مجله پژوهش های حبوبات ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Chickpea is the second important legume crops and because of high protein level (18-30 percent), has a key role in human diet. Chickpea is a weak competitor and one of the most sensitive legumes to weed interference because of its slow growth at the seedling stage, low height and slow canopy closer. Growing chickpea in weedy condition can suffer yield reduction up to 40 to 90 percent and weed management is one of the most important agronomy management in chickpea cultivation. Among weed control methods, chemical control is the most important method. Today only a few herbicides are registered for broadleaf weed control of chickpea and most of them are preemergence. Pyridate is one of the important herbicides registered as a post herbicide for broadleaf weed control in chickpea. However chickpea weeds contains a wide range of broadleaf and grasses. Grassy weeds are the weed flora of chickpea farms and pyridate cannot control them. In Iran we don’t have any dual purpose herbicide to control broad spectrum of weeds. Framers use common graminicides like haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxidim and also broadleaf herbicides specially pyridite in chickpea farms and there is no information on the possibility of simultaneous use of graminicide herbicides and pyridate using the herbicide mixing approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of combination of pyridate herbicide with haloxyfop-methyl, cycloxidim, clethodim and sethoxidim graminicides for weed control in chickpea cultivations.

The experiment was conducted as completely randomized block design with three replications at Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2015. The investigated treatments including application of pyridate, clethodim, sethoxidim, haloxy-fop methyl and cycloxidim alone and application of pyridate with mentioned graminicides in recommended doses with full season hand weeding and full season weed interference as control treatments. The experiment was performed under rainfed condition and chickpea planting density was 40 plant m-2. Herbicides were applied at the two to four leaf stages of weeds. For controlling of Helliotis sp., Indoxacarb (Avant) pesticide were sprayed at recommended dose in poding stage. For evaluating the effect of treatments on weeds density and biomass, in three periods (13, 23 and 48 days after herbicides spraying) sampling was done from 0.5 m-2 area and weed density and weed biomass recorded. At the end of growing season and when chickpea was matured, 40 chickpea plant were harvested randomly in each plot and after drying for 48 hours exposed to sunlight, chickpea biomass and seed yield were measured. After normality test, data statistical analysis were performed by SAS Ver 9.1 and means were compared by Dunkan test at 5% probability level.

Results indicated that herbicides combination reduced weed density and weed biomass in all sampling periods and also increased seed yield and biomass of chickpea. Because of broadleaf weed dominance in the studied farm, application of pyridate was not significant difference with herbicide combination and graminicides showed the weakest weed control measure between treatments. Best weed density and weed biomass control during the growing season were observed in combination of pyridate plus haloxy-fop methyl. Among the treatments, combination of clethodim+ pyridate and cycloxydim+ pyridate had higher chickpea seed yield (945 kg.ha-1) and chickpea biomass (3700 kg.ha-1), respectively. The effect of herbicides on weed density and weed biomass was more effective at first sampling period than next sampling periods. It seems this is because of the mode of action of applied herbicides. Pyridate is a contact herbicide and others are systemic with no activity in the soil and to end of the growing season, herbicide efficacy become weak and not effective. None of the herbicides were harmful to chickpea either they applied alone or in combination together.

 So, with considering the dominant weed flora in chickpea farms, we can choose the best option of herbicide application method for weed control in chickpea farms. If broadleaf weeds are dominant in the farm, we can use pyridate alone, if the farm is dominated with grassy weeds, we can use haloxy-fop methyl. So, in the farm that considered the grasses and broadleaf weeds, we can use pyridate combination with any graminicides, but between combinations, the best yield and weed control achieved in the pyridate plus haloxy-fop methyl combination.

Beans, due to their significant nutritional and crop characteristics, have a high rank in agricultural systems of the world. These plants, by fixing air nitrogen, can increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil. Beans have a long history of cultivation in Iran, and some believe that some of them, such as lentil (Lense culinaris Medik) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), have been domesticated in this country. The lentils are cold and long day and can be cultivated from 0 to 3500 m above sea level, the temperature suitable for growing lentils is 15-25 °C. Spring cultivation of lentils although common in Iran, winter cultivation of lentils has advantages over spring cultivation if successful. Previous research showed that the average plant height of lentils in autumn and winter was 43% higher than spring planting and the highest yield of lentils (1486 kg.ha-1) was obtained from autumn planting. Autumn cultivation is usually accompanied by a low temperature challenge. Low temperatures often affect the growth and productivity of crops, causing significant crop losses. Delay in emergence and decrease in germination percentage of seeds occur due to autumn cold, so priming can be used for seed germination. The purpose of this study was the effects of different priming treatments on reducing cold stress effects on emergence and growth of two lentil genotypes.
 
