فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 122 (زمستان 1401)

The crisis of the outbreak of Covid 19 virus in Iran, which started in late February 2020 and continues to this day, has caused negative effects on the tourism economy, including businesses related to this sector. In this regard, the coastal city of Babolsar and the coastal villages of this township, which are located along the coastline, in recent decades with the development of tourism, many businesses have been formed in this area in this area. These businesses are affected so that businesses related to this sector such as accommodation and hospitality services, transportation, leisure services, business and the like as a result of reducing the number of tourists and temporary closure of this type of business The work of the government to control this crisis is in jeopardy. Therefore, in order to reduce the risks and challenges ahead, the discussion of tourism business resilience in the face of this crisis is a very important and key issue, so recognizing and explaining the level of resilience of tourism businesses in the study area and Each of the factors affecting it is very important and necessary in order for tourism businesses to adapt to this crisis and also return businesses to their original state and improve them. In this regard, officials and implementers based on the findings of this study can formulate and implement appropriate policies, strategies and laws and regulations to improve the level of resilience to this crisis. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this discussion, this study tries to answer the following question:  What is the level of resilience of tourism businesses in the study area against the Covid 19 virus outbreak crisis and what factors are affected?

This research is based on the nature of application and in terms of descriptive-analytical survey method. The data collection tool of each item was a questionnaire. The required variables of this study were selected from the study area using the study of valid scientific sources and field study. In this study, the questions related to the questionnaire variables were adjusted from very high to very low using a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis unit in this research is the business owners related to the tourism sector in Babolsar city. Also, based on the Cochran sampling formula, the sample size of 200 business owners related to the tourism sector was determined and the sampling method in this study was simple random sampling. The collected data were analyzed by one-sample t-test, independent t-test, regression and path analysis.

in order to influence each of the independent variables on the level of business resilience as a dependent variable, multiple regression model and path analysis were used. The results of regression model show that the multiple correlation coefficient of the resilience level of tourism businesses with independent variables is equal to 0.75, which is a direct correlation with high intensity. Thus, this indicates the correlation of independent variables of dependence on the tourism sector. Value identity is related to business, social capital, human capital and the component of economic factors with the dependent variable level of business resilience. Also, the coefficient of determination is 0.62 and indicates that 0.62% of the changes in the level of business resilience in the coastal city and villages of Babolsar can be explained through the above five independent variables. The amount of variance calculated in this model is equal to 52.03 and its significance level is less than one percent. Also, among the components, the economic component has the most positive effect on the level of resilience, with a beta of 0.411 and the component of dependence on the tourism sector has the most negative effect on the level of resilience with a beta of -0.106. Also, the impact of management factors and government policies on the resilience of tourism businesses has not been significant. In this regard, although the government has provided support to tourism business owners in rural and urban areas, business owners have not considered such support sufficient. Also, some decisions have been taken to support the tourism business at the provincial and national levels, which have not yet been implemented.

 In general, among the variables affecting the level of resilience, after the variable of economic factors, the variable of social capital has the most impact on the level of resilience of businesses and among the indirectly influential variables, the variable of social capital has the most impact through Economic factors in improving the level of resilience. In this regard, the results of this study are consistent with the results of studies by Chaohari et al. (2018) and Aldrich (2011). On the other hand, the component of dependence on the tourism sector, directly and indirectly, has had a significant inverse effect on the resilience of businesses. According to the results of this model, as the dependence of business owners on the tourism sector increases, the level of vulnerability of businesses related to this sector increases and as a result, the level of resilience of business owners to the crisis decreases. Dependence on the tourism sector has had a significant inverse direct effect on the level of resilience and indirectly through a significant inverse effect on economic factors, the level of resilience of businesses related to the tourism sector in the cities and villages of the region The study has played a role. Accordingly, the results of this study are consistent with the findings of Dahles and Socilovati (2015) and Lasso and Dahles (2015).

The city is a manifestation of political economy and spatial reflection of the difference in socioeconomic characteristics that is manifested in the physical structure. One of the major challenges of urban management today is the issue of poverty, which is considered to be the greatest human tragedy. A closer look at the urban poverty challenge shows that poverty has a multifaceted nature and structure and therefore requires a proper analysis of the structures. The spatial extent of poverty includes the different forms, titles and causes of its formation in cities. Although areas of poverty have been addressed by local and global communities due to their adverse consequences, despite efforts to improve the quality of housing in areas of poverty, spatial analysis of urban poverty structures in addressing the issues of these areas has been neglected. Ahvaz metropolis is one of the cities that face problematic, worn, inefficient and heterogeneous spaces inside and on the outskirts. In this article, according to the necessity of spatial analysis of urban poverty structures, the target areas are to create an information layer and prepare the ground for the preparation and implementation of poverty alleviation programs and improving the quality of housing in the poverty areas of Ahvaz metropolis. The main question is about the general state of poverty and its structures in the dilapidated and dysfunctional contexts of the Ahvaz metropolis.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of nature it uses descriptive-analytical and survey method. The typology of spatial areas of poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz and the recognition of worn and dysfunctional tissues through operational translation and application of old and new criteria of worn and dysfunctional tissues, in the form of theoretical foundations led to the development of research rules. A total of 49 urban poverty structures were operationalized in the form of three components: social, economic and physical-environmental. To determine the sample size through Cochran's formula and Morgan table, 457 researcher-made questionnaires were considered. The sample size in each neighborhood was determined by the method of optimal allocation and the questionnaires were distributed in a systematic random method in 11 identified poverty zones of the target, for field perception of the general poverty situation among the heads of living households. The collected data after integration in each neighborhood were spatially analyzed in SPSS software by comparing the final results of Z-Score and SAR techniques for poverty zones. The zoning map of worn and inefficient tissues of Ahvaz metropolis and the bar chart of worn and inefficient tissues were drawn by ArcGIS10.8 and Excel software, respectively.

Results show Identify area of poverty and spatial analysis of its urban poverty structures is effective at all scales and fields for planning and empowering the inhabitants of weak areas and preventing the consequences of poverty. 42 neighborhoods with inefficient texture in Ahvaz metropolitan were identified and classified as urban poverty domains in 5 deferment types. Finally, the fifth species of urban spatial poverty domains (urban worn-out and inefficient texture) including 11 neighborhoods between them were recognized as target areas. Public indicators of poverty or urban poverty structures in the form of three social, economic, physical- environmental factors through 457 in target areas show that Amere is in first place and Sekhereyeh, Koye Alavi and Hasir Abad jointly are in second place. Eain2, Aliabad, Sayahi, Malasheyeeh, Manba Abb, Koye Karoon and Koye Allesafi are in third to ninth place of final ranking of public situation of poverty based on spatial analysis of urban poverty structures. It seems that the issue of urban poverty areas of Ahvaz Metropolitan is a function of the growth trend of poverty in the whole country. Unemployment difficulties, limited use of Production  capacities, weak economic bases and lack of deserving optimal allocation of resources, facilities and services in the city, has led to inconsistency of space in the neighborhoods of Ahvaz and the appearance of poverty zones.

In this article, since the geography perspective is the basis for social, economic, physical, environmental and so on development, and the complexity of issues of poverty zones, avoids from prescribing radical strategies and we believe the solution is appropriate measures for doing sustainable regeneration communities and each kind of poverty reduction programs and reform its poverty structures. Urban managers and Planners should refer to the approach of sustainable regeneration of neighborhoods with community-oriented, holistic, comprehensive, strategic and integrated features. As the largest surgery in worn-out and inefficient textures which causes injection and   circulates of huge capitals and investment in the neighborhood and raise and improves the quality of life in them. At present, no complete action has been taken to regeneration in Ahvaz. Major Measures done including: Preparation comparative scheme, for Manba Abb and Koyekaron neighborhoods, which includes the construction of a retaining wall and solving some legal problems related to land ownership, to facilitate, the use of bank credit, securing, setting up facilitation offices, and defining the space, commercial and green, as well as forecasts for the relocation and resettlement of 811 households are resided in danger zones. To reduce urban poverty,  we first need accurate knowledge, accurate measurement, documentary and realistic analysis. Such cognition requires the definition, invention, and application of appropriate indicators, indicators, and methods that are consistent with the existing realities of urban development. The application of these indicators should be done with the aim of promoting economic, social, physical-environmental and improving living conditions and individual and public security and help increase the authority and ability of citizens to achieve real development. "The priority of intervention and reconstruction in dilapidated and inefficient neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis is also with the neighborhoods that have the lowest ranks and have the worst general poverty situation in terms of study indicators."

