographical journals (90%) were independent and a small percentage of the articles were extracted from the dissertation and thesis. The study of the period of acceptance of articles showed that the average period of acceptance of tourism articles in the Geographical journals was about 9 months. structural status :The review of the abstracts of the articles showed that the authors did not mention the results in 42 articles and only mentioned the findings. 44 articles have no theoretical framework And 17 articles (25%) did not review the research literature. A review of the articles 'approach showed that 60 articles (88%) were applied and in 45 articles, the researchers' strategy was deductive. functional status :The study of the functional status of the articles showed that the topic of management and planning in tourism, with 32 articles, has been considered by researchers more than other trends And the marketing trend has the lowest percentage. citation status :review of the citation status of tourism articles in the Geographical journals showed On average, the authors have used 39 scientific sources in each article; The minimum citation was 6 citations and the maximum citation was 87. review of the type of citations showed that articles and books were used more than other citation;

Due to the upward trend of articles in the Geographical journals, It is suggested that the journals, publish a special issue each year focusing on tourism; The results showed that women's participation was very low; so, it is suggested that; In the quarterly, judging and accepting women's articles should be done independently. Due to the gaps observed in the methodology of articles, it is suggested that the judges of Geographical journals, be more sensitive about the elements of the research method. Studies have shown that the authors were not retrospective in any of the articles; Intangibility of historical events, Convenience of present-based research and attraction of futuristic studies can be reasons for this; It is suggested that the authors, while paying attention to the present and looking to the future, should not be unaware of the experiences and events of the past.

The city is the bedrock of the manifestion of the culture and civilization of communities, the physical embodiment of the foundations of life (socia, economic, religious and political) and the sometimes organized environment that forms the arena of human activity. The most important pillar of any city is the field of formation of human activities; Urban spaces. Urban space is not empty space between buildinge.it is a concept that encompasses the physical environment of people, events and the relationships between them. Before the Industrial Revolution, the size and proportion of the elments that formed the city were based on human scale and the pattern of movements was also based on individual movement; In away, the pedestrian pattern formed the structucre of the city.That is the threshold of human ability to move determined the size and sistance of the bases and destination of travel. With the onset of the Industral Revolution the invention of the automobile and its use increased the speed and convenience of transportation. Prioritization of the role of pedestrians and pedestrian-oriented spaces in cities and urban spaces was diminished, and the spatial Quality of the citys public areas, urban open spaces and sidewalks was reduced.Subsequently,with the expansion of urbanization increasing the population of cities and also the complexity of social organization, various functions were created in cities and each urban peraon was created and each urban person undertook more and more divers relationships and duties that before.Land use was restricted the demand for long trips and cars was increased in the cities, as most of the commercial-service uses were concentrated in the central part of the city, motor traffic became heavier and thus not only the body of the city, but also quality of the environment and the quality of life in the city center gradually affected.Since the late 1960s and as a result of increasing urban poblems such as traffic congestion increasing accidents declining public health, reduced safety decline and destruction of valuable urban fabric, declining visual values, access to services, lack of parking space and The effects on the mental and emotional state of the people led to widespread reactions against the dominance of cavalry and the reduction of pedestrian movements in cities around the world in order to limit the movement of cavalry to revitalize city centers. Therefore today with regard to solving urban propblems, the creation of urban sidewalks is emphasized. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasiblitiy of creating urban sidewalks in Talab neighborhood by emphasizing the physical and social components of the study area of Vahid and Mofatteh streets. Didtrict four is Mashhad Municipality.

The reseach method is descriptive-analytical and the type of article is a case studr. The studied indicators include 32 varables and indicators in dual social and physical dimensions. These indicators were collected through field studies and a questionnaire, so that the statistical population of the present study consisted of pedestrians crossing the studied streets as well as shop owners and other employees on the side of the street and a random sample method. It is simple that 171 people have been selected as a sample using the Cochrans formula. In order analyze the data a single sample t-test was used in Spss software.

Findinds show that the average level of all four indicators of quality of lighting, social life, round the clock activities and service facilities on Vahid Street is significanantly higher than average. In Mofatteh Street, the first three indicators are above average and in the service facilities indrx are average. But in all indicators, the average score on Vahid Street shows a higher figure that Mofatteh Street.