The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications under controlled conditions in 2017 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Factors consisted of lentil genotypes (Robat and Calposh), priming (6 levels of control, Gibberellic acid )C19H22O6(, Potassium nitrate (KNO3), Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), seed priming Dayan and hydropriming) and temperature (5, 10 and 15ºC). To test and apply treatments, 40 seeds were randomly selected for each treatment. After the end of the priming period (16 h), the seeds were removed from the solution and then placed in the laboratory for 24 h until complete drying. The prepared seeds were 10 seeds in pots of 11 cm diameter light soil and transferred to the growth chamber. Then the studied properties were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software and the means were compared with LSD at 5% probability level.
 
The highest emergence percentage (72.5%) was found in Robat in control and 5ºC. Seed vigor in Robat genotype at 15 °C was higher than Calposh genotype, and in both genotypes (with the exception of Calposh genotype the priming primer with zinc sulphate and hydro-priming), the seed vigor increased with temperature. The highest seed vigor (4.91) was found in Robat in 15ºC and priming by seed priming Dayan. The highest plant height was observed in priming by gibberellic acid and 15ºC. In both genotypes, leaf number per plant was increased as temperature increased and was decreased when treated by ZnSO4 and Hydropriming in Calposh. The highest leaf number per plant (4 leaves) was found in Robat in 15ºC and priming by seed priming Dayan. The highest root length (4.04 cm) was observed in seed priming Dayan and 15ºC. The interaction of temperature and priming on root length showed that at 5 °C all priming treatments (with the exception of sulfate priming) compared to the control, at 10 °C priming with Dayan seed solution, potassium nitrate and 15 °C hydropriming. Dayan seed solution and potassium nitrate had more root length than control. Seedlings Robat appear to have higher seed vigor and can compensate for the time elapsed before priming, but seedlings Calposh that are less potent, priming treatments have been able to improve seed vigor.
 
The results of this study showed that the Robat genotype in terms of seed vigor and other emergence characteristics was better than Calposh genotype. As the Robat genotype has higher vigor, so different priming treatments could not have a positive effect. Priming with gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate had the greatest effect in reducing the effects of low temperature (5 °C) on the emergence characteristics of lentil seed. In general, priming with gibberellic acid seeds for autumn or early spring cultivation can be recommended.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with 20-25% protein and 50-56% carbohydrate content, has a crucial role in supplying the required proteins and maintenance of food security of the community. Among the Asian countries, China, Iran, Japan and Turkey are the major producers of common bean. According to the figures provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, cultivation area and production of bean in Iran in 2016 were 114593 ha and 222705 tones, respectively. In recent years, due to the increase in the population and in order to rapidly meet the demand for more food as well as decision making at micro and macro-levels, simulation of crop growth and yield using the models has gained attention due to rapid preparation of the results, lowering the execution costs and the possibility of simulation under various climatic and management conditions. In order to model the growth stages and yield of bean using the figures of Iranian meteorology organization (minimum and maximum temperatures, radiation and rainfall), a study was conducted at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The simple SSM_iCrop2 model was used for this study. This model has been tested and proved for a wide range of plant species. This model requires easily available and limited input information. The aim of this study was to parameterize and evaluate the SSM_iCrop2 model for simulation of growth and yield of common bean in order to investigate the effect of climatic, soil and crop management factors as well as determination of genetic coefficients under Iran conditions using the sub-models associated with phenology, dry matter production and distribution and the changes in leaf area.
 
SSM_iCrop2 model was used as the base of this study. Observed and simulated yield and days to maturity values were compared for parameterization and evaluation of the model. For this purpose, a series of experimental data (data associated with the growth and production of bean and reports from the published and unpublished papers) in major bean cultivation areas of the country were used. First, parameters related to phenology, leaf area, dry matter production, yield formation and water relations were estimated. Then, the model was evaluated using a series of data which were independent from the experimental data used for parameterization. Crop management inputs were also entered according to the experiment reports. For statistical analysis and investigation of model precision in comparison of the data recorded in the previous studies with the data simulated by the model, correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated and 1:1 diagram was also drawn.
 
