نشریه زبان و زبان شناسی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The present article focuses on one of the private and monumental inscriptions in the Sasanian Pahlavi script and language in India. The Buddhist Kanheri Caves have been located at the suburbs of Mumbai. There exist six inscriptions in cursive Pahlavi script that date back to the 11th century A.D. (1009-1021 A.D.). These inscriptions have been written down by a number of Zoroastrian merchants who travelled to India and visited the caves. They are the earliest evidence proving the presence of Zoroastrian merchants in India. The earliest inscription belongs to 378 Yazdgirdi (1009 A.D.) and the second one belongs to the same year but has been written 45 days after the first one. Both inscriptions bear the same names. The third inscription dates back to 390 Yazdgirdi (1021 A.D.) bearing different names and the fourth one also belongs to 390 Yazdgirdi (1021 A.D.) and bear the name of a visitor. The fifth inscription is illegible and the last one bears the proper name “Ābān Āzargušnasb son of Farrox. It has been mentioned in the third inscription that the Zoroastrians

A large part of the Mazdayasnan's written heritage is the texts of Pazand. Some of the Pahlavi texts that have been transformed into the Avestan script since the 12th century are called Pazand. Pazands were among the first texts that were noticed by Europeans and in the 19th century, valuable studies were conducted around them. But in the 20th century, they were abandoned for various reasons and not much study was done about them.Pazand as the process of changing Pahlavi script to Avesta script is a late and new phenomenon, But the concept of Pazand itself is old and traces of it can be seen in Avesta. The main topic of this article is the transformation of meaning and reference of pazand and pazand writing from ancient times to the 19th century and what and how these developments are in the context of life of Zoroastrian religion in Iran and India.

One of the controversial issues regarding the similarities and differences in the meter of Arabic and Persian poetry is related to the influence of the meter of Persian poetry on Arabic. In this article, attention has been paid to the metrical nature of these two metrical systems. The frequency of common meters in Arabic and Persian has been investigated in order to determine the importance and position of each meter in the prosody of that system. In this way, the possibility of comparing meters based on their frequency in two metrical systems is also known. The findings of this article, which is based on the comparative method, indicate that among the 10 commonly used meters of Arabic and Persian, there is only one common meter, and that meter is based on the repetition of the foot fa'ulon. Also, none of the 9 commonly used Arabic meters are among the first 32 Persian meters. Another result is that in comparing the meters of Arabic and Persian poetry, referring to the traditional names of meters (such as muzara and mujtath) leads to wrong results. Another achievement of this paper is that for the teaching of Arabic and Persian verse at the elementary and intermediate level, the first 32 meters of Arabic and Persian poetry and the extent of their use have been made available to be used in teaching prosody at the elementary and intermediate level based on the frequency of these meters.

Cultural texts are always the mark of abstraction from the thought process, itself asunder between the expressions on the one hand, and their underlying assumptions on the other. Political hermeneutics meanwhile is a way of transcending this object/method split, with the aim of dialectically restoring the hidden content of the cultural text to its superstructure. The dialectic method is applied through a contrastive depiction of some phenomenon with its opposite. This dialectical mirror-image is essentially defined by Fredric Jameson (1971, 1981) as a kind of diachronic transformation always at work between the opposite sides. To come up with such a diachrony, Jameson believes, the dialectic vision should be soaked in historical details. Political hermeneutics, basically formulated to bring order to the chaotic interpretive marketplace, is in the first place to express not the nature of interpretation, but the need for it; so, what it requires is taking an overarching strategy, as well as a meticulous dialectical methodology, in its way to cultural text analysis. The precision requisite for the dialectic method may be evident of Jameson’s own style in essay writing, provided that the histicization of text transcends, following the methodology of political hermeneutics, from the level of content analysis, to a level of self-conscious know-how about form analysis. The main aim of present article is then to explain the internal logic of form, drawing -before applying it- on Jameson’s political hermeneutic.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the literature related to phonological awareness in dyslexic children in order to summarize the treatment results and determine the research gaps in order to use the existing findings in the compilation of books and the research gaps to guide future research. To conduct this study, first, the related keywords were searched in the ensani.ir, sid.ir, Noor mags.ir, magiran.com and irandoc.ir, and all the titles related to phonological awareness were separated and in the next step, by reading the abstracts and, if necessary, the entire article, articles related to the research topic were collected. The review of 42 found studies showed that in the majority of studies (62%) the effect of phonological awareness training in dyslexic children was investigated and the effect of phonological awareness on the improvement of reading and writing of these children was confirmed. Therefore, due to the lack of phonological awareness training in the new educational systems of reading and writing (word reading) in schools, it is necessary, in addition to completing the necessary research in this field, in the design of books and teaching them, phonological awareness training and reading training in a new way (path Phonological path) should be taken into consideration.

As an essential element of discourse, cohesion plays vital role in creating a text. Cohesion in a text brought forth by lexical linking within a text or sentences that hold a text together and gives it meaning. It is also important in reconstructing a text carrying different meanings. The nature of text translation has always been a controversial topic among scholars. The main issue in translation is to make a good translation from the source language to the target language that conveys the meaning and concept well. Therefore, our purpose in analyzing the text translation process is that the translator has paid attention to understanding the meaning of the text and then transmitting it through the translation process and has not focused on the closed linguistic system of the text; So that not only the meaning of words and structures is focused on the translation of the sentence, but also other semantic aspects of the text are not far from his view. To this end, the present study seeks to analyze the text linguistics as a translation process in the field of literary texts, within the framework of Halliday and Hassan's (1976) theory of text cohesion. It examines how the elements of cohesion are transferred during the translation process into two English texts and it’s translated one. The researcher selected ‘Snows of Kilimanjaro’ story (Hemingway, 2004) with translation (Hosseini, 1396; Daryabandari, 1999) and based on the theoretical framework of the research, it was studied by descriptive-analytical and statistical methods. The results indicated that cohesive elements have an important role in the process of translation, with the highest frequency occurring in the original text related to demonstrative reference and personal reference respectively. Text translation of personal reference elements was high occurrence in the text. The author of the text and translator set to link the words and meaning through cohesive elements.

The present study aims to analyze the Transitivity Metaphors in the listening module of the TOEFL books. In this regard, the present study with a qualitative content analysis method investigated three official iBT TOEFL books (including fourteen tests, and each test includes six texts in the form of conversation and lecture). First, we identified each clause of these 84 texts. Then, Transitivity Metaphors were extracted, analyzed and compared in terms of type and frequency. The results indicated that: 1. Transitivity metaphors entail a higher frequency in lecture texts (68%). 2. Two processes have the highest frequency in metaphorical and incongruent meaning: material processes (38%) and relational process (28%), respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed Transitivity Grammatical Metaphors are significantly more frequent in the lecture section. So, applying more lecture texts in the listening parts makes TOEFL tests more efficient to measure communicative and metaphorical competence of volunteers