نشریه مرتع و آبخیزداری
سال هفتاد و پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

In the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been emphasized through its connection with the basic social components, including awareness, participation, trust, cohesion and social network, in the direction of the sustainable development of societies, especially local societies; Therefore, to achieve sustainable local development, having social capital is essential. Considering the importance of this issue and relying on numerous problems and deficiencies at the level of villages in dry areas, this article analyzes the dynamics of social capital in the establishment of local sustainable development in the dry area of southern Kerman based on the method of social network analysis in two periods before and after. It has implemented the community-oriented project of empowering local communities in three villages of Gaubnan, Chahan and Chah Nasir of Qalaganj city. First, by completing the questionnaire and direct interview with the local stakeholders (the heads of the rural microcredit fund), the required data was collected. Then, outgroup social capital was investigated based on trust and participation links using quantitative and mathematical indicators of the macro level of the network (density index and E-I). The results show the increase of density index and improvement of out-group relations in the stage after the implementation of the project and strengthening the amount of out-gro, to realize rich outgroup social capital in this society, because the social dimension of development It is not possible to be sustainable without taking into account the social capital and the participation of that area.

The purpose of this study was to compare the condition and management of rangeland before and after replacing the soil condition assessment method in the soil factor of the four-factor method in order to determine the most appropriate rangeland condition method. Rangeland status assessment was performed for both conditions in Poshtkuh rangelands of Mazandaran and then the status, rangeland management methods and their management and improvement programs were proposed and compared with each other. The results of rangeland condition assessment before replacing the soil condition assessment method in soil factor showed that rangelands had poor and very poor condition with a negative tendency and artificial rangeland management method and rehabilitation programs, mulching and seeding were proposed. The results of rangeland condition assessment after replacing the soil condition assessment method in the soil factor showed that the rangeland condition was in the middle and poor class, for which natural and artificial rangeland management methods were proposed, respectively. For the natural rangeland method, periodic-delayed and periodic-rest grazing systems were proposed based on the average status of the rangeland, and the breeding programs of the artificial rangeland method have not changed and are the same as the previous method. The results of comparative statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the mean score of soil factor before and after replacement in the 95% confidence interval, . This method can be used as a method based on quantitative-qualitative evaluation to identify the functional and structural characteristics of ecosystems.

The main objectives of this study were to prepare a prediction map of the potential habitat of Agropyron intermedium and Find important factors influencing the establishment and distribution of this species and the preferred tendency of the species was relative to environmental factors Using the Maxent model. For modeling, region condition information was prepared including topography, climate, geology and soil, satellite images, digital elevation model (DEM), geology map, and climatology data. Then soil and plants sampling was performed and Soil samples were transferred to the lab. Soil properties were measured including gravel, pH, EC, lime, organic matter, N, K, P, sand, clay, and silt in the laboratory. Geostatistical methods were used for data analysis and mapping of environmental variables and the Maxent model was used for prediction maps. Kappa coefficient indicates that the Maxent model predicted A. intermedium habitat at a very good level (kappa = 0.85). Also, the accuracy of the classification of habitat maps predicted in the Maxent model is acceptable according to the analysis of the area under the curve (AUC = 0.771). The results showed that topographic variables and clay soil factor in the occurrence and distribution of A. intermedium has the greatest effect and increasing lime and ec have a negative influence on the presence of this species. A. intermedium is a desirable species that in addition to being used in creating hand-planted pastures, it is very important in improving and developing rangelands, especially in cold regions. Therefore, maintaining genetic and scientific,