In parameterization of SSM_iCrop2 model for bean, the comparison of observed and simulated days to maturity with RMSE, CV and r values of respectively 14 days, 13 percent and 0.76 and comparison of observed and simulated grain yield with RMSE, CV and r values of 62 g m-2, 20 percent and 0.84 indicated the accuracy of the used parameters. Furthermore, in the evaluation stage, RMSE, CV and r values for days to maturity were 8 days, 8 percent and 0.74 and for grain yield were 53 g m-2, 19 percent and 0.77, respectively, which confirms the precision of the model simulation. The model simulated the evapotranspiration of been in a good manner. The values for RMSE, CV and r for the comparison of the observed and simulated evapotranspiration were 63 mm, 11 percent and 0.85, respectively. Application of SSM_iCrop2 model is simple and acceptably precise simulation is possible with minimal parameters and inputs. This model was able to simulate the growth period and yield of bean cultivars in a good manner despite high variations using thermal unit parameters form sowing to harvest, maximum leaf area and maximum harvest index.
 
Growth and yield of bean was successfully simulated using SSM_iCrop2 model using minimal and available parameters despite different growth habits and high phenotypic and genotypic variations among the cultivars. The results of the model evaluation performed using RMSE, r and CV showed that this model is able to simulate maturity time and grain yield of bean sown in various dates under Iran climatic conditions with a high precision. Thus, due to suitable precision of SSM_iCrop2 model in simulation of bean phenology and yield, it may be used as a suitable tool for investigation of crop systems and interpretation of results under various environmental and management conditions for planning and improving the management of bean fields in the country.

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the second most important legume plant after soybean, accounting for a major share of the diet of more than 300 million people worldwide. However, bean cultivation is always faced with several limitations, among these production limited factors, drought stress is the most important factor and has a considerable effect in reducing the production of this crop. One of the harmful effects of drought stress is disturbing the nutritional balance in the plant, so that due to drought stress, the mobility of nutrients in the soil is reduced and the absorption and transfer of substances to the plant is impaired. Studies show that nano-iron chelate fertilizer has a moderating effect against changes in drought, salinity, acidity and temperature and leads to improved plant growth. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate of the role of nano fertilizer on increasing drought resistance of bean in Jiroft region.
 
A split-plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications conducted in a farm located in Tohan village of Jiroft city during 2015-2016. The main factor was the drought stress with three levels included: no stress, stress in vegetative growth stages and stress in reproductive growth stages. Sub-factor consisted of different amounts of nano-iron chelate fertilizer at three levels of 0, 5 and 10 kg.ha-1. In this study, stem height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, seed protein content and protein yield traits were measured. The obtained data were exposed to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means comparison was done using Duncan's multiple range test using SAS software. Correlation coefficients between traits were calculated with SAS software.
 
According to the results, no stress treatment and application of 10 kg.ha-1 of iron nano-chelate fertilizer led to the highest value of stem height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, seed protein content and protein yield. However, for the above traits, no statistically significant difference was observed between 10 and 5 kg.ha-1 of fertilizer in no stress condition. Also, the occurrence of stress in both stages of vegetative and reproductive growth reduced the studied traits, so that the lowest value of stem height, number of branches and number of pods per plant were obtained from the occurrence of stress in vegetative growth stage, and the lowest amounts of number of seed per pod, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield and seed protein yield were obtained from the occurrence of stress in the reproductive growth stage. Among the studied traits, only the percentage of seed protein with stress treatments showed a significant increase that this increase was greater in stress in the reproductive growth stage. It should also be noted that the application of 10 and 5 kg.ha-1 of iron nano-chelate fertilizer, respectively, in comparison with the treatment without fertilizer, in the occurrence of stress in both stages of plant growth moderates the effects of stress for all traits except seed protein percentage.
 
The results of this study showed that stress occurrence at any stage of growth reduces the growth and yield of the bean plant. This reduction will be more on the seed and biological yield of the plant if occurrence of stress is in the reproductive stages of the plant. Application of nano-chelate fertilizers in each one of the conditions without stress, stress in vegetative growth stage and stress in reproductive growth stage in comparison with not using this type of fertilizer will have a positive effect on growth characteristics and plant yield. There was no statistically significant difference between the application of 10 and 5 kg.ha-1 of iron nano-chelate fertilizer for seed and biological yield of bean in each one of the no stress and stress conditions.