Political modernization and development are aimed at achieving goals that can reduce the gap between political institutions and other institutions in the economy and society, and thus pave the way for progress, development and public welfare.The issue of political development is one of the topics that has deeply attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and has been at the center of intellectual interests of social and political science thinkers. This issue is especially important for the intellectual elites of developing countries, because in such countries, the process of development and underdevelopment is the main challenge of society. It also had political, economic, and social dimensions and was referred to as "progress," but theories of development were largely proposed after World War II.Political development is a phenomenon that can not be denied its impact on the socio-political life of the world today, especially in developing societies. Various factors play a role in the process of political development, among which political institutions play an important role. Political development requires the existence of institutions that contribute to political developmentPolitical development implies the efficiency of the political system. The political system, which has the capacity and ability to resolve individual and social differences and contradictions, accept the political participation of citizens, freedom and fundamental change in a society, has reached political development. On the other hand, political development can be considered synonymous with the growth and flourishing of democracy. What is considered in this article is the function of political-civil institutions and its role in the political development of the country. It means examining the relationship between political-civic institutions and political development according to the opinions of experts and specialists who have been questioned in line with this research. Studies of experts and scholars include high-ranking employees, university professors, teachers and members of political parties and organizations. The main question of this research is what role do political-civil institutions play in the political development of the country? It is hypothesized that in order to achieve political development, political-civic institutions should be established or strengthened. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of political-civic institutions on the political development of the country. And the expansion of public media and a wide network of communications and the multiplicity and competition of political political parties and institutions have a greater impact on the political development of the country than other factors.Political modernization and development are aimed at achieving goals that can reduce the gap between political institutions and other institutions in the economy and society, and thus pave the way for progress, development and public welfare.The issue of political development is one of the topics that has deeply attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and has been at the center of intellectual interests of social and political science thinkers. This issue is especially important for the intellectual elites of developing countries, because in such countries, the process of development and underdevelopment is the main challenge of society. It also had political, economic, and social dimensions and was referred to as "progress," but theories of development were largely proposed after World War II.Political development is a phenomenon that can not be denied its impact on the socio-political life of the world today, especially in developing societies. Various factors play a role in the process of political development, among which political institutions play an important role. Political development requires the existence of institutions that contribute to political development. These institutions, known as civil-political institutions, include political parties, associations, and non-governmental organizations, political participation, and the press.Political development implies the efficiency of the political system. The political system, which has the capacity and ability to resolve individual and social differences and contradictions, accept the political participation of citizens, freedom and fundamental change in a society, has reached political development. On the other hand, political development can be considered synonymous with the growth and flourishing of democracy. What is considered in this article is the function of political-civil institutions and its role in the political development of the country. It means examining the relationship between political-civic institutions and political development according to the opinions of experts and specialists who have been questioned in line with this research. Studies of experts and scholars include high-ranking employees, university professors, teachers and members of political parties and organizations. The main question of this research is what role do political-civil institutions play in the political development of the country? It is hypothesized that in order to achieve political development, political-civic institutions should be established or strengthened. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of political-civic institutions on the political development of the country. And the expansion of public media and a wide network of communications and the multiplicity and competition of political political parties and institutions have a greater impact on the political development of the country than other factors.Political modernization and development are aimed at achieving goals that can reduce the gap between political institutions and other institutions in the economy and society, and thus pave the way for progress, development and public welfare.The issue of political development is one of the topics that has deeply attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and has been at the center of intellectual interests of social and political science thinkers. This issue is especially important for the intellectual elites of developing countries, because in such countries, the process of development and underdevelopment is the main challenge of society. It also had political, economic, and social dimensions and was referred to as "progress," but theories of development were largely proposed after World War II.s.

Formation of administrative system, territorial management and power authority of the state on the territory has been among the states obsessions. This power fulfillment is done through a city center called the capital city. Capital or capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country usually as its seat of government and the most important center of political organization and management of space in the country. The capital is one of the important subjects in political geography. The capital cities are the symbol of the state authority, the factor of creation of unification and national solidarity using their different functions. Beside of cultural, geographic, economic, communicational and in particular political roles, the capital city has an important role and it is population attracting. In order to measure power, Geopolitical weight and effectiveness of the capital city in national space, population is the best and accessible index of measuring. Using population index, the main question of the research is that during first half century which strategies the states have taken in political management of the space? And what is the Importance of the Capital City in the National Strategies? The first half century evolutions show that the process of the evolutions cannot be result of happenings or short-term planning, but it shows philosophical foundation and strategy of the states in front of the capital city importance in political management of the national space. Now, 549 cities have more than one million people in the world and 21% of them (115 cities) are capitals and 7.5% of the world's population live in capital cities. The capital of 21 countries is not the largest city in those countries (Pakistan, Turkey, China, United States, etc.). Many national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. The cities of Tokyo (37 million), Delhi (28 million), Mexico City (21 million) and Cairo (20 million) have a population of more than 20 million and are the most populous capitals in the world. Thus, countries have adopted different strategies in the political management of their national capital. The purpose of this article is Understanding the strategies in the political management of the national capital and measuring the effectiveness of each strategies in the political management of space.

The research method is based on descriptive-analytic method and library findings are used and EXCEL software is used in statistical debates. The research analysis method is based on qualitative and quantitative methods. The major resources are the world population data for the two periods of 1960 and 2018 have been compared. The data include: the population of the country, the population of the capital cities and the population of the second city of the countries in both periods. The data source is the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

The research findings show that the states have seven strategies in political management of the capital city as follows: 1) increase in population distance between the capital city and the second city (Burundi, Angola, Mongolia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Uruguay and etc.); 2) the capital city displacing (Brazil, Pakistan, Belize, Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Malaysia, Kazakhstan and etc.); 3) creation of multi capital cities (Benin, Bolivia, The Netherlands, Sri Lanka, South Africa and etc.); 4) protection of power of the capital city (Paris, London, Tokyo, Buenos Aires and etc.); 5) competition between the capital city and the second city (Spain (Madrid and Barcelona), Syria (Damascus and Aleppo), Libya (Tripoli and Benghazi) and Cameroon (Yaoundé and Douala)); 6) small capital strategy (United States, Canada, Australia, etc.); and 7) decrease in population distance between the capital and the second city (Thailand, Latvia, Qatar, Ethiopia, etc.). These results were obtained using three basic formulas, the ratio of the capital population to the total population (1960 and 2018), the ratio of capital population growth to Country population growth (1960- 2018) and Population distance between the capital and the second city. Finally, success of each strategy is evaluated using ranking of liveability of the cities of the world. One of the best rankings is Mercer Human Resource Consulting.Unitary States are very interested to have a capital with a high geopolitical weight in the urban system and political management of their national space (France, Japan, Egypt and etc.); But in some federal countries, the capital is also the most powerful city in the country (Mexico, Argentina, etc.). Tehran is the first city in Iran. The distance between Tehran and second city of Iran (Mashhad) has been declining for the past sixty years; But Tehran still has a high geopolitical weight in the entire urban system of Iran.

The research findings show that Capital cities are the most powerful cities in their countries and the most important strategies in national capital city are as follows: 1) protecting national capital importance; 2) keeping or creating desirable distance between the capital city and second city; 4) optimal management of the capital city and 4) trying to make them liveable. The fact that countries emphasis their capitals be the most populous, largest and most powerful cities in the country is a key point in the national strategy. The reasons can be the dominance of the capital city with a high geopolitical weight on the national space, the international role of capitals, the concentration of economic resources along with the political concentration, the concentration of educational, health, cultural, social, ethnic, identity issues and etc. Finally, the strategies for national capital city of Iran (Tehran) are: protecting national capital importance; keeping desirable distance between the capital and second city; optimal management of the capital and trying to make them liveable and Failure the capital city displacing or creation of multi capital cities.

Housing plays an essential role in the economic development of any country and constitutes % 10-20 of the total economic activity of each country and is also the largest fixed asset of households. The need for housing is not only one of the basic human foundations, but also the standard of living of the people.  Global access to housing has been on the agenda for sustainable development. The right to adequate housing for all urban residents is one of the most important factors in promoting inclusive urban development. In order to promote this right, proponents of urban rights have emphasized the urgent need for real estate agencies, government leaders and municipalities to move forward in urban space through a comprehensive approach to housing development projects.  As affordable housing can provide for low-income urban groups. Accordingly, the aim of the present research is quantitative and qualitative indicators analysis of housing in the metropolis of Isfahan.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population is related to the legal boundaries of Isfahan in 2016. SAW and Topsis models have been used to the data analysis. In this research, have used 16 indicator for status of quantitative and qualitative housing indicators of low-income groups in Isfahans. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing for low-income groupshave been analyzed including the type of occupation, infrastructure level, quality of buildings, type of materials, number of rooms and household dimensions, housing facilities in Isfahan.