This study investigates the effective factors in land-holders use of 4 tree species including: Acer velutinum, Quercus castaneifolia, Carpinus betulus, Diospyrus lotus and 4 species of shrubs including Mespilus germanica, Prunus cerasifera , Celtis australis and ALbizia julibrissin to feed livestock and determine their nutritional value in livestock places of forest regions around Javaherdeh village in Ramsar city of Mazandaran province at the end of leaf growth stage. In order to perform sampling in a stage vegetative growth was done randomly. Then the green leaves which were dried in the open air and sized were transferred to the laboratory. The aim was to determine forage quality including: parameters of crude protein (CP), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), insoluble fibers in acidic detergent (ADF), insoluble fibers in neutral detergent (NDF), Dry matter content (DMD), metabolic energy (ME). This research was conducted in a completely randomized design and the analysis of laboratory data in SPSS software and the analysis of information obtained from the questionnaire using Friedman test was used to perform statistical analysis of collected data. The results showed that the Albizia julibrissin species due to the amount of metabolic energy (11.25), dry matter digestibility (77.97), crude protein (22.77), crude fat (5.26), insoluble fibers in neutral detergent (52.44), have a higher forage quality than the other seven species. The findings indicate that the nutritional value of Albizia julibissin has been associated with its greater utilization by ranchers, it shows the importance of local knowledge in this field.

Low income level of local communities is one of the causes of natural land degradation. Implementation of moringa peregrina cultivation development plan in the desert areas of southern Iran leads to its economic development. The economic level required by every rural household has become. The research data were extracted from the moringa peregrina development plan prepared by the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization and all data were calculated in the base year of 1400. Due to the limited land and the need for an appropriate criterion for the participation of each rural household, the minimum economic level was determined in each of the executive areas. Determining the minimum economic level using the financial evaluation of the project, financial indicators of net present value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), internal rate of return (IRR) and return on investment (ROI) for the duration of the project from 1400 to 1420 Was examined. Considering the location and topography of the region in general, financial indicators indicate the appropriateness and profitability of the project. Taking into account the average costs of each household in the village of Sistan and Baluchestan province in the implementation of the plan of minimum economic level in plain areas (0.8 hectares), flat areas (3.24 hectares), terrace areas (4.48 hectares), areas Mahour hill (11.08 hectares) and mountainous and impassable areas (6.21 hectares) have been estimated. The minimum level obtained can provide decision makers with valuable information for desert land management in areas prone to moringa peregrina cultivation.

The past decade has seen a major revolution in vegetation monitoring using satellite imagery, resulting in quantitative indicators of vegetation with a professional processor in a web-based interactive development environment. In this study, using MOD13A1 and MOD13Q1 products of Modis sensor, the trend of temporal and spatial changes of NDVI and EVI indices in Fars province in a period of 16 days from 2000 to 2020 was coded and processed monthly in Google Earth engine system. The results of this study showed that the average index of NDVI index is from minimum 0.11 to maximum 0.495 and the average index of EVI index is 0.1. According to the results obtained in this survey, in all the years from 2000 to 2020 in January, NDVI and EVI values had the highest values compared to other months, so that in January 2019 and January 2020, the highest EVI values averaged 0.22 and the NDVI values Was estimated to be 0.18. The lowest monthly average values of both indices occurred between 2000 and 2005, which indicates that the vegetation has been severely degraded during these years. The results of spatial changes using EVI index showed that the level of vegetation in Fars province in different months varied from 10,000 square kilometers to 22,000 square kilometers and from the perspective of NDVI index from 15,000 square kilometers to 30,000 square kilometers.

The aim of this study was to model the subsidence of Abarkouh plain using inSAR and artificial intelligence techniques. At first, the subsidence map was prepared using the 46 Sentinel - 1 radar images (2014 – 2018) and radar interferometry techniques. Then, the Feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was used to model the subsidence. In this algorithm, groundwater level changes (2014-2018), groundwater level, aquifer thickness, clay thickness in the aquifer and the clay thickness in the range of groundwater level changes (2014 - 2018) were introduced as input layers and the subsidence layer obtained from the radar interferometry method was introduced as an output layer to model training. These five parameters were obtained from the measured data set of 34 piezometer wells and 77 logs available in the archive of Regional Water Company of Yazd province. After initial checking of the data accuracy, the Kriging interpolation method was used to extend the five parameters to the whole region and the raster layers were prepared. The results of inSAR showed that maximum subsidence in parts of the studied area, i.e. in east, north - east and north, were 6, 2.7 and 1.6 cm/year respectively. Also, in order to verify the accuracy of the map resulting from using a neural network model, it was compared with the map with the radar imaging method. For this purpose, model evaluation criteria such as Nash-Sutcliffe (NS), RMSE,,MAE)and MARE were used, which 0.9524, 0.0018, 0.0012 and 0.1545 were obtained respectively.