The results showed that Vahid Street has the highest average in all indicators. The three main hypotheses of the research are confirmed and show that this street, with its many commercial activities can improve the economic prosperity peoples vitality and reduce traffic on this street by constructing sidewalks. But in Mofatteh Street the average index of service facilities is average. Therefore due to the low average of this of this index compared to other indicators and its importance in the construction of sidewalks the third hypothesis is not acceptable for this street and efforts should be made to solve the problems of this index including prioritizing citizens opinions avoiding makrup. Uniform urban furniture, planting flowers and plants to increase the attractiveness ans beauty of the environment, atc.

Over the decades, rural areas around the world have faced challenges such as declining economic activity, restructuring traditional agricultural industries, aging populations and migrating young people abroad for higher education, and declining quality of life in small towns and villages. One area that can dramatically improve development outcomes is the provision of public services and rural governance. The good rural governance approach is one of the newest and most popular approaches in the field of sustainable management of rural development. Relying on the three main pillars of government, the private sector and civil society, this approach emphasizes the active and effective presence of these pillars in terms of participation, transparency, accountability, legitimacy, justice, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, consensus and human development. Good governance involves consolidating the legal authority and power of the state in an effort to place all structures in the instrument of peace, security and stability - thus leading to political, social and economic prosperity.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the study consists of heads of rural households in Esfarayen. According to the 2016 census, Esfarayen city had a population of 62977 people equal to 17881 households. Using Cochran's formula, 376 heads of households were selected as the sample size. Considering that Esfarayen city has 95 villages with more than 20 households and due to the large number of villages, 2 villages from each village were selected as sample villages, of which a total of 14 villages were selected as the statistical population. The main tool for collecting information in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire, which after complete reviews by professors and related experts, its weaknesses were eliminated and its validity was finally approved by professors. Also, for the reliability of the questionnaire and the studied indicators, Cronbach's alpha test was used. The alpha value of the whole questionnaire was equal to 0.81, which indicates that the questionnaire has a good ability to measure the indicators. In this study, according to the independent variable (good rural governance) and the dependent variable (rural empowerment), the variables of good governance and social empowerment variables of the villagers have been used. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the research findings. GIS software has also been used to draw the map.

In this part of the research, the findings of the questionnaire are reviewed and analyzed. In the first part, descriptive findings and then inferential findings are examined. According to the results of the descriptive findings, 263 people, equivalent to 70% of the respondents, are men and 113 people, equivalent to 30% of the respondents, are women. 298 people, equivalent to 79% of married respondents, and 78 respondents, equivalent to 21% of the frequency, are single. In terms of education, the highest frequency percentage with 26% is related to the diploma study group and the lowest frequency percentage is related to the master's degree group and higher with 14% of the frequency. In terms of age of the respondents, the highest percentage of frequency was in the age group of 41 to 50 years with 35% of the frequency and the lowest percentage of frequency with 12% was in the age group of 20 to 30 years. In terms of occupation, 41% of the respondents are in the occupational group of farmers, which has the highest percentage of frequency, and the lowest percentage of frequency with 9% was related to retirees.

The results showed that good rural governance in the studied villages is in an unfavorable situation, so that among the seven dimensions of governance examined, only one dimension of social trust is in a good position and the dimensions of participation, performance, equality, response It is as if social awareness and socio-economic status are at a disadvantage. The results indicate that rural managers take appropriate measures in the field of rural participation in drafting the vision document, more participation of the deprived, attracting rural investors, resolving local disputes, solving rural problems and issues, proper follow-up of rural performance results, creating opportunities for women By Dehyari, the existence of a special program to implement justice in Dehyari, Dehyari transparency in informing contracts, publishing and announcing programs and performance and costs to the public, Dehyari responding to the demands of the villagers, the action of Dehyari officials as promised And they have not fulfilled their promises, fair treatment of the villagers, financial problems at the village level, adequate welfare facilities at the village level, etc., and the villagers are not satisfied with the performance of the village managers in this regard. In the study of social empowerment in the villages of Esfarayen city, the results showed that the villagers have a very low level of empowerment in the field of quality of life, skills and social knowledge and in the areas of social interaction, social participation, social cohesion and social responsibility. They have good capabilities. In general, the social empowerment situation of the villagers has been assessed as favorable. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between good governance and social empowerment. The test results showed that there is a significant relationship between good governance and social empowerment. Also, the results of multivariate regression analysis showed that good rural governance had the greatest impact on the quality of life of villagers and the least impact on social responsibility. The impact of good governance on social participation, social cohesion, social skills and knowledge, and social interaction is also significant. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it can be said that the good performance of managers will lead to social empowerment of villagers and their poor performance will have negative effects on social empowerment of villagers.