The total percentage of ownership has increased from %76.2 to %61.5 from 2007 to 2016. However, the share of tenants has increased from %16.6 to %26.3, which is almost double. This indicates the downward trend of this index during the study period.  The amount of rent in the first four deciles was 20.15, 35, 15.7, 25, respectively in 2007 In 2016, it has increased to %57.7, %35.9, %27.5, and % 15. An important point in this regard is the promotion of this index for the fourth decile of the target community. The infrastructure average of residential units in the lower deciles has been decreasing in all deciles from 2007 to 2016. The important point is the large distance between the lower deciles and the upper deciles. While on average %62.8 of the quality of buildings in Isfahan is acceptable, but this index is equal to %36.3 among low-income groups, which is very inappropriate. This shows that the useful life of residential units occupied by these groups is lower than other income groups.  The residential units materials of low-income groups are less resistant than other income groups in Isfahan.  The number of rooms average per household for low-income groups is 2.6. This figure is 2.9 for middle-income groups and 3.2 for high-income groups in Isfahan. While there are only 0.63 room for a person in the lower income grouss, this figure is equal to 1.3 rooms for a wealthy person. Therefore, the results analysis of the individual-to-room index has showed that there is 1.6 people per room in a low-income household. Also, there are 0.78 people for a room in the high-income group. On the other hand, the household dimension is also higher in low-income groups than in other income groups. In terms of housing facility index, the percentage of lower income groups is lower than others. The results of SAW and Topsis models also confirm the quantitative and qualitative status of housing indicators among income groups. The SAW and Topsis score for lower-income groups is lower than the average, and the high rate of change among income groups has indicated divergence and gaps between income groups. Therefore, according to the results of the calculations of SAW and Topsis models, it can be said that the quantitative and qualitative status of housing indicators among low-income groups in Isfahan is not in a good situation.

Examination of housing indicators of low-income groups has shown   the low quality of housing in this group in Isfahan. While the average ownership in high-income groups in Isfahan is %70 and for low-income groups is % 35. Therefore, the type of ownership of the owner is lower among the low-income groups of Isfahan than other groups. The average per capita of housing in low-income deciles has been 55 square meters over the past five years. During the same period, this index was equal to 105 square meters for high-income groups. This indicates a declining per capita in low-income deciles. A study of the quality of buildings has showed that %31.3 of low-income housing groups are destructive and only %36.3 are acceptable. However, the percentage of destructive housing in high-income groups is only %8. This indicates a high rate of destruction in the homes of low-income groups, which exacerbates their need for adequate housing. In terms of materials, Residential houses of low-income groups in Isfahan has made of brick or iron and stone (%67) and 10% of metal frame (%8) or concrete (%2). Therefore, the level of their destruction has increased due to the low resistance of the housing materials of low-income groups. So the need for better quality housing is felt more for this class. Per capita room of low-income groups is 0.63 in the city of Isfahan while this rate is 0.85 for medium-income groups and 1.28 for high-income groups. Housing facilities are less suitable among low-income groups. Improper location of low-income groups has exacerbated environmental problems and reduced access to urban facilities and services. n addition, according to the results of calculations of SAW and Topsis methods, it can be said that the quantitative and qualitative status of housing indicators among low-income groups in Isfahan is not in a good situation.

The city and urbanization, although not a new phenomenon in human history, but "urbanization of communities" (in the sense of the majority of the population living in cities), a new trend and the product of the widespread redistribution of population in favor of urban settlements after the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, Physical expansion and increase in density and accumulation within cities will be Inevitable. Horizontal expansion of cities to the suburbs and the periphery, in addition to the financial costs of development for governments, from social aspects, it also causes the destruction of social justice. "Infill development or the increase" Politics," is one of the city's physical development and growth policies, that use of existing capacity within cities and revitalize declining areas of focus for future growth. In this way, we can develop the inner tissue of the city, Rehabilitation of abandoned and unused spaces, Revival of worn tissues and increase of dense balance, Achieved, to sustainable urban development Which is the most important challenge facing humanity in the 21st century. Infill development approach in direct contact with the idea of smart growth city and it is part of the guidelines. Infill development has many features that the sustainable development of the city that is very important. so, Infill development It is one of the fundamental solutions for the sustainable development of cities. It can be prefabricated, In small or high units and in a reconstructed form, Revitalization of (Historical) and etc.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Research data collection is based on documentary-library and field methods. The study area is the city of Miandoab. Shannon and Holdern entropy models have been used to analyze the shape of the city. Also, the hierarchical analysis process was used to compare the binary criteria and the final weight of these criteria was calculated using Expert choice11 software.

Analysis of internal development indicators in the city of Miandoab The results of the Holdern model for the city of Miandoab show that, about 33% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 67% was related to the horizontal and spiral growth of the city, which led to a decrease in gross population density and an increase in gross per capita urban land, resulting in horizontal urban sprawl.Physical-spatial indexThe entropy value (G) of Miandoab city has been calculated for the years 2006, which is equal to 0.933. The fact that the entropy value is close to 1 indicates the scattered growth of the city and the spiral phenomenon that has occurred in the city of Miandoab during these years. Also, the proximity of the total entropy frequency (H), 1.672, to the maximum value of LN (n), 1.792, indicates the scattered growth of this city. In the building density index, about 70% of residential license plates in Miandoab are one-floor, 25% are two-floor and 5% are 2-floor and more. Study areas No. 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, which mainly include the areas around the city and the villages integrated into the city, have a low building density (up to 60%). Therefore, these areas have great potential for internal development in terms of building density index. The highest population density, which is over 100 people and more per hectare, is in the central areas of the city. Open and barren lands in Miandoab city include 13.9%, 4913,620 square meters of the area. These lands have different areas from 50 square meters to 3 hectares. Given that barren and abandoned lands are the main potential for internal development, the first priority for internal development is the same barren and abandoned lands. In the city of Miandoab, about 70% of residential license plates can be used in terms of the type of building materials used, 20% of residential license plates are repaired and 10% are destroyed. Most of the residential buildings in the suburbs that are within the city limits are destroyed and repaired. study conducted in the city of Miandoab indicate the dominance of buildings with load-bearing wall structures. These buildings make up 46% of the existing buildings in the city. Based on this, half of the buildings in Miandoab can be considered low-strength. Steel-framed buildings with a 32% share are in the second level. The lowest type of building skeleton is related to clay and mud buildings. Also, more than 75% of the buildings in Miandoab are less than 25 years old, which shows the greatest development of the city since the 60th decade. In the city of Miandoab, about 70% of the residential license plates of a one-floor city, 25% two floors and 5% of the plots are 2 floors up.

The results of the research indicate that, Number areas 4, 10, 19, 20, 21 with the first priority of development and areas 2, 11, 17 with the second priority of internal development, Areas 1,15 with the third priority of development, Area 18 with low internal development potential and the rest of the constituencies, which are north of the 7, 8, 12, 13, 16 constituencies, have very low internal development potential. It can be acknowledged that the neighborhoods with the highest development potential have a relatively high value in most of the criteria and the neighborhoods with low development potential have the lowest value. In general, due to the large area of barren lands within the legal boundaries of the city and the capacity to increase building density, especially in the eastern parts of the city, Existence of gross residential per capita, Existence of land uses and old buildings in Miandoab city has a high potential for endogenous development and there is no need to increase the city limits and construction around the city and it is better to develop endogenously to reduce the dispersion.

Urban poverty is a multidimensional problem that Faces people with many limitations including limited access to employment and income, lack of adequate housing and services, unhealthy and violent environments, and lack of access to social services and health support mechanisms, and Educational. Thus, in explaining spatial inequality and urban poverty we cannot simply focus on its economic dimension: because Citizen poverty and social poverty are also other dimensions of poverty that are central to the spread all kinds of social harm and deviation. Today, the weaknesses of poverty studies and poverty-based approaches in cities are evident to almost everyone. It can be said that a realistic understanding and analysis of poverty in urban areas requires more attention to the social dimensions of this problem. Since urban poverty has been the focus of economic attention in most of the cases and few studies have addressed the social aspects affecting urban poverty, Therefore, the present study, with emphasis on the effective social aspects in this field, identifies the extent of social poverty and its pattern of spread in Ardabil during 2006 to 2016 to provide a platform for policymakers, planners, and urban managers to make decisions about reducing poverty and social deprivation problems in urban areas.

Methodoloy:

The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of the nature and method of the research we use descriptive-analytical methods. Source of cited indices and quantities used, data and information of statistical blocks of general population census and housing of Ardabil city during 2006- 2016 and maps (GIS), Deputy Governor of Ardabil Planning.The statistical population of the study is the statistical blocks of Ardabil city during the period of 2006 to 2016. The ARC/GIS software has been used to illustrate the poverty situation in this city using the Hot Spot Analysis technique of spatial autocorrelation. Moran's statistic was used to analyze the distribution patterns of urban poverty.