Access to basic and up-to-date information on rangeland ecosystems; needs continuous and long-term vegetation measurement. For this purpose, during the years 2018-2021 at a specific time, from the vegetation of plant types representing the saline habitats of Lake Urmia, including; Salicornia europaea, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Aeluropus littoralis- Aeluropus lagopoides- Salicornia europaea, Aeluropus littoralis- Aeluropus lagopoides and Atriplex verrucifera were recorded in the customary system of Osalo. In each of the plant types, considering the dimensions and space between the plant spots, four 300-meter transects with the same azimuth were used, along the salinity gradient, at a distance of 25-50 meters from each other. On each transect, 10 plots were placed at a distance of 30 meters from each other. The plotting was done in such a way that while the distances of the plots were the same, the principle of randomness was observed. Therefore, the starting points of different transects were not the same. Size of sampling units and their dimensions; due to the different distribution of vegetation, the plant types were not considered the same. Plot size for plant types Salicornia europaea, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Aeluropus littoralis- Aeluropus lagopoides- Salicornia europaea, Aeluropus littoralis- Aeluropus lagopoides and Atriplex verrucifera, respectively; 0.5, 2, 0.5, 0.25 and 2 square meters were considered. Average forage production of the study site during 1397, 1398, 1399 and 1400, respectively; 404.6, 456.6, 478.6 and 338.2 kg/ha and the average percentage of canopy cover were 48.4, 54.6, 58.8 and 41.1%. During this period,

Soil is the most important component of rangeland ecosystems and by preserving it and its characteristics, In the present study, the amount of potassium and phosphorus in the soil of Ghoshchi rangelands of Urmia located in West Azerbaijan province from 2019 to 2021 under the influence of grazing and grazing conditions was investigated. In addition, the development and evaluation of an adaptive fuzzy-neural inference model (ANFIS) was presented in order to predict the amount of potassium and phosphorus in the soil and compare its results with the regression model. The mean squared error (RMSE) and the coefficient of explanation (R2) were used to evaluate the regression and inference models. The results of analysis of variance showed that different years and conditions under confinement and grazing had a significant effect on the amount of potassium and phosphorus in the soil, but their interaction was meaningless. The highest amount of soil potassium is related to the year 2021 and the conditions under grazing. While the highest amount of soil phosphorus was related to 2020. In the phosphorus factor modeling section, the ANFIS model with higher accuracy (R2 = 59.5) and less error (RMSE = 0.087) than the regression model (R2=0.38) with more error (RMSE = 0.089) was able to determine the amount of P to predict. Regarding potassium factor, ANFIS model with higher accuracy (R2 = 0.62 and less error (RMSE = 0.017) than regression model (R2 = 0.42) with more error (RMSE = 0.097) was able to measure soil potassium.

Human activities in the range of natural resources affect the sustainability or instability of ecosystems. Therefore, data interpretation and analysis related to these activities can play a pivotal role in assessing environmental issues and problems. The aim of this study was to analyze human activities in the watershed to investigate the development of rainfed orchards on sloping lands and the stability or instability of related activities. For this purpose, field studies were conducted in two regions of arid (Birjand) and Mediterranean (Khalkhal) and the impact of the orchard estabilishment on the lands of these regions was analyzed. Contrary to expectations, in the arid region with about 170 mm of rainfall, the orchard estabilishment was successful and accompanied by sustainable development, and in the Mediterranean region with more than 350 mm of rainfall, this project was considered failed and unstable. One of the most important factors for the success of this project in the arid region was having indigenous knowledge in creating dams in suitable areas by collecting runoff and sediments, according to the parent materials and the resulting soil. In contrast, the lack of indigenous or formal knowledge in the Mediterranean region, followed by a lack of attention to soil constraints, some of which are affected by parent materials, is one of the main reasons for the failure of the project in this region. Based on the results, For sustainable management special attention should be paid to indigenous knowledge along with formal knowledge.