The rapid growth of cities and urbanization and the increase of urban population in the country of Iran have created many difficulties and challenges in urban development management; so that the rupture in the structure of urban neighborhoods and the loss of their physical identity, have destructed the continuous social structure between residents and have reduced communication between people in neighborhoods and cities. Such disintegration of social relations and the lack of citizen participation in economic and social development plans in many cities of Iran, especially in metropolitan areas such as Yazd, have led to a loss of physical and spiritual capital and have aggravated urban problems and anomalies. Hence, these issues disrupted the efficiency of urban development management. In this regard, strengthen of social supports like social capital is one of the most appropriate strategies to advance urban development programs. In urban communities, social capital is one of the most important factors that strengthen and integrate public relations and networks, which in this way affects urban development and provides the basis for cultural, economical and social development of the city. Yazd city with its unique historical background, is one of the prominent examples of ancient cities in the country of Iran, which its urban development provides positive consequences for the development of the country. In this regard, the present study examines the role of social capital in urban development management in Yazd city.

The present study is applied, survey and descriptive - analytical research in terms of aim, method, and type of relationship, respectively. In this research, in addition to the library method, a questionnaire designed based on the research literature to obtain and collect the required information. The statistical population of this study includes all residents over 16 years old in Yazd city. The sample size is obtained from the Cochran's infinite population formula due to the infinity of the statistical population; then, the information of 384 people is collected using stratified random sampling method. To evaluate the validity and the accuracy of the questionnaire, the opinion of university professors is obtained who find the validity of the questionnaire acceptable. In addition, the reliability of the questionnaire is calculated using Cronbach's alpha measurement method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is equal to 0.77, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. To investigate the social capital, five indicators, including social trust, social cohesion, social participation, social awareness and religiosity and religious beliefs, are used. Data analysis is performed in two descriptive and inferential sections. Pearson correlation coefficient is used to investigate the relationship between variables and finally, to identify the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, the multivariate regression method is applied. We apply SPSS software to analyze data and consider p-value <0.05 as a significant level.

The results show that there is no significant correlation between gender and social capital, which is consistent with the results obtained by Javadzad Aghdam and Alavi (2016). Also, similar to Mohammadi (2013) results, no significant correlation is observed between education and social capital. The results of social capital and its indicators show that there are significant relationships between social capital of citizens in Yazd city and its indicators including: social trust, social cohesion, social participation, social awareness and religiosity and religious beliefs with urban development. These results are consistent with the findings of Kreuter et al. (1998), Moradi (2013), Krause et al. (2006), Cento Bull and Jones (2006) and Hofferth and Iceland (1998), respectively.

with attention to the findings results of present study, the urban development as a dependent variable is directly related to social capital as an independent variable, which means that according to Coleman (1988), Bourdieu (1990), Fukuyama (2001) and Putnam (2002), the high amount of social capital among residents make more feasible the goal of urban development. Therefore, it can be said that social capital can be a strong spiritual force for urban development. It should be noted that the impact of a society's social capital on the urban development process has clear consequences, provided that the content of social capital in the community is appropriate to the development goals and has the required flexibility. Achieving urban development is impossible without considering the institutional and human potentials and utilizing all individual and group capacities. In general and brife, the study states that in formulating development policies and programs in the city of Yazd, the role and impact of social capital should be considered and urban development can be achieved by strengthening social capital.