To study the spatial inequality and determination of urban poverty in Ardebil city, we used the data of 2006 and 2016 statistical blocks and in Arc / GIS software using its capabilities, hot spot analysis are done for all the indices used in Ardabil. This analysis calculates the Gateway-RD statistic for all the effects in the data. Also, with respect to the calculated Z score, it can be shown in which blocks the data are clustered with high or low values. According to this analysis, the higher the Z score, the higher the values clustered and it make hot spots. In the case of the negative and significant Z in terms of Statistical, we can say that the smaller the Z score, the more severe the clustering of the lower values and indicating cold spots. According to the data obtained, in 2006, out of 5142 urban blocks in Ardebil, about 53% were in very deprived and deprived condition, 26% were in moderate condition and about 21% were in good condition. According to 2016 data, these percentages are 46, 23, 33, respectively, among 6439 urban blocks, which also indicates that Ardabil city blocks in terms of social indices in 2016 compared to 2006 is in a better position. At this stage, after identifying the cold and hot spots for each of the indices, the maps are combined and finally the final map for both periods 2006 and 2016, according to the Morris Index is categorized in 5 levels from the most privileged to the most deprived. After classifying Ardebil city blocks in 2006 and 2016, Arc / GIS software and spatial autocorrelation tool have been used to illustrate the pattern of distribution and distribution of this inequality.It is used to analyze patterns of distribution and distribution of effects and phenomena in space and space and is known as the Moran statistic. In this study, the calculated Moran index for 2006 is 0.100517 and for 2016 is 0.137205. These values are smaller than one and on the other hand the value of P-value is zero. It can be concluded that the data in question have spatial autocorrelation and since the value of Moran is positive and close to one, so the spatial pattern of poverty in Ardebil In 2006 and 2016 it has been clustered and concentrated. In Ardebil's poverty and spatial inequality cluster model, the most disadvantaged and most disadvantaged clusters are located in the northern, western and western parts, and the focus of these clusters is largely influenced by urban creep and rural core integration to the body of the city. These embedded textures in the city due to the prevailing conditions of their formation, both physically and economically and socially had vulnerable and unstable textures and formed double poles at the city level.

A deeper scrutiny of and awareness of each community is the first step in planning for a greater and more decisive fight with poverty. Studying more deeply leads to a deeper understanding of the process, and over the course of time. It provides a compelling picture of poverty. Among these measures, the conflict between the object and the mind, or more modernly, the quantitative and qualitative attitudes toward achieving poverty eradication efforts. In recent years this struggle has shifted in favor of a qualitative attitude and emphasis on socio-cultural indicators. The spread of the phenomenon of poverty, especially in the suburbs of Ardebil, is the major problem of the city, which has increased in recent years with rural migration and the incorporation of rural textures into the city limits and the expansion of suburbanization. Given that the nature and dimensions of the power created in the Ardebil blocs are not only a necessity for an inequality, but also are a necessity based on human values, Therefore, in this study, 21 social indices were extracted from the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016, and by applying these indices to Arc GIS environment, the poverty and inequality situation in Ardabil city was investigated.

The urban form can be considered as a set of elements of which the street network is one of the most important components. It is divided into two categories: self-organized and pre-designed networks. While the latter evolved by large-scale barriers of economic and social constraints in a short period of time, the former does not imposed by any central agency, but rather, sprouts out from the uncoordinated contribution of countless local agents during the time (Jacobs, 1961). Still today, self-organized street networks are often underestimated in their most fundamental values, and they are described as disordered (Porta et al, 2006a) complicated, and convoluted; but, the identification of common features and their regularities has become a field of research. Against this modernist stigmatization, some (like Jacobs) argued that, unlike the Euclidean geometry in the pre-designed networks, the marvelous complex order of the self-organized networks is not visible at a first glance. That order, is the order of life (Jacobs, 1961) which is such a complex order that, is common among other non-geographical biologic, social, or natural systems. These claims led to a wave of studies from the early 1960s on the analysis of the patterns of the street network and its components using the graph theory framework, which sought to identify the characteristics of the street network of old self-organized neighborhoods and the complex order embedded in them. With this introduction, the current research has been done to find similarities and dissimilarities in street network patterns of self-organized districts that have emerged without any premeditated designs over time. This article also seeks to develop an analytical framework composed of deifferent indicators that target various aspects of the street network patterns, to enable the recognition of these similarities and differences. For this reason, first, three concepts: 1) configuration, 2) composition, and 3) constitution has been distinguished in studying street patterns. Then, the corresponding measures have been introduced and evaluated in 15 self-organized districts in Tehran, which meticulously have been selected as case, and their street networks have been drawn. In the third stage, values have been compared with a three-plot analysis, and street network similarities and dissimilarities have been traced.

The quantitative method is used in this research and to compare and analysis of the street network pattern in self-organized districts of Tehran. Based on the background of the research and theoretical framework, this comparison has been done using three types of indices which are 1) topological, 2) morphological, and 3) metric indicators which correspond to the three concepts of the street networks. In Table 1, the corresponded defined measures and related equations have presented.Table1: Measures and their equations related to three concepts of the street networksConcept Index Measure EquationConfiguration Topological Degree Mean (DM) (Cu*1+T*3+X*4 )/(Cu+T+X)Beta (β) l/vGamma (γ) l/((v (v-1))/2)T-ratio T/(T+X)X-ratio X/(T+X)Cell-ratio C/(C+Cu)Cul-ratio Cu/(C+Cu)Composition Morphological Shape Factor ShF (N) ShF (p)=(P_p^2)/A_p ShF (N)= (∑_(p=1)^n▒〖ShF (p)〗)/CLink Length Mean per Hectare (LLMH) (∑_(l=1)^L▒〖ll〗_l )/ACell Area Mean (CellAM) (∑_(c=1)^C▒〖CA〗_p )/CConstitution Metric Link Density (LD) l/AVertices Density (VD) v/ALink Length Mean (LLM) ∑_(l=1)^L▒〖ll〗_l Keyl number of Links in the network T number of T-Junctions in the networkv number of Vertices in the network X number of X-Junctions in the networkA area of District P_p perimeter of Cell pC number of Cells in the network A_p area of Cell pCu number of Culls in the network 〖ll〗_l length of link l

Similarities: The results show that not only the configuration of the street network in all studied self-organized districts is similar to each other (T-tree) which is different from other configurations in the grid (X-cell), loop and cul-de-sac (X-tree), and fused grid (T-cell) networks but also the Three-plot analysis confirms the similarity of the street network composition and construction in these areas:In most of the districts, along with the increase in the relative beta (Rβ) index, the relative degree means of the vertices (RDM) increases at a similar rate. In most of the districts, along with the increase in the relative shape factor index of the blocks (RShF(n)), the relative average area of the blocks (RCellAM) also increases at a relatively similar rate.In most of the districts, along with the increase in the relative vertices density (RVD) index, the relative density of links (RLD) also increases at a relatively similar rate.Differences: Despite the many similarities, some differences were also traced between these districts, which in order to better understanding, the 15 studied districts are classified into three categories as follows:Consisting relatively large and serrated blocks, with scattered and long links, low number of intersections, and many dead cul-de-sac like Ozgol (J) and Dezashib (K) districts;Consisting relatively small and simple blocks, with dense and short links, more intersections, and a low number of dead cul-de-sac like Emamzadeghasem (A) and Farahzad (H) districts;Consisting other districts that have a combination of simple and serrated blocks of medium size and a number of dead-end and open links.

The very similarity between the pattern of the street networks in the studied self-organized districts, which are evolved gradually over time in uncoordinated contribution and without any premeditated plan, is not accidental but displays a complex and surprising order. This order shows the behavioural ruls that result in preferential attachment in different environmental conditions. These subconscious patterns are the product of a dynamic process in which empirical skills gradually mature through transfer and repetition and results in a self-organizing structure that continuously regulates the interaction of form and context. This interaction creates a pattern of the street network that exhibits the same order in different geographical districts.

Evaluating plans is significant because it provides useful information on how to effectively implement projects to enhance positive effects and eliminate unnecessary plans. Also, performance evaluation leads to providing feedback information and recognizing the realization of the purposes and prospects of the municipality. Accordingly, the current research aims to evaluate the 5-year operational strategic plan of Shiraz 2013-2018. The main research question is whether this plan has fulfilled its purposes and prospects. Therefore, the unknown aspect of the problem is the realization of this plan. The reason for selecting Shiraz is the numerous problems in various dimensions of the metropolitans of Iran. These problems include the aspects of economic (income instability), managerial (interference in the different urban entities and lack of coordination and cooperation between the responsible organizations), and planning (unrealistic and ambitious plans, improper regulations of the land use in zoning and land subdivision, and neglecting the role of people and their participation). Shiraz City is not an exception.

The current research method is analytical-descriptive and is applied in terms of purpose. The data and information collection method is a library and field study. In the field study, the opinions of 30 experts and elites were used in the form of a questionnaire. To analyze the data, a One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used. The T-test with the range of 1-10 (medium level of 5.5) was applied. T-test with the range of 1-5 (medium level of 3) was applied to study the average response to the realization of the plan purposes. Also, factor analysis was used to identify the most significant and influential factors in the realization of the purposes of the 5-year operational strategic plan of Shiraz using factor analysis.