Due to the increasing need for agricultural products and the limited water and soil resources for growing crops, it is necessary to study genetic resources, and on the other hand, genetic materials are resources that are considered valuable for plant breeding specialists who try to collect and maintain and evaluate these materials. Iran is one of the main centers of genetic diversity in the world. Identifying the morphological traits is the first step in classifying and describing the pattern of each plant, and several scientists have attempted to classify and measure the phenomenological diversity of specimen collections of various legumes, including lentils. Since Iran is one of the centers of lentil diversity in the world, it is predicted that a great diversity will be found among the native populations of this plant.

In order to evaluate the efficiency of multivariate statistical methods in identifying the most important traits affecting grain yield and genetic pattern in lentil genotypes in Ilam province, an experiment as randomized complete block design with three replications using 18 lentil genotypes (two local cultivars) in Sarablah Agricultural Research Station per year was implemented in 2018-2019. Selected traits included the number of leaves of a plant, the number of seeds in a pod, the number of seeds of a plant, the number of flowers on a plant, the number of lateral shoot, flowering and maturity dates, the estimated weight of 100 seeds and final grain yield. 

Based on the variance analysis, all traits showed meaningful differences until the experiment day except the number of seeds in a pod and the number of pods of a plant. The genotype named 11 (Flip 2010-90L (and genotype named 15 (ILL 754* ILL) showed the highest and the lowest grain yield, respectively which were 1432.3 and 500 g.m-2. The estimated weight of 100 seeds (r= 0.314) and the number of pods showed the highest positive correlation with grain yield. The basic derivatives of the analysis showed the amount of more than one. The validation amount of total variance was 69.9%. Furthermore, the first and second agents showed the most amount of total variance, which was 3.39%. The six positive traits were the amount of seeds in a pod, the amount of seeds in an herb, the length of the plant, the estimated weight of hundred seeds and the functionality of the plant. In addition, the second positive agents included the number of seeds in a pod, the number of leaves in an herb, the length of the plant and the number of lateral shoots. This study was employed in order to determination of the excellent genotypes regarding the studied traits. Another aim of this research was the enhancement of the availability to the lentil sources. In this study, a wide variety of seed traits such as 100-seed weight and phenological traits such as flowering date, number of seeds per pod, number of leaves per plant and plant height which can be used in breeding programs were recorded. According to statistical analysis, it was found that the studied genotypes have good diversity in terms of grain yield. Number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant height are some of the traits that showed a positive relationship with seed yield. Since the first factor justifies the most changes, the traits that have the largest factor coefficients in this factor can be plant height, day to maturity and number of seeds per pod and can be selected to select the best genotypes and lines of these traits used. According to the results of the analysis of the main components, the first two components have the traits of day to maturity, plant height and number of seeds per pod, which can be considered as desirable traits in lentils; which is necessary to confirm the results of the repeat test.

The statistical analysis indicated the agreeable variance based on the seed functionality among the selected genotypes.

Legumes are a rich source of protein and dietary fiber. A good combination of legume protein with whole grains can eliminate malnutrition and amino acid deficiency in humans. Beans are one of the most important crops that are used in the nutrition of the people of the world and are very important due to their high nutritional value and relatively easy storage. Thrips is one of the pests that reduces bean yield. The different developmental stages of Thrips tabaci, by settling on underside of the bean leaves and feeding on the plant sap, cause silvery leaf spots which the black feces of the pest are visible inside them. These signs of damage indicate the presence of Thrips tabaci. This pest is active in bean fields in all season and cause damage. Onion thrips is the most well-known thrips in the world and causes significant damage to onion, cotton, lettuce, tomato and few other plants. It also carries some viral diseases.
 
Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most important legumes cultivated in most countries of the world. This crop is attacked by various pests including onion thrips. This study was conducted in two years in field condition by planting cultivars Yaghut, Goli, Dadfar, Derakhshan, Ofogh and Akhtar (control) in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two experiments with spraying and non-spraying treatments, at Arak. To assess population changes, sampling was weekly done from the beginning to the end of the growing season. For sampling, five plants were randomly selected from each plot and scored based on the amount of damage and contaminated leaf area. Yield and yield components were also calculated. The results of this study were analyzed using SAS 9.1 statistical software and the means were compared by Tukey test in 1% and 5%.
 