The findings obtained from the T-test indicate the relatively appropriate state of the prospect realization of the 5-year operational strategic plan of Shiraz. By considering 5.5 as the average of the test, the obtained average is 6.2. Also, the obtained average for all the mentioned indices is higher than 5.5. The total average of this component is also obtained as 6.4.The results obtained from the t-test indicate that all three dimensions of adaptability, relationship, systematization, and coordination have a mean higher than the test average (3). This result shows a relatively good realization of the plan objectives. This value is obtained for the "relationship and systematization" dimension equal to (3.52), the "coordination" dimension equal to (3.48), and the "adaptability" dimension equal to (3.29), respectively. Also, the total realization of the purposes of the 5-year strategic operational plan of Shiraz is equal to 3.41. It shows that according to the experts, the 5-year strategic operational plan of Shiraz has been realized to some extent.According to the findings of the factor analysis, the selected final factors are classified as follows:First factor: this factor explains 13.47% of the total variance, and according to the final filtered matrix, it is correlated with the indices of “Shiraz as the Tourism Center”, “Shiraz as City for Living, Working, and Recreation”, “Participatory of many plans”, “ Shiraz, The city of Information and Communication Technology”, “ Shiraz, a Religious City, and The Cultural Capital of the Islamic Iran”, “Involving New concepts of Planning such as Prospect with the Urban  Planning”, and has a close relationship.Second Factor: this factor explains 12.84% of the total variance. According to the final filtered matrix, it is correlated with the indices of “considering the long-term prospects with urban planning”, “more use of the NGOs”, “a holistic and integrated perspective”, “Shiraz, the city of service and technology in the border of the Persian Gulf and Southern part of the country”, “Calendar view of planning in budgeting”, and has a close relationship.Third factor: this factor explains 12.15% of the total variance. According to the final filtered matrix, it is correlated with the indices of “having idea and strategy”, “providing plan from bottom-up”, “Emphasis on the participation”, “Shiraz, a beautiful, cohesive, and identity city”, and has a close relationship.Fourth Factor: this factor explains 11.70% of the total variance. According to the final filtered matrix, it is correlated with the indices of “merely physical perspective towards the urban planning”, “paying attention to the cultural and social features”, “Shiraz, a powerful city in the urban management and capital attraction”, “Shiraz, a flow city”, and has a close relationship. Fifth Factor: this factor explains 10.74% of the total variance. According to the final filtered matrix, it is correlated with the indices of “Shiraz, a safe, clean, and green city”, “taking objectives on different scales”, “paying attention to the cases in municipality activity area”, “changes from the managerial perspective to the governance”, and has a close relationship.

The research result on the purposes of the 5-year operational strategic plan of Shiraz (2013-2018) showed that these purposes are realized to some extent; however, they are far away from the desired realization. Finally, according to the research findings and considering the indices with a lower score than other indices, some suggestions are given to increase the realization of the considered plan:Transparency in explaining the purposes of the plans through presenting the performance report, honesty in reporting statistics and information, and opinions of the residents about the performance of the managers in the implementation of the plan, and transparency in the decision-making.Developing a mechanism to evaluate the plan by the municipality as a continuous and stepwise evaluation (before, ongoing, and after the plan implementation), and ensuring the appropriate plan performance. This can be done by creating evaluating working groups and supervisors in the municipality.

Viability has been considered mainly since the late twentieth century, because urban spaces were plagued by issues such as poor environmental quality, noise and air pollution. The massive wave of urbanization and its problems has always added to the importance of viability and made it difficult and impossible to ignore. The purpose of this study is to rank the areas of Sari in terms of urban viability indicators. Things such as high level of satisfaction with neighbors and relations with them, the appropriate quality of neighborhood events and conferences and active participation in them, the existence of appropriate spaces for dialogue and expression of intimacy between the community, the existence of a sense of trust in their neighbors, existence The high participation of the people in the common affairs of the neighborhood and the high level of trust of the people of the neighborhood in each other has brought a better situation than other areas.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. To collect data in this research, two documentary and field methods have been used. In the documentary-library method, referring to scientific articles, books, research and urban projects, and doctoral dissertations and theses, theoretical foundations and related sections were collected. In the field method, the required data were collected using a questionnaire. The logic of snowball sampling has been done among 20 urban planning specialists and the components of three social, environmental and economic indicators have been used in this regard. For the social index, the components of relations with neighbors, access and quality of educational facilities, access And the quality of health facilities, access and quality of recreational facilities, sense of security and sense of belonging and for the environmental index, components of facilities and equipment, visual quality, types of environmental pollution and green space and for the economic index, components of living conditions, housing and Quality of housing, access to service, religious, commercial, transportation, and public transportation were considered. In this paper, Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, which is equal to 0.871, which is more than 0.7 and is a suitable value for humanities research. The validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed by referring to experts. Topsis multi-criteria decision making method was used for ranking. Findings showed that areas 1-2, 6-3 and 1-1 in the social person are in a high rank and enjoy. It is important to note that the geographical location of the areas mentioned in the map indicates that the more marginal areas of the city have a better social status.

In the environmental index of livability, the urban areas of Sari are in a good condition and 4 areas are in a good condition; Areas 2-1, 5-3, 5-2 and 1-1, respectively. In the geographical distribution of these areas, it can be seen that they mostly belong to the suburbs and the residents have expressed that these areas are in a good condition in the following indicators. Improvement in components such as, good condition of water, electricity, telephone gas and mobile phone antenna infrastructure in the area, design and general plan suitable for the neighborhood, good condition of the neighborhood in terms of freshness and vitality and visual beauty of the neighborhood, satisfaction From low noise pollution and noise caused by construction, neighbors, etc., lack of pollution and odors caused by various wastes, proper location and access to green space in the neighborhood and satisfaction with the amount of green space in the neighborhood and .. It was more evident in these areas than in other areas. According to the ranking of areas based on the components of the economic index, it can be said that 8 out of 20 areas are in good condition; Areas 2-1, 1-3, 5-3, 1-4, 2-3, 7-2, 1-2 and 5-2, respectively. These areas are clearly located on the western outskirts of the city, each of these areas can be assessed in a good condition based on the proposed indicators. The appropriate situation of these areas in components such as the appropriate situation of employment, income and non-reliance of households on cash subsidies, the extent and service of public transportation and the quality of private vehicles, the quality of parking and car parking and the appropriate width of roads and sidewalks. Overall satisfaction with housing, age and life of housing and resistance to floods and earthquakes, proper access to health centers, pharmacies, mosques and cultural-religious centers and proper access to services and daily consumer goods and proximity to shopping centers And the bank has become the reason for Rajan in these areas compared to other areas.

Findings of the study on the other hand showed that in this case, the situation of 5 areas were considered and the level of viability in them was moderate; Areas 2-1, 5-3, 1-3, 5-2 and 2-3. According to the map, these areas are located in the northern and southern suburbs of the city, and citizens have expressed their high satisfaction with the viability. On the other hand, 3 areas were in the hands of deprived areas; Areas 4-3, 7-1 and 4-2 In the case of other areas, the priority coefficient was such that they could be placed in the semi-privileged category. In total, it can be concluded that 17 out of 20 districts are in a favorable condition of viability, which indicates the average condition of viability in the city of Sari. In general, it can be said that the central areas of Sari city are in an unfavorable situation in terms of quality of livability due to the low quality of green space, worn texture, population density, etc., and need more attention. Thus, the situation of 5 districts is considered to be favorable, mainly areas of 2-1, 5-3, 1-3, 5-2 and 2-3. According to the map, these areas are located in the northern and southern suburbs of the city, and citizens have expressed their high satisfaction with the viability. On the other hand, 3 areas were in .

Quality of life as a multidimensional structure that includes psychological, economic, social and physical aspects; Can be considered as an indicator of the progress and development of a community today; There is general agreement among researchers, policymakers and development planners on the need to study quality of life. Which is important with socio-economic development and improvement of living standards, so it can be used as a powerful tool to monitor community development planning.

The statistical population of the study includes all rural households in Jazinak district of Zahak city, which has 5223 households. After pre-testing the questionnaire and calculating the variance of the main variables through the Cochran relation, by substituting this value in the Cochran's formula, the sample size is estimated at 357 people. Completed. To analyze this part, Shannon and Saw entropy multi-characteristic decision weighting models have been used. Also, in order to analyze the data, using SPSS software, Spearman analysis of variance and correlation tests were used to assess the level of quality of life for analysis.

 The results of leveling using SAW and entropy models showed that the indicators of quality of education and quality of employment and income with a weight of 0.189 and 0.113, respectively, have the highest amount. And the indices of quality of environment and quality of leisure with weights of 0.009 and 0.023, respectively, have the lowest level in terms of quality of life indices among the villages of Jazinak district. also; The villages of Jazinak, Nadam Sharghi and Safdar Mirbik with the final score of 0.586, 0.581, 0.576, respectively, with the highest score and the villages of Qaleh-e No, As Ghazi and Lechvi, respectively, with the final score of 0.494, 0.494, 491, respectively. / 0 are in the last rank in terms of quality of life indicators.

The results of the statistical test of the analysis of variance test show that; There is a significant difference between the dimensions (economic, social, physical and environmental) quality of life in the studied villages. Also, the results of Spearman test show that there is a significant relationship between the level of quality of life indicators of villagers and the development of villages in Jazinak district, and the quality of life of villagers plays an effective role in rural development.

Today, with the increase of environmental problems and crises, it has increased the importance of discussion and research on environmental issues. Changes that occur in human behavior in the environment can cause environmental degradation. To prevent the destruction of the environment, human behavior must change to Eco-friendly behavior. Achieving behavioral change requires understanding people's attitudes toward the environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the tourists’ environmentally friendly behavior in Sorkhabad Savadkuh rangelands. The research method was descriptive-survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the views of professors and relevant experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. Using Cochran's random method and statistics, 86 tourists were selected as the sample. Data analysis was performed using SPSS22 software and Smart PLS software. The results obtained from calculating the correlation coefficient indicate significant positive relationship between environmental perception and environmental behavior of tourists. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the environmental impact variable (0.444) had the greatest effect on the environmental behavior variable. In other words, a higher level of has led to more responsible environmental behavior among tourists in that area. According to the structural equation modeling findings, the variables of perception, attitude and environmental knowledge affect the environmental behavior variable with coefficients of 0.768, 0.031 and 0.210, respectively.

Currently the geographical spread of Covid 19 in different parts of the world is continuing rapidly. The spread of coronavirus can have negative consequences at the macro and micro levels of rural communities and involve them in economic, social and even environmental issues.The prevalence of this phenomenon has led institutions, organizations and other bodies, as a group or even individually, to take fundamental steps to prevent its spread. Therefore, with the epidemic of corona in rural areas, the economic, social and environmental dimensions have been severely affected, and the appropriate measures of rural working groups in these areas will alleviate the suffering of some villagers. In the agenda of various working groups,including government and governmental officials,specialized and non-specialized groups and organizations, spontaneous groups of people in real and virtual space, organizations and non-governmental organizations, etc. were placed and all with Intensity and weakness have taken steps towards the realization of this important. The issues that involve all areas and elements of the country are multifaceted issues and the consequences of this phenomenon are crystallized in various social, cultural, political and economic areas, and it is obvious that its management and control require accurate information and cognition. These are the effects and consequences. In this regard, the performance of institutions and organizations in the villages is very important because these are the institutions and organizations that can plan for development and guidance of the rural community in terms of structure-function, or slow or stop the development process with improper performance. There is a great variety of measures to reduce injuries and prevent coronation in rural areas, which seems to be very prominent and extensive in the face of the crisis, the role of institutions and organizations in helping and supporting the government and the people. In fact, the most optimistic ways to limit the spread of the disease (it can be the efforts of working groups) are to encourage people to minimize traffic and voluntary quarantine. Therefore, considering the position of villages, the development of which will contribute to regional and national development, the necessity and importance of examining the performance of institutions and organizations in the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions of villages are determined.Therefore, measuring the performance of rural working groups (including institutions, organizations, grassroots groups,organizations, etc.) in dealing with the spread of coronavirus in rural areas and its effective dimensions has formed the main research question. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and its purpose is applied. Theoretical information is obtained by documentary-library method with reference to articles and other sources and quantitative data is based on first-hand information and through semi-structured interview method And has been collected using a questionnaire tool. Therefore, the instrument used in the survey method was a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, which was prepared and developed after reviewing the studies conducted in this field and interviewing experts. The statistical population corresponds to the rural households of Khoshab city. Due to the large number of villages (70 villages), first a list of villages was prepared and then 4 villages (Bulqanabad, Robat Jaz, Neshib and Qarzi) were selected as a sample based on stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. Of these 4 villages with 1600 households, 140 households were determined as the sample size of the study .Continuing the activities of institutions and organizations such as council, Dehyar,Jihad-e-Keshavarzi, natural resources,educational institutions, cultural institutions, rural youth organizations, donors, etc. in social, economic and environmental dimensions according to Likert 5 options It was formed with 14 indicators. All of these institutions and organizations are somehow related to the villages and are effective in counteracting the spread of the coronavirus in the villages. These effects are clear and measurable in the context of their tasks. In order to analyze the collected data according to the objectives and questions of the research, from descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (K-S test and T), from the Vickor model to prioritize villages in terms of the effectiveness of institutions and organizations. Corona was used to deal with the spread of the virus, SPSS software was used for statistical operations and data processing, and GIS software was used to map the study area. Therefore,the general performance of rural working groups in dealing with the spread of coronavirus, had a significant level of less than 0.05. In summary, the performance of institutions and organizations in the villages of Khoshab city in dealing with the corona outbreak have been effective in social, environmental and economic dimensions, respectively, and their performance has been satisfactory from the perspective of villagers. Then, in order to rank the studied villages in terms of the highest activity of institutions and organizations to deal with the corona virus, the Vicor multi-criteria prioritization model has been used.Therefore, the normalized indices are weighted by Shannon entropy matrix method and the sample rural villages are ranked based on the Victor technique. According to the question raised at the beginning of the study, the results obtained based on statistical tests indicate that, in all studied indicators, the level of significance (sig) is less than 0.05, which indicates a relatively favorable opinion of respondents about the activities of the working group. The results of the T-test also showed that among the performance indicators of organizations and institutions, the index of social distance in the first place, the index of health care in the second place and the index of infrastructure expansion Internet rankings are ranked third, finally, based on the ranking of villages, in terms of the effectiveness of institutions and organizations in combating the outbreak of coronavirus, studies indicate that the village of Bulqanabad ranks first in the service of institutions and organizations. have been allocated to themselves.

Nowadays, the problems of solid waste, which is the natural output of human daily activities, have become one of the most important issues. The amount of solid waste generated has increased significantly over the past three decades, and the characteristics of the waste have changed due to changes in people's lifestyles, developments in the environmental industry, and significant population growth. In many developing countries, inappropriate management of hospital and health care waste has direct adverse effects on community health and the environment. Solid and hospital wastes are mixed and complex subjects and at the same time critical for cities. It is predicted that waste production will increase from 1.3 billion tons per year to 2.2 billion tons by 2020. As a result, many cities in developing countries face many problems in landfill management. The city of Kerman, like other cities in the third world, has experienced population growth in different periods of time and this growth and development of urban planning in most developing countries has become an uncontrollable process. Hospital waste disposal machines in Kerman are operating with limited capacity and identifying a suitable location for the establishment of the main hospital waste disposal center of medical, medical and laboratory centers seems necessary. The main purpose of this research is to find the safest place and the most efficient scenario for disposing of hospital waste in Kerman.

In this research, information has collected through library, field studies and descriptive-analytical methods. Scope of the study is the political border of Kerman city. In the first step, the most effective criteria and data identified; Data related to communication routes, waterways, rural urban areas have removed from the 1: 25000 topographic map as the main research tool. The slope layer also has extracted from the Aluss-Palsar. The geological layer extracted from the 1: 100000 scale geological map. Land use maps and protected areas extracted from Landsat 2020 satellite imagery. After classifying the available indicators, valuable questionnaires 1 to 9 provided to experts to prioritize the indicators. At this stage, each layer evaluated and prepared based on how it affects the determination of suitable land for sanitary burial. Then, using GIS software and AHP-Fuzzy model, the optimal location was determined to determine the landfill of hospital waste in Kerman. In order to evaluate the scenarios of hospital waste management in Kerman, Fuzzy- RIAM method used. In the fuzzy Riam method,first the activities of each project are identified and then their effects on each of the environmental components, including physical / chemical, biological / ecological, social / cultural, economic / technical parameters, are determined.

In the AHP model, the slope criterion with a score of 0.218 has the highest weight among the studied indicators, followed by lithology and distance from the waterway. The location of landfills due to issues such as water pollution, air pollution, pests, dust, fire, traffic and noise, as well as the economic cost of the surrounding areas cause dissatisfaction of urban and rural residents. Accordingly, in the distance index from the city, the distance of 35-45 km has gained the most weight. The most desirable distance for rural areas according to the obtained weights is 5-10 km. According to Figure 10, the density of villages in the western and southwestern parts of the city has reached a maximum. Waterways and rivers are very sensitive to the entry of pollutants into their systems. According to the results, the distance from the waterways should be at least 3 km. Figure 12 shows the distance of waterways at the city level. The Protected Area is located in the southwest of the region, which is of great ecological importance. According to the results, the most appropriate distance from protected areas is more than 4 km. Among all the land uses in Kerman city, the highest weight related to barren lands and then poor pastures. The most unsuitable places for landfilling are located in the western and southern parts of the region, which mainly include agriculture and orchards. The most suitable slope for landfilling is less than 5 degrees and the aftermath is 5 to 10 degrees. Geologically, in the city of Kerman, the western and northwestern parts are in an unfavorable situation, because these parts are the location of young bed alluvium and alluvial fans, which provide agricultural land. The density of the fault in the western part of the region and parallel to the eastern heights of Kerman has made this area unsuitable for locating landfills. According to the criteria studied in this study, waste landfills are located more than 35 km from the city of Kerman and more than 5 km from the surrounding villages. In the study area, suitable places for disposal of hospital waste cover an area of about 17,000 square kilometers, which covers 37% of the area. Evaluation of waste management scenarios showed that plasma method in hospital waste management has the least negative environmental impact in terms of physical-chemical components and in terms of biological-ecological components and the most negative effect in terms of economic-technical components is related to plasma.