In this study, Yaghoot and Dadfar cultivars had the highest yields with 2775.3 and 2735.3 kg/ha, respectively. On the other hand, Goli cultivar had a lower damage scale and a lower yield reduction percentage compared to other cultivars, but its yield (2110 kg/ha) was lower than other cultivars except the control. The two-year results of this study showed that the highest population of thrips in different stages of nymphs and adults were observed in Akhtar (7.01 and 2.15) and Derakhshan (5.93 and 1.65) cultivars. Population densities of onion thrips on seven cultivars and one soybean genotype were examined by Sedaratian et al. (2010). The results showed that the highest and the lowest population of thrips was observed on (Dpx and KS-3494 genotype) and on (L17 and Taller) respectively. This is not consistent with the results of the present study due to differences in the crop types studied. Kalafchi et al., (2002) examined the resistance of cultivars based on census of onion thrips population and evaluation of crop agronomic characteristics. These researchers evaluated nine onion varieties for damage. Red Azarshahr cultivar with the highest number of thrips and the highest damage to other cultivars was sensitive, and Sefid-Qom cultivar with the lowest number of thrips, was less contaminated. The results of this study are different from the results of recent studies due to differences in employed product and cultivars. The bean plant growth type has a significant effect on the resistance of the cultivars to the two spotted mite. Generalizing this result to the onion thrips needs to more researches. Compounds such as phytic acid, lectin and trypsin inhibitors can affect the biology of the onion thrips. This is similar to the results of the present study due to differences in populations studied as well as differences in yield and damage scale.
 
Based on the results of this study, Yaghut due to higher yield and Goli cultivars due to less damage scale priority for cultivation in the area.

Among legumes, green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has the highest area under cultivation. This legume also has a very high economic value. Today, the application of natural soil amendments such as zeolite to prevent the loss of nitrogen fertilizers has been considered. The zeolite application can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, increase the soil water holding capacity and also prevent environmental pollution by improving the soil physicochemical characteristics. Addition of poultry manures to the soil also increases soil fertility, decomposition of organic matter and carbon dioxide production in the plant canopy, which ultimately leads to increased grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fortified zeolite and poultry manure on yield components, yield, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient concentrations in green bean plant.

To study the effect of zeolite and poultry manure enriched with zinc and copper on yield components, yield, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient concentrations in green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a field experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of the Islamic Azad University of Amol in 2017. The treatments of this research consisted of five levels of Zeolite (Z1: control or non-use of Zeolite, Z2: application of zeolite alone, Z3: fortified zeolite with zinc, Z4: fortified zeolite with copper and Z5: fortified zeolite with zinc + copper) and five levels of poultry manure (P1: control or non-use of poultry manure, P2: application of poultry manure alone, P3: fortified poultry manure with zinc, P4: fortified poultry manure with copper and P5: fortified poultry manure with zinc + copper). In this experiment, poultry manure and zeolite were used at rates of 1.5 and 1 t.h-1, respectively. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium fertilizers were applied uniformly in all plots based on the results of soil analysis. At harvest, the yield components, seed yield and nutrient concentrations in the plant were recorded. The concentration of photosynthetic pigments was also measured at the flowering stage. The data were analyzed using SAS software and the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that the differences between different levels of poultry manure were significant in yield components, seed yield, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient concentrations in the plant. The effect of zeolite was significant on all tested traits except for 100-seed weight. The interaction between different levels of poultry manure and zeolite was significant on pod length and anthocyanin. The application of fortified poultry manure and zeolite with zinc and copper increased the evaluated parameters compared to individual application of poultry manure or zeolite and control. The interaction between poultry manure and zeolite revealed that the maximum pod length was obtained by applying P1Z5, P2Z5, P3Z5, P4Z5 and P5Z5 treatments. The maximum anthocyanin concentration was also obtained by applying P4Z5, P5Z1, P5Z2, P5Z3, P5Z4 and P5Z5 treatments. The results of the mean comparison of data for poultry manure showed that the highest seed yield (174 g.m-2) was obtained by application of fortified poultry manure with zinc + copper, which increased by about 27% compared to the control. Under zeolite application, the maximum seed yield (171 g.m-2) was achieved by application of fortified zeolite with zinc + copper, which increased by about 23.3% compared to the control.       

In general, the copper-enriched zeolite and poultry manure treatments showed better impacts than zinc-enriched treatments in terms of studied traits. Application of zeolite and poultry manure increased the yield attributes, seed yield, photosynthetic pigments and nutrient concentration compared to the control, but the highest amount of these traits was obtained under the application of fortified zeolite and poultry manure with zinc and copper. Therefore, the application of fortified poultry manure and zeolite while reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers, can improve the seed yield of green bean.