The results of the AHP-Fuzzy model showed that the most unsuitable places for landfilling of hospital waste in Kerman city for reasons such as location on permeable formations, proximity to fault lines, high groundwater level, proximity to protected areas and proximity to residential centers in the western parts of the region and the central part of the region is studied. In case of financing the plasma method, this method recommended for hospital waste management in Kerman. The least negative effect in terms of economic-technical (operational) components related to the landfill.

Media studies, as part of the humanities, use this concept to explain phenomena and analyze the way different events are presented and their function in the issue of power, and thus try to increase the level of knowledge and awareness of the audience about the structures and Develop the processes that govern power structures and critically analyze and critique the impact of power structures on human social life. In the process of representation is one of the important factors for the transfer of concepts and application of narrative knowledge. Exploitation of narrative in many aspects of human life provides the opportunity to use in a desirable way that part of the information that can be useful in achieving useful goals. These narratives are produced and provided to the audience in various formats such as news, stories, reports, films, etc. The crucial point in the representation of reality by the media is that the media can not be considered as a neutral tool. The media relies on language and meaning, and these two elements themselves always rely on power in the context of discourse. Therefore, the representation of events by the media, a debate on moral and immoral issues, has an ideological orientation and takes steps to weaken or establish a special power and discourse.Cinema is very important because of the representative role it plays in the field of culture. Cinema representations cover a wide range of topics and areas such as culture, economics, politics, war, and so on. This diverse range of media coverage in cinema has led researchers to place a significant role on the functions of cinema and deem it worthy of further scrutiny. One of the fields of study in which the study of the role of media and cinema is of great importance is the field of politics. The importance of cinema in the field of politics in general, and foreign policy in particular, is due to the fact that it can be used to influence public opinion. Examining this issue can help researchers in the fields of media, cinema and foreign policy in the field of media functions in representing political and geopolitical events, public diplomacy and factors influencing public opinion.Given that in contemporary America, the United States is in a superior position in terms of cultural and media hegemony over other countries in the world, this country seems to have a wide capability and ability to use various media such as newspapers. ‌ Use magazines, cyberspace, television networks, radio and cinema to represent their actions globally, or have their actions covered or criticized by various serious and entertainment media. In the meantime, it seems that the role and function of entertainment-making media such as cinema in representation and through it international trends is significant. Accordingly, this study will attempt to examine the main signs of American power building in the field of foreign policy through artistic tools, especially cinema.

In this article, the relationship between cinema representations and media coverage with US foreign policy was examined, and by selecting several films, an attempt was made to analyze the function of cinema in the process of empowerment for the United States. The purpose of this study is to analyze the organizational, behavioral and functional realities of Hollywood and how it is effective in the field of foreign policy. Accordingly, an attempt will be made to answer the question that the representations that take place in the field of cinema, from the perspective of the relations between What impact has the nation had on US foreign policy?

The findings of this study show that the most important function of American foreign policy cinema goes back to its representative role. This means that a diverse range of global audiences will become acquainted with, understand, and even identify with the political processes and attitudes that govern American politics and culture, as well as the interpretations of the world offered by American cinema. To think. Here, both the products of American patriotic and critical cinema are linked at a specific point: the representation of America in the global dimension. By creating an ideal image of the United States, these films strengthen the country's soft power in foreign policy and international relations. Therefore, it must be said that American cinema cannot be considered an independent position in American foreign policy and lacks any effective power to direct American foreign policy. In other words, in the foreign policy of this country, cinema plays the role of a tool for the development of cultural and public diplomacy and the development of soft power. In general, the studies of this research show that cinema can be used as a complementary tool in foreign policy or even for its critique due to its storytelling and illustration capabilities.

Therefore, in the discussion of international relations, it should be said that cinema was very important in introducing and representing American foreign policy. He spoke of the direct influence of cinema on American foreign policy, but these representations have the potential to strengthen America's soft power around the world through their illustrations. Therefore, it can be emphasized that cinematic films can serve as a complementary element in the long run of public diplomacy of countries and by showing freedom of expression, criticism, And their illustrations bring with them a range of audiences, thereby helping to reinforce the positive image of countries like the United States whose cinemas have global influence.

The city is the largest human artificial environment and the result of human encounter as a creature full of belief and value with nature. The body of the city and its current spirit is a perfect representation of the cultural, political and economic relations of the inhabitants of a city.The lack of child discourse and their place in the city, the dominance of adult discourse, the powerlessness of children, the perception of the child as a person without purity and in need of guardianship, are just some of the reasons for not paying attention to children in urban life.In fact, because children make up a significant portion of the urban population, are in an important period of socialization, and will be citizens and future decision makers of the city, they need more attention in urban studies.

The purpose of this study is to compare the success rate of organic and new cities in the physical and environmental fields and to determine the success rates of both cities in different dimensions and the prevalence of localization through the combination of organic and new cities.The research method is comparative in the framework of analytical methods.Questionnaires were completed by random sampling method.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to be 0.904.After examining the variance of the tolerable capacity of the city with Leven test, it was found that the organic and old city of Shazand is lower than the city of immigrants,which is a new and planned city and has a lower level of satisfaction.As a result, the success rate of the new city of immigrants in terms of access and services, dynamism and adaptation,and in the field of green space and tolerable capacity of the city has been more than the city of Shazand.In addition, research has shown that with increasing the length of stay of residents in the new city of immigrants,residents' satisfaction increases.

Population changes in the country and increasing migration to cities in the last few decades have resulted in the development of cities in the countryside and caused irreparable environmental damage. On the other hand, the migration of inhabitants from the historic city centers has led to numerous difficulties in these neighborhoods. Due to old residents' exodus, low-income groups were replaced and land use changed to warehouses and workshops. Conducting population and capital to uninhabited central areas could result in using the potential of city centers to settle the different categories of society.This study has been done to answer the following questions: Why residents of historic city centers have migrated from the neighborhood and what strategies can prevent them from leaving and attracting different categories of society to these places. 

The study is based on qualitative, quantitative, and Delphi surveys. The required data were collected through library studies, interviews with experts, and two Delphi survey phases. Using the document content analysis, open coding and axial coding, and Q factor analysis were analyzed.Thus, after extracting the key concepts of the interviews and forming a goal-content table, the questions of the questionnaire were designed for survey Delphi and distributed among the second group of experts in two stages. Q factor analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the values, tastes, concerns, and typologies of individual perspectives. In this analysis, respondents are categorized instead of responses. After library studies in the field of research, the Delphi method was used to expand the subject beyond what is available in the subject literature. The theoretical sampling method was used to select the specialists for the first person and the snowball sampling method was used to select the other individuals. Fifteen experts participated in the interview section and 20 experts participated in the survey section of the questionnaire for factor Q analysis. The interviews continued until the theoretical saturation and knowledge network were completed. The first three interviews were unstructured and the rest were semi-structured. The number of interviewees was confirmed according to the KMO test in the next steps.After extracting the key concepts of interviews and forming the target-content table, questions of the questionnaire were designed to survey the Delphi and distributed among the second group of experts in two stages. The questions were designed in the form of a Likert scale from zero to 9.  The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using the Q factor analysis method.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for measuring the reliability of the questionnaire. Since this number is equal to 0.97, it can be said that the questions have good reliability. Also, the Test-Retest method was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. Thus, by repeating the test in similar people, the same results were obtained.

Total Variance Explained shows that out of 20 specialists, 7 factors have been identified. The highest variance explained is related to the first factor of 15.6. The second factor is 12.7, the third factor is 9.6, the fourth factor is 9.5, the fifth factor is 8.4, the sixth factor is 6.7 and the seventh factor is 6.4. The cumulative percentage of total factors is 69.2, which indicates that about 69.2 respondents' opinion was common. About 30.8% of those thoughts are personal, which may be due to personal awareness, inclinations, and desires. This means that external reality has existed and has been able to capture 69.2% of the respondents' thinking and shape their common theories.The Rotated Component Matrix Shows the factor load for each of the variables after rotation. Any person with a factor load greater than 0.3 + _ was significant and is categorized in that factor.The first factor, which is the first class of respondents, consists of 7 experts, the second factor consists of 3 experts, the third factor consists of 2 experts, the fourth factor consists of 3 experts, and finally the fifth and sixth factors each consist of two experts.To find the common mental pattern of experts in each factor, answers with scores of 0, 1, 8, and 9 are selected from each of the experts in that factor, which have half or more repetitions in the constituents of that factor.Then, the selected questions of each factor have been considered as a suggested label. The titles have been offered to 5 experts for approval. These titles make up the content and the goals are the questions that remain.After re-testing the questionnaire of experts and reaching the same or almost the same answer, the work is completed at this stage. Finally, labeling on the main concept of questions extracted on each category was selected as effective factors on the exodus of residents and strategy to preserve and attract residents, according to the expert’s opinion. 

The Q factor analysis of experts led to the identification of five mental patterns. These patterns were divided into two main categories of exit causes and adsorption strategies. The first category, which includes two perspectives, points out that the problem of quantity, quality, construction, and infrastructure on the one hand and the attractiveness of the new development is the other most important effects on resident migration from the old context. The second category considers components such as participatory approach, change of urban management on a micro and macro scale, and improvement of the mental image affect the retention of remaining residents and reverse migration from new areas to the old context.

The South Asian region, which consists of eight countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are is of the main centers of energy consumption in the 21st century, where the issue of energy security A variety of demographic, economic, political, geographical, geopolitical and geoeconomics factors are of great importance.China and India as two growing powers, Across Asia and the surrounding waters, are at odds with each other in terms of national interests, they try to limit the other country on the one hand with the aim of further growth, and on the other hand by creating unions and mutual blockade. In the meantime, Undoubtedly, the issue of energy and access to it will play a big role in the territorial claims of India and China in this region and this raises the question of what effect geopolitics of energy will have on regional security in South Asia, given the mapping of China and India?

According to the research topic, which examines the geopolitical role of energy on security in the regions of South Asia and the role of two major regional actors, namely China and India, on the agenda, Researchers have tried to study the subject using analytical and descriptive research methods. In the analytical-descriptive research method, an attempt is made to analyze geographical events and facts using analytical logic, and Library studies have been used to collect data and information used in the research. Also, using software such as Arc GIS and options such as Smart Art in word, maps and shapes have been prepared following the research objectives.

South Asia region and China-India geopolitical competition The South Asian region is at the heart of geopolitical change for at least two reasons: 1- China's economic and military progress, as well as its efforts to increase its diplomatic and trade influence in the Eurasian region. 2- India's progress and efforts to cooperate with South and Southeast Asia (and Eurasia). South Asia is the only independent region that completely seeks to become a "global balancer" with different outcomes. India competes with China in South Asia alongside territorial disputes with Pakistan and even at some point in the 1960s, due to territorial disputes, it engaged in a military confrontation with its eastern neighbor. These geopolitical and territorial disputes have caused that China and Pakistan should get closer to each other and expose the geopolitical chess scene in the Indian subcontinent to new complexities. Geopolitics of energy and geopolitics of access in South Asia The countries of the South Asian region are constantly facing the problem of increasing energy demand and should consider strategies that, given their dependence on energy imports, provide them with a continuous and secure flow of energy. However, statistics show the growing dependence of these countries on Middle Eastern crude oil but at the same time, both India and China are moving to supply crude oil from sources outside the Middle East, such as African countries (Nigeria, Angola, and Congo), Asian countries (Russia and Malaysia), and American countries (Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and United States). Energy and geopolitical competition between India and China in South AsiaChina's geopolitical approaches to South Asia are not limited to Pakistan. this country is also seeking to maintain its supremacy in the Strait of Malacca. China's domination of the Straits of Malacca has raised concerns for India, because, in the west of the region, China is also seeking to exert influence in the north of the Arabian Sea. China's domination of both east and west connecting highways with South Asia gives it a geostrategic advantage over India and it poses a growing threat to India's secure access to major fossil energy sources, especially crude oil. US intervention and Intensified competition between India and China  In South AsiaFactors such as China's economic and security development, China moves across the Indian Ocean, China threatens to US interests in the Persian Gulf geopolitical region can affect the issue of energy exchange in the world, the existence of American interests in South Asia, geopolitical rivalry between three major actors: India, Pakistan, and China, encouraged the United States to play an active role in the security structures of South Asia and to cooperate strategically with India.

From a geopolitical point of view, energy supply and proper access to it have a decisive role in regional security. Regional Security in South Asia, influenced by the presence and design of India and China. Both depend on energy imports to stabilize and sustain economic development. Also, due to a set of factors such as geopolitical rivalries and energy geopolitics, countries of the South Asian region have failed to establish a common structure and system for the benefit of the common good and the security of the region. In other words, countries in the region are constantly facing the problem of increasing energy demand and therefore inevitably have to consider strategies that, given their dependence on energy imports, provide them with a continuous and safe flow of energy. Finally, the issue of energy has led to the achievement of geopolitical supremacy in the South Asian region becoming a security priority in the new geopolitics of India and China. The result of this approach, is the fragility of the security of the South Asian Region that has threatened the interests of both countries and their regional neighbors.

One of the most important problems of the urban network in Iran is the rapid expansion of cities and, consequently, the uneven development and growth of cities, which has occurred for various reasons, including increasing population and irregular migration. The first consequence of urban sprawl is land use change. The city of Bojnord, after being selected as the political-administrative center of North Khorasan province in 2005, faced a double population growth and demographic changes. The concentration of administrative, military, tourist, cultural and educational centers, along with the uncontrolled migration of villagers to the city, confronted the city with new urban development needs. The physical expansion of the city more than ever, the conversion of agricultural land into a city and the uncontrolled construction, is one of the main issues facing the city. In this regard, the use of cellular automation, as a technique with features such as simplicity, transparency and strong potential to simulate spatial dynamics, has caused more and more attention in modeling the spatial information system and urban affairs

The present study was performed by descriptive-analytical method and using cellular automation method by perceptron artificial neural networks and remote sensing data. Thus, satellite images related to the years 2011 and 2021 of Bojnord plain were the basis of the study and in order to image the spatial-temporal patterns of land use, the data of the remote sensing archive were used. Research data from satellite images related to 2011 and 2021 (a period of ten years) as well as topographic maps of the plain and the city of Bojnord along with some spatial data of the region including land price, distance from land uses, distance from fault, slope, Height, distance from the road and distance from the built areas are provided. The source and organization of this data is also related to the Surveying Organization, Google Earth and the Surveying Organization of Iran. In line with the objectives of the research, the multispectral images of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 in relation to the city of Bojnord (path 161, row 034) have been downloaded. In order to increase the validity of the results, the output maps were adapted to Google Earth maps. Also, in the 2011 classification, the overall accuracy was 86 and the kappa coefficient was 81, and in 2021, the overall accuracy was 88 and the kappa coefficient was 85.

The main findings include calculating and estimating land use changes and the share of each land use in the base years of this research, modeling and forecasting land use changes for 2031 based on mapping the potential for transfers for land uses and forming a Markov chain along with eight affecting factors: slope, height, Distance from faults, agricultural lands, main roads, main electricity network, built-up areas and land prices. In 2011, the largest area of the region was occupied by pastures, which accounted for 73.6% of the total land area. During this period, the built-up areas cover 4.2% of the area with an area of 53748901 square meters. In general, most of the pastures are in the southern and eastern regions of the area and the areas built in the central and northern part of the Bojnord plain, as well as agricultural lands are located in the central and eastern parts. According to the data obtained in 2021, the built-up areas include 65266522 square meters, agriculture 194519833 square meters, pastures 888136607 square meters and barren 130533045 square meters. The share of rangelands in land use of Bojnord plain is 69.4%, barren 10.3%, agriculture 15.2% and developed areas 5.1%. Decreasing pasture and agricultural levels and increasing built and barren levels are evident this year. In modeling land use change, the transfer force from one land use to another is modeled according to the variables; In the sense that each pixel of the image has the potential to change from one user to another. According to the calculation maps, it can be seen that the changes in the built areas in the central part of Bojnord plain and around the city of Bojnord have been mainly accompanied by changes in agricultural lands and pastures. In all parts, especially in the northwestern areas of Bojnord plain, rangelands have become agricultural lands and with the development of agriculture, these valuable lands, which are the habitats of animals and plants of different species, have been destroyed; Also, Bojnord-Esfarayen axis has become the most built areas.

This study to model and predict land use change in Bojnord, based on the two years based on 2011 and 2021 AD, divided land use into four main categories: constructed use, barren, agricultural and rangeland. The main findings with emphasis on the effect of eight factors affecting the slope, height, distance from the fault, agricultural lands, main roads, main electricity network, built-up areas and land prices, on the development of Bojnord based on data received from satellite images and the process of image correction to increase the validity and accuracy of research outputs shows that while the rangeland use level between 2011 and 2021 from 73.6% of total land uses decreased to 69.4% and agricultural land use level from 17.4%  decreased to 15.2%,  built-in (urban) user level increased from 4.2% to 5.1%. This increase has often occurred due to the greater impact of slope, height, distance from main roads and distance from built-up areas, and the greatest proportion of this change has occurred in the axis of Bojnord Esfarayen road (west and southwest of the city). Based on the formation of the Markov chain matrix and the created user class maps in 2011 and 2021, land use forecasting and modeling of Bojnord in the horizon of 2031 has been done.The results of the land use change forecast section confirm the increase of built-up areas and urban use and the decrease of agricultural and rangeland use in the horizon of Bojnord city development forecast in 